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Waves in the Electromagnetic

Spectrum
2.5 Radio Waves
Do they have the longest wavelength of all types of electromagnetic waves?

Yes

Who discovered Radio Waves?

Radio wave were discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887.

What is the acronym for radio detection and ranging?

Radar

How are they generated?

They are generated by an alternating current AC circuit attached to an
antenna.

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 What is its wavelength?

Itswavelengthis10 −1 to104 m.

What is its Frequency?

3.0X104 to3.0X1012 orfrom300to3000MHz.

What are its different types of frequency?

Low Frequency

What is its frequency range?

30300 kHz

What is its common applications?

Long-distance communication and navigation

Medium Frequency

What is its frequency range?

Waves in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 2

 3003000 kHz

What is its common applications?

Amplitude modulation AM radio brodcasting

High Frequency

What is its frequency range?

330 MHz

What is its common applications?

Shortwave broadcasting, tags for use in building access, public

transportation, and electronic payment system

Very High Frequency

What is its frequency range?

30300 MHz

What is its common applications?

Frequency modulation FM radio broadcasting, ground-to-aircraft

and aircraft-to-aircraft communication

Ultra High Frequency

What is its frequency range?

3003000 MHz

What is its common applications?

Police radio communication, military aircraft and television
transmission, modern cellphones, and global positioning system

Sources and Applications

Metal applications of radio waves include the magnetic resonance

imaging MRI for viewing internal parts of the human body without
invasive exploratory surgery.

They are also ideal for reducing cellulite on the body and wrinkles and
fine lines on the face, and for tightening sagging or loose skin.

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 Radio waves are also generated by electronic devices such as LC
oscillators, which are electrical circuits composed of inductors L and
capacitors C that are used to produce and pick up signals at a certain
frequency.

The sun and the planet Jupiter are extraterrestrial sources of radio waves.

2.6 Microwaves
Who discovered the Microwaves?

James Clerk Maxwell discovered microwaves in 1864.

What was his famous quote?

“Anyone who thinks the sky is the limit, has limited imagination.”

When was he born and when did he die?

1831 1879

What is its wavelength?

10 −3 to10 −1 m/1mm–1m

What is its Frequency?

300 MHz – 300 GHz

What are its sources?

Circuits

Transmission towers

Radar

Masers

Microwave ovens

Sun

Cosmic Microwave Background

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 Microwaves can also be produced by atoms and molecules.

What are its applications?

High Frequency radio waves are mainly used for communication.

Used to send signals for cable television, as well as video or audio feeds
from production vans to broadcast stations.

Used in remote sensing for disaster management and mapping.

Microwave Doppler radars are used in weather forecasting.

It is commonly known and used as a kitchen appliance. Microwave ovens

work by using microwave about 12 centimeters in length to force water
and fat molecules in food to rotate. The interaction of these molecules
undergoing forced rotation creates heat, and the food is cooked.

Microwave ablation uses the heat of micro-waves to shrink or destroy

tumors.

Microwave imaging is used to assess and monitor progress of treatment

of breast cancer via microwave tomography.

How was it discovered?

Shortly after World War II, Percy L. Spencer, an electronics genius and war
hero, was touring one of his laboratories at the Raytheon Company. Spencer
stopped in front of a magnetron, the power tube that drives a radar set.
Suddenly he noticed that a candy bar in his pocket had begun to melt."
Further investigation led him to make the first batch of microwave popcorn as
well as the first exploding egg.

2.7 Infrared Waves

What does infrared mean?
below red

Who discovered the Infrared Waves?

Waves in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 5

 These rays were discovered by a British Astronomer, named William Herschel
in the 19th century or 1800’s.

What did William Herschel do to discover this?

He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum—the rainbow

created when light is divided into its colors—and then measured the
temperature of each color.

True or False: It stated that the Infrared radiation cannot be seen by the naked
eye but it can be felt as heat?

True

What is its wavelength?

7.5x10 −7 to10−3

What is its Frequency?

3X1011 to4X1014

What are its sources?

Sun and Fire

Infrared radiation has two main sources which are sun and fire.

Primary Resources

Primary Resources are anything with thermal heat such as people, places,
objects, and animals because they give off infrared radiation proportional
to their temperature.

What is the relationship between the object/source and its temperature?

Objects with higher temperatures produce infrared rays of shorter

wavelengths and higher frequencies than objects with lower temperature

What are its applications?

They are used in:

Remote controls of television sets

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 Burglar alarm systems

Night vision cameras

Certain thermometers.

Most computers, laptops, palmtops, and printers are equipped with infrared
data association ports that enable transfer and print data without connecting
them with a cable. Food can be cooked using infrared radiation.

