Physics

Project Report
On
“Logic gates”
(oR, aND, Not gate)

Session: 2017-18

Under Supervision of Submitted by

Mrs. Tanu Sharma Himanshu
Lecturer in Physics Class XII (Non-Medical)
Roll No.

Gita Niketan Awasiya

Vidyalaya,
 Kurukshetra

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the investigatory project entitled “To Study Logic Gates
(OR, AND, NOT GATES)” was carried out in Physics by
Himanshu , a student of XII (Non-Medical) Roll No. , Gita
Niketan Awasiya Vidyalaya, Kurukshetra as a partial fulfillment of the
practical work conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi.

Mrs. Tanu Sharma

Lecturer in Physics
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank and express my sincere gratitude to

Mrs. Tanu Sharma, Lecturer in Physics who guided me for this project and
without whose efforts, this project would not have been completed. I put my
sincere efforts to make this project interesting. I fully consulted all the
available books on this subject and I am thankful to esteemed authors. I also
want to mention the Physics Laboratory Assistant who also helped me a lot.
In the end, I am thankful to all those who took interest in the
successful completion of the project.

Himanshu
XII (Non-Medical)
Roll No.
 PROJECT: To Study the Logic Gates
(OR, AND, NOT GATES)
Logic Gates: A digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass

through or stops it, is called a gate. Such gate allows the signal to pass

through only when some logic conditions are satisfied. Hence they are

called logic gates.

The basic logic gates are of three types:

1. OR gate

2. AND gate

3. NOT gate

1. The OR GATE

In Boolean Algebra the term OR is represented by addition symbol

(+). It means that Boolean expression Y = A+B ‘Y” equals A or B”.

The OR gate is a digital circuit arrangement which combines A

and B so as to give Y given by Y = A+B as the result. The OR gate is

device having two inputs and one output. Logic symbol, Truth table,
Boolean expression for a two input. OR gate is given in fig. (1). Here A

and B are two inputs and Y is output.

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

(a) Logic Symbol of OR Gate (b) Truth Table

In practice and OR gate may be realized by two ideal p-n junction

diodes D1 and D2 as shown in Fig. (2). The input voltages which can

be applied at A or B is either 0 or a finite value (+5V in Fig. 2). The -ve

terminal of the battery in figure, thus, represents the o state and the ±ve

corresponds to the 1 state.

A D1
1
Y

B D2
+
R

-
There are four possible cases in it:

i When both A and B are Fig. 2 connection to earth,

none of the diodes conduct and hence

no voltage developed across the resistor and consequently the

output y is 0. In truth table first line represent this possibility.

ii When A is connected to earth and b is connected to +ve terminal

of batter, junction diode D1 does not conduct but D2 conducts. If

the diode is an ideal on then output voltage at Y will also be 5 V.

Second line of truth table represents this possibility.

 iii When A is in 1 state and B in 0 state, D1 conducts but D2 does

not conduct and the output y is in 1 state. Third line of truth table

represents is possibility.

iv When A as well as B both are in 1 state, both the diodes conduct.

As the output of both the diodes obtained across the resistor R are

in parallel, the net output even this case will be same as in (ii) or

(iii). It means that the output Y is in I state. Last line of truth table

represents this possibility.

2. The AND Gate

In Boolean algebra the term AND is represented by dot (.) and the

Boolean expression A.B = Y implies that Y equals A and B. The AND

Gate is an electronic circuit arrangement which combines A and B so as

to give Y A.B as the results. The AND Gate is a device having two

inputs and one output. Fig. 3 shows the logic symbol, truth table and

the Boolean expression for a two input AND gate.

A B Y
 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

(a) Logic Symbol of AND Gate (b) Truth Table

To realise AND Gate we complete and electronic circuit shown in

Fig. by making use of two ideal p-n junction diodes. The resistor R is

connected to the +ve terminal of a battery having same voltage as that

of battery connected to input A or B.

 Fig. 3

There are our following situations in AND Gate:

i When both A and B are at 0 state, the diodes D1 and D2

both conduct. The voltage output at Y will be the voltage across

either diodes D1 and D2 and for ideal diodes there is no voltage

drop across either diode. Thus, the output Y is at 0.

ii When A is 0 state but B in 1 state, only D 1 diode conducts

and D2 does not conduct. Now the output Y equals the voltage

across D1 and is 0.
iii When A is in 1 state but B in 0 state, only D 2 conducts and

D1 does not conduct. Now the output Y equals the voltage across

D2 and is 0.

iv When A and B both are in 1 state, none of them conducts.

The output voltage at Y equals the battery voltage and, thus it is 1.

The NOT Gate

In Boolean algebra the term NOT is represented by bar symbol

(-) and the Boolean expression A = Y implies that Y equals not A.

The bar over A means we change A to the alternative digit. As in

binary system, there are only two digits 0 and 1, we have

0 = 1 and T = 0

Thus, the NOT operation is also called inversion. The NOT gate

is a device which inverts the input. If the input is 0, the output is 1 and

if the input is 1, the output is 0.

The NOT gate is an electronic device having one input and one

output, which inverts the input i.e. which fulfils the condition A = Y. the

logic symbol, truth table and the Boolean expression for a NOT gate is

shown in Fig. 5.

A Y
0 1
1 0

(a) Logic Symbol of NOT Gate (b) Truth Table

 A NOT gate cannot be realised by diodes and to realise a NOT

gate we make use of a transistor.

A simple circuit of NOT gate using an n-p-n transistor is being

shown in Fig. 6. The base of the transistor is connected to the input A

through a resistor Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector is earthed

through a resistor R and a Battery having the same voltage as that

supplied to input A.

5V

Rc
