SCAFFOLD 2

IN SCIENCE
SUBMITTED BY: BAI SCHEHERAZADE
M. ANGAS

GR.10-PATIENCE
Electromagnetic spectrum
EM radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of
the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency,
radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.

The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies

used for modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-
wavelength (high-frequency) end, covering wavelengths from thousands
of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom. The limit for
long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that
the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length (1.616 x
10-35 m), although in principle the spectrum is infinite and continuous.

The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies

used for modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-
wavelength (high-frequency) end, covering wavelengths from thousands
of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom. The limit for
long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that
the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length (1.616 x
10-35 m), although in principle the spectrum is infinite and continuous.
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation best-known for their
use in communication technologies, such as television, mobile phones and radios.
These devices receive radio waves and convert them to mechanical vibrations in
the speaker to create sound waves.

The radio-frequency spectrum is a relatively small part of the electromagnetic

(EM) spectrum. The EM spectrum is generally divided into seven regions in order
of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency, according to
the University of Rochester. The common designations are radio
waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-
rays andgamma-rays.
Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the EM spectrum, according
toNASA, ranging from about 0.04 inches (1 millimeter) to more than 62 miles (100
kilometers). They also have the lowest frequencies, from about 3,000 cycles per
second, or 3 kilohertz, up to about 300 billion hertz, or 300 gigahertz.
The radio spectrum is a limited resource and is often compared to farmland. Just as
farmers must organize their land to achieve the best harvest regarding quantity and
variety, the radio spectrum must be split among users in the most efficient way,
according to the British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC). In the U.S., the National
Telecommunications and Information Administration within the United States
Department of Commerce manages the frequency allocations along the radio
spectrum. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who developed a unified theory
of electromagnetism in the 1870s, predicted the existence of radio waves, according
to the National Library of Scotland. In 1886, Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist,
applied .Maxwell's theories to the production and reception of radio
waves. Hertz used simple homemade tools, including an induction coil
and a Leyden jar (an early type of capacitor consisting of a glass jar with
foil layers both inside and out) to create electromagnetic waves. Hertz
became the first person to transmit and receive controlled radio waves.
 Antenna

The antennae on your television set receive the signal, in the form of electromagnetic
waves, that is broadcasted from the television station. It is displayed on your
television screen.

Radio TurnerRadio waves do more than

just bring music to your radio. They also carry signals for your television

Cellular phones also use radio waves to

transmit information.
 Microwaves

Microwaves are basically extremely high frequency radio waves, and are
made by various types of transmitter.In a mobile phone, they're made
by a transmitter chip and an antenna, in a microwave oven they're made
by a "magnetron".Their wavelength is usually a couple of centimetres.
Stars also give off microwaves.Microwaves cause water and fat
molecules to vibrate, which makes the substances hot.So we can use
microwaves to cook many types of food.Mobile phones use
microwaves, as they can be generated by a small antenna, which means
that the phone doesn't need to be very big. Wifi also uses
microwaves.The drawback is that, being small, mobiles phones can't put
out much power, and they also need a line of sight to the transmitter.This
means that mobile phone companies need to have many transmitter
towers if they're going to attract customers.Microwaves are also used by
fixed trafficspeed cameras, and for radar, which is used by aircraft,
ships and weather forcasters.The most common type of radar works by
sending out bursts of microwaves, detecting the "echoes" coming back
from the objects they hit, and using the time it takes for the echoes to
come back to work out how far away the object is. Microwaves are
basically extremely high frequency radiowaves .
 mobile phones

transmitter

speed camera

wifi
 Infrared radiation
Infrared radiation (IR), or infrared light, is a type of radiant energy that's invisible
to human eyes but that we can feel as heat. All objects in the universe emit some
level of IR radiation, but two of the most obvious sources are the sun and fire.

IR is a type of electromagnetic radiation, a continuum of frequencies produced

when atoms absorb and then release energy. From highest to lowest frequency,
electromagnetic radiation includes gamma-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation,
visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves. Together, these types
of radiation make up the electromagnetic spectrum.
British astronomer William Herschel discovered infrared light in 1800, according
to NASA. In an experiment to measure the difference in temperature between the
colors in the visible spectrum, he placed thermometers in the path of light within
each color of the visible spectrum. He observed an increase in temperature from
blue to red, and he found an even warmer temperature measurement just beyond
the red end of the visible spectrum.
Within the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared waves occur at frequencies above
those of microwaves and just below those of red visible light, hence the name
"infrared." Waves of infrared radiation are longer than those of visible light,
according to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). IR frequencies range
from about 3 gigahertz (GHz) up to about 400 terahertz (THz), and wavelengths
are estimated to range between 1,000 micrometers (µm) and 760 nanometers
(2.9921 inches), although these values are not definitive, according to NASA.
Household uses
Household appliances such as heat lamps and toasters use IR radiation to transmit
heat, as do industrial heaters such as those used for drying and curing materials.
Incandescent bulbs convert only about 10 percent of their electrical energy input
into visible light energy, while the other 90 percent is converted to infrared
radiation, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Infrared lasers can be used for point-to-point communications over distances of a
few hundred meters or yards. TV remote controls that rely on infrared radiation
shoot out pulses of IR energy from a light-emitting diode (LED) to an IR receiver
in the TV, according to How Stuff Works. The receiver converts the light pulses to
electrical signals that instruct a microprocessor to carry out the programmed
command.
 TV remote control- Shorter, near infrared
waves are not hot at all - in fact you cannot even feel them. These shorter wavelengths
are the ones used by your TV's remote control.