How can this be used for medicine?

PHYSIOTHERAPISTS

How do they use infrared waves?

Infrared waves are used heat lamps to heal sports injuries.

MEDICAL INFRARED IMAGING

How do they use infrared waves?

Infrared waves are used for diagnosis and prognosis in areas such as
oncology, rheumatology, sports medicine, and orthopedics. It is also
used to monitor progress in therapy and rehabilitation

2.8 Visible Light

What is wavelength?

The distance covered by a full cycle of the wave

What is frequency?
The number of waves passing a point each second.

What is sources or applications?

It’s usage that would be beneficial for human kind.

True or False: VISIBLE LIGHT IS THE ONLY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

THAT CAN BE SEEN BY THE NAKED EYE?
True

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 What are the colors that divides the visible light?

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

Who discovered the Visible Light spectrum?

Isaac Newton, discovered the visible light spectrum with his prism
experiment.

What is its wavelength?

4 × 10 −7 to8 × 10−7

What is its Frequency?

4 × 1014 to8 × 1014 cyclespersecond, orhertz(Hz)

What are its sources?

Sun

What are its applications?

LASER

COMMUNICATION

SEE COLORS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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 2.9 Ultraviolet Radiation
What is Ultraviolet Radiation?
It is the region next to visible light and it stimulates the production of vitamin
D in the body

What is it commonly known as?

It is commonly known as UV RAYS

Who discovered the Ultraviolet Radiation?

Johann Wilheilm Ritter

What is its wavelength?

6x10 −10 to4x10−7

What is its Frequency?

8 × 1014 to3 × 1016 Hz

What are the three types of Ultraviolet Radiation?

Ultraviolet A UVA

What is its frequency?

315nm-400nm

What is its effects?

Penetrates the skin more deeply than UVB

Penetrates the dermis

Treat skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo (depigmentation of

the skin)

Ultraviolet B UVB

What is its frequency?

280nm-314nm

What is its effects?

Waves in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 9

 Most are filtered by the ozone in the atmosphere

Penetrates the epidermis

Ultraviolet C UVC

What is its frequency?

60nm-279nm

What is its effects?

Almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach

the Earth's surface

What are its sources?

Sun and other stars

Other Man-made Technologies

What are its applications?

Germicidal lamps UV lamps)

UV light Black light)

Phototherapy

Creating fluorescent effects

Cell phones and other devices

2.10 X-Rays
Why is it called X-ray?
Sometimes called Roentgen ray

Who discovered XRays?

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

What is its wavelength?

10 −12 to10−8

Waves in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 10

 What are its two classification?

Soft

What are soft x-rays?

They have lower energy

Hard

What are hard x-rays?

They have higher energy.

What are its sources?

Sun and other stars

When accelerated electrons hit a metal and some medical equipments.

What are its applications?

Detect abnormalities in the skeletal system

Dental imaging

Ct Scan

Airport security checks

What is Diffraction?

Diffraction is the process of studying the arrangement of atoms in a crystal.

What was the first x-ray photograph?

It was said that one of the first x-ray photographs that Roentgen produced
was that of his wife’s hand.

How was the first X ray invented?

Then on November 8th of 1895, a German physics professor Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen made a remarkable discovery. He took a tube similar to fluorescent
light bulbs, removed all the air and filled it with a special gas. When he passed
a high electric voltage through it, the tube gave off a fluorescent glow.

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 2.11 Gamma Rays
Who discovered Gamma Rays?

Paul Villard. A French chemist and physicist, and is recognized as the one
who discovered gamma rays in 1900.

What is its wavelength?

10 −4 to10 −10 m

What is its Frequency?

Greaterthan1019 Hz.

What are its sources?

Sun

Interstellar Clouds

REMNANTS OF A SUPERNOVA

What are its applications?

DETECT cracks in metals, used by industries

STERILIZE equipment and commercial products

FOOD IRRADIATION to kill bacteria, insects, and parasites that can cause
foodborne diseases

SENSORS to control volume levels, density, and thickness

RADIOTHERAPY used to destroy cancer cells

ERADICATE pests such as fruit flies

What are the two types of RADIOTHERAPY?

External RADIOTHERAPY

What is External RADIOTHERAPY ?

The patient is exposed in a beam of radiation.

What are its examples?

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 Gamma Knife Surgery

Stereotactic Radiotherapy

Internal RADIOTHERAPY

What is Internal RADIOTHERAPY?

Radiation comes from implants or liquids placed in the body. This is
sometimes called: brackytherapy.

What is the radioactive material that is injected or taken orally in a

nuclear medicine scan?
Tracer

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