Experiment No.

1:
To Verify truth table for AND gate

Logic Symbol:

A
Y
B

Logic Expression:

A.B = Y

Truth Table:

A B Y
0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Circuit Diagram:
Breadboard diagram:

Apparatus:

2 diodes, connecting wires, resistance, batteries,LED and breadboard.

Procedure:

1. I fixed two diodes on the breadboard and connected them with the help of connecting wires.

2. I took a resistor and LED and connected them in parallel with the diodes.

3. Then I connected the battery.

4. Now started giving logics one by one in according to truth table.

 5. Positive logic represents 1 and negative logic represent 0.

6. To verify, keeping both inputs OFF, there is no current in the circuit, because they both are
at 0,0. So LED is also off.

7. When input A is ON at 1 and input B is OFF at 0, again the output is also OFF, so LED is
also off.

8. When input A is OFF at 0 and input B is ON at 1, there is no current in the circuit, so LED
is also OFF.

9. When both inputs A and B is 1, then current starts flowing and LED is also ON, which
means circuit is a close switch.

Result:

AND gate works on this principle that if all inputs are 1 only then the output will be 1,
Otherwise 0.

EXPERIMENT No 2:

To verify truth table of OR gate.

Logic Symbol:
A
Y
B

Expression:
Y=A+B

Truth Table:
 A B Y
0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Circuit Diagram:

Breadboard Diagram:

Apparatus:
2 diodes, connecting wires, resistance, batteries, LED and breadboard.
Procedure:
1. I fixed two diodes on the breadboard and connected them with the help of connecting
wires.
2. I took a resistor and LED and connected them in parallel with the diodes.
3. Then I connected the battery.
4. Now started giving logics one by one in according to truth table.
5. Positive logic represents 1 and negative logic represent 0
6. Setup the connections according to circuit diagram.
7. The output terminal of OR gate is to be connected with LED and then with the negative
terminal of the power supply.
8. To verify, there is no at input terminals A and B that is they are both at 0, 0. So output
terminal Y is also OFF . So, LED indicator is also OFF.
9. The input terminal A is ON, at 1 and B is off, at 0. So LED is ON.
10. The input terminal A is off, at 0 and B is ON, at 1. So at output terminal Y LED is also
ON.
11. Now the both input terminals A and B are ON, at 1, 1. At output terminal C, the LED is
ON, at1, which verifies the truth table for OR gate.

Result:
In case of OR gate , the output becomes high when anyone of inputs is high.

Experiment No. 3:
To verify the truth table for NOT gate

Logic Symbol:

A Y

Expression:
 A = 𝑌̅

Truth Table:

A Y
0 1
1 0

Apparatus:

Transistor, Connecting wires, Resistances (100 ohm and 1000 ohm), Battery, LED and
Breadboard.

Circuit Diagram:

Breadboard Diagram:
Procedure:

1. I took a transistor and fixed it on the breadboard.

2. I made connections according to these steps:

 Collector goes to positive terminal of battery through 100 ohm resistor

 Logic input is given to base of the transistor through 1000 ohm resistor.

 Emitter goes to ground i.e, negative terminal of the battery.

 Output indicator i.e LED is connected between collector and negative terminal of
the battery (ground).

 Ground-Negative terminal of the battery.

3. Now started giving logics one by one according to truth table.

4. Negative logic represents 0 and positive logic represents 1.
5. When input A=0, In this case, there is no voltage at the base of the transistor. So it acts like
an open switch. All current flow from the resistor to LED and then to ground. Hence LED
turns on i.e, 1 at the output.

6. When input A=1, In this case, there is some voltage at the base of the transistor. So it acts
like a closed switch. And due to this no current flow from resistor to LED and then to
ground. All current flow from collector to ground. Hence LED turns off i.e, 0 at the output.

Result:

Hence we get 0 (LED is off) at the output when input is 1 and 1 (LED is ON) at the output
when input is 0.

Experiment no: 4
 To verify the truth table for NOR gate.

Logic symbol:

A
Y
B a====
EEEEEeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Expression:
Y = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
Truth table:

A B Y
0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Apparatus:

Transistor , 100 Ω Resistence , 1000Ω resistence , LED , connecting wires ,Bread

board , Diodes .

Circuit diagram:
Bread board diagram:

Procedure:

1. I drew the neat circuit diagram.

2. I made the connections according to the circuit diagram.In this circuit, the output of a
OR gate is fed as input of the NOT gate because NOR gate is a combination of OR gate
followed by a NOT gate ( an inverter).
 3. I applied 0V (grounded) to both the inputs A and B and received 1 at the output Y.
4. I made input A as 1 and B as 0 and received 0 at the output.
5. When I made B as 1 and A as 0 then received 0 again at the output.
6. Then I connected both inputs A and B to +5V (logic A) and received 0 at the output Y.