Heat- Infrared light is even used to heat food

sometimes - special lamps that emit thermal infrared waves are often used in fast
food restaurants!

thermography
 Visible Light
Visible light is a form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, as are radio waves,
infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and microwaves. Generally, visible
light is defined as the wavelengths that are visible to most human eye. Visible light
falls in the range of the EM spectrum between infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). It
has frequencies of about 4 × 1014 to 8 × 1014 cycles per second, or hertz (Hz) and
wavelengths of about 740 nanometers (nm) or 2.9 × 10−5 inches, to 380 nm (1.5 ×
10−5 inches). Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see.
We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Visible light is one way energy
moves around. Light waves are the result of vibrations of electric and magnetic
fields, and are thus a form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Visible light is just
one of many types of EM radiation, and occupies a very small range of the
overall electromagnetic spectrum but because we can see light with our eyes, it has
special significance to us.
Light waves have wavelengths between about 400 and 700 nanometers (4,000 to
7,000 angstroms). Our eyes perceive different wavelengths of light as the rainbow
hues of colors. Red light has relatively long waves, around 700 nm long. Blue and
purple light have short waves, around 400 nm. Shorter waves vibrate at higher
frequencies and have higher energies. Red light has a frequency around 430
terahertz, while blue's frequency is closer to 750 terahertz. Red photons of light
carry about 1.8 electron volts (eV) of energy, while each blue photon transmits
about 3.1 eV. Visible light's neighbors on the EM spectrum are infrared radiation
on the one side and ultraviolet radiation on the other. Infrared radiation has longer
waves than red light, and thus oscillates at a lower frequency and carries less
energy. Ultraviolet radiation has shorter waves than blue or violet light, and thus
oscillates more rapidly and carries more energy per photon than visible light
does.Light travels at a speed of 299,792 kilometers per second (about 186,282
miles per second). At this speed, light could circle Earth more than seven times in
one second! The lowercase letter "c" is often used to represent the speed of light in
equations, such as Einstein's famous relation between energy and matter: E = mc 2.
All forms of electromagnetic waves, including X-rays andradio waves and all other
frequencies across the EM spectrum, also travel at the speed of light. Light travels
most rapidly in a vacuum, and moves slightly slower in materials like water or
glass.
 Perhaps the most important characteristic of visible
light is color. Color is both an inherent property of light and an artifact of the
human eye. Objects don't "have" color, according to Glenn Elert, author of the
website The Physics Hypertextbook. Rather, they give off light that "appears" to be
a color.

Light bulb
 Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation or light having a
wavelength greater than 100 nm but less than 400 nm. It is also known as UV
radiation, ultraviolet light, or simply UV. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength
longer than that of x-rays but shorter than that of visible light. Although
ultraviolet light is energetic enough to break some chemical bonds, it is not
(usually) considered a form of ionizing radiation. The energy absorbed by
molecules can provide the activation energy to start chemical reactions and may
cause some materials to fluoresce or phosphoresce.
The word "ultraviolet" means "beyond violet". Ultraviolet radiation was
discovered by the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801. Ritter
noticed invisible light beyond the violet portion of the visible spectrum
darkened silver chloride treated paper more quickly than violet light. He
called the invisible light "oxidizing rays", referring to the chemical activity of
the radiation. Most people used the phrase "chemical rays" until the end of
the 19th century, when "heat rays" became known as infrared radiation and
"chemical rays" became ultraviolet radiation.

Sources of Ultraviolet Radiation

About 10 percent of the light output of the Sun is UV radiation. When sunlight
enters the Earth's atmosphere, the light is about 50% infrared radiation, 40%
visible light, and 10% ultraviolet radiation. However, the atmosphere blocks about
77% of solar UV light, mostly in shorter wavelengths. Light reaching the Earth's
surface is about 53% infrared, 44% visible, and 3% UV.Ultraviolet light is
produced by black lights, mercury-vapor lamps, and tanning lamps. Any
sufficiently hot body emits ultraviolet light (black-body radiation). Thus, stars
hotter than the Sun emit more UV light. It is also helpfyl in crime scenes.
Investigators can detect ang locate semen ,saliva, ang other fluid using high uv
rays.