Result:
The output is 1 only when all inputs are 0 otherwise the output is 0.

Experiment No 5:
Verify truth table for NAND gate.

Logic Symbol:

A 𝑌̅

Logic Expression:

A.B = 𝑌̅

Truth Table:

A B Y ̅
𝐘
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0

Apparatus:

Two diodes, transistor, Two (100 Ω) resistance, 1000Ω resistance, LED , connecting wires ,Bread
board.
Circuit Diagram:

Breadboard Diagram:

Procedure:

1. I drew the neat circuit diagram.

2. I made the connections according to the circuit diagram. In this circuit, the output of a
AND gate is fed as input of the NOT gate because NAND gate is a combination of AND
gate followed by a NOT gate (an inverter).
3. I applied 0V (grounded) to both the inputs A and B and received 1 at the output ̅ 𝑌.
 4. I made input A as 0 and B as 1 and received 1 at the output.
5. When I made B as 0 and A as 1 then received 1 again at the output.
̅.
6. Then I connected both inputs A and B to +5V (logic A) and received 0 at the output 𝑌

Result:
The output is 0 only when all inputs are 1 otherwise the output is 1.

Experiment no.6
To verify Truth Table for Half Adder Circuit

Block Diagram:
A S (Sum)

B C (carry)

K-Map for Sum:

̅ 𝑩 + 𝑨𝑩
𝑺=𝑨 ̅

K-Map for Carry:

𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩
Logic Expression for Sum:

̅ 𝑩 + 𝑨𝑩
𝑺=𝑨 ̅
Logic Expression for Carry:

𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩
Logic Circuit for Sum and Carry:

Truth Table:
A B Sum Carry

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

Apparatus:
Bread board, 2 LEDs, 2 resistances (100 Ω), 2 IC’s (XOR 7486 & AND
7408),Connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram:
Bread Board Diagram:
Procedure:
 I drew neat and clean circuit diagram.
 I placed apparatus on table and made connections according to circuit diagram.
 I applied +4 at Vcc.
 I applied (0,0) input signal at terminal "A" and terminal "B". I observed that LED at
output does not glow.
 I applied (0,1) input signal at terminal "A" and terminal "B". I obtained ouput as SUM.
 I applied (1,0) input signal at terminal "A" and terminal "B". I obtained output as SUM.
 I applied (1,1) input signal at terminal "A" and terminal "B". I obtained output as
CARRY.
 I displayed all observations in a table called truth table.

Result:

The HALF- ADDER is completely described by symbol, bollian expression and truth table.
Hence operation of HALF-ADDER is verified.

Experiment No. 7
To verify truth table for Full Adder circuit
Full Adder:
“Full adder is a simple circuit but not effective for adding more than two digits. When
three bits are meet to be added. We use a full adder circuit. Third bit is a previous carry.”

Block Diagram:

A Sum

Carry in (P) Carry out

K map for Sum:

S = 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝑃 + 𝐴̅𝐵 𝑃̅ + 𝐴𝐵𝑃 + 𝐴𝐵̅ 𝑃̅

K map for Carry:

C = 𝐴𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃 + 𝐴𝐵

Logic Circuit Of Sum :

S = 𝐴̅𝐵̅ 𝑃 + 𝐴̅𝐵 𝑃̅ + 𝐴𝐵𝑃 + 𝐴𝐵̅ 𝑃̅

Logic Circuit Of Carry :

C = 𝐴𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃 + 𝐴𝐵

Truth Table:
 A B P S C
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
Apparatus:
Bread board, 2 LEDs, 2 resistances (100 Ω), 2 IC’s (XOR 7486; AND 7408; OR
7432),Connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram:

Bread board diagram :

Procedure :
1) I drew neat and clean circuit diagram.
2) I placed apparatus on table and made connections according to circuit diagram.
3) Positive logic represent 1 and negative logic represent 0 .
4) I fixed 3 IC’s ( XOR 7486 , AND 7408 , OR 7432 ) on the breadboard and their 7 & 14
points grounded with the help of connecting wires .
5) I applied +4 at Vcc.
6) I applied (0, 0 , 0) input signal at terminals A , B and P . I observed that LED at output
does not glow.
7) I applied (0, 0, 1) input signal at terminals A, B and P. I obtained output as SUM.
8) I applied (0, 1, 0) input signal at terminals A, B and P. I obtained output as SUM.
9) I applied (0, 1, 1) input signal at terminals A, B and P. I obtained output as CARRY.
10) I applied (1, 0, 0) input signal at terminals A,B and P . I obtained output as SUM.
11) I applied (1, 0 ,1) input signal at terminals A ,B and P . I obtained output as CARRY.
12) I applied (1, 1, 0) input signal at terminals A ,B and P . I obtained output as CARRY.
13) I applied (1,1,1) input signal at terminals A ,B and P , then I observed that both LED does
glow at output as SUM & CARRY .
14) I displayed all observations in a table called truth table .

Result :
The FULL_ADDER is completely described by symbo, boolean expressions and truth table .
Hence, operation of FULL_ADDER is verified .

Experiment # 8
To verify the Truth table for Half Subtractor:

Half Subtrator:

The Half Subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to subtract two

binary digits. It has two inputs and two outputs (Difference and Borrow).

Block Diagram:
 A Difference (D)

B Borrow (B)

K-map for Difference:

D =𝐴̅B+A𝐵̅

K-map for Borrow:

B = 𝐴̅B
Logic circuit of Difference:

D = 𝐴̅B+A𝐵̅

Logic circuit of Borrow:

B = 𝐴̅ B

Truth Table:
 A B D B
0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

Apparatus:

Breadboard, Circuit IC’s (XOR 7486, AND 7408, NOT 7404), Connecting wires,
Two Resistance (100 ohm), Two LED’s and Battery.
Circuit Diagram:

Breadboard Diagram:
Procedure:

1) First I have made neat and clean circuit diagram.

2) I put apparatus on table and made connection according to circuit diagram.
3) Positive logic represent '1'and negative logic represent '0'.
4) I fixed three IC's (XOR, AND, NOT) on the Breadboard.
5) I quickly ground the 7th pin of all IC's in first step with Connecting Wires.
6) Then, I give positive potential of 14th pin of all IC’s with Connecting Wires.
7) Now I applied input signal A= 0, B = 0 no LED's glow.
8) At input signal A=0, B= 1, I observed the output as Difference and Borrow. Both LED’s
glow.
9) At input signal A = 1, B = 0, I observed the output as Difference. Only LED of difference
glows.

10)When both inputs are 1 A = 1, B = 1, I observed output as nothing.No LED’s glow.

Result:

The “Difference” output came from XOR’s IC and “Borrow” output came from AND’s IC.
Operations of Half Subtractor are verified.

Experiment no 9:
To verify the truth table for Full Subtractor.
Full Subtractor:
In full subtractor, there are three binary inputs and give two binary outputs in the
form of difference and borrow.
Block Diagram:
 A
Difference (D)
B

C Borrow ( B)

K - Map for Difference:

D = A'B'C + A'B C' +A B'C'+ABC

K - Map for Borrow:

B = A'C + A'B + BC

Logic Circuit of Difference:

D = A'B'C + A'B C' +A B'C'+ABC

Logic Circuit Of Borrow:

B = A'C + A'B + BC
Truth Table:

A B C D B

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

Apparatus:
Circuit IC's (XOR -7486, NOT- 7404, AND- 7408, OR- 7432) ,Two LED's ,
Connecting Wires, Two Resistance (100 Ohm) , Breadboard, Battery.
Circuit Diagram:
Breadboard Diagram:

Procedure:
1. First I've made neat and clean circuit diagram.
2. I put apparatus on table and made connection according to circuit diagram.
3. Positive logic represent '1'and negative logic represent '0'.
4. I fixed four IC's (XOR, AND, NOT, OR) on the Breadboard.
5. I quickly ground the 7th pin of all IC's in first step with Connecting Wires.
6. Then, I give 14th pin of all IC's the positive potential with Connecting Wires.
 7. Now I applied input signal A=0, B=0 ,C=0 , no LED's glow.
8. At input signal A=0, B=0, C=1, I observed the output as Difference and Borrow.
9. At input signal A=0 , B=1,C=0, I observed the output as Difference and Borrow.
10. Now I give input A=0,B=0,C=1, I observed Borrow LED glows at output.
11. When input A=1,B=0,C=0, output will be of Difference only.
12. When input is A=1,B=0,C=1, output will be nothing.
13. When input is A=1,B=1,C=0, again I observed nothing as output.
14. When input is A=1,B=1,C=1, I observed Difference and Borrow as an output.

Result:
The final outcome of the Full Subtractor is the" Difference" bit. The outcome of the OR
Gate will be the final Carry " Borrow" of Full Subtractor.

The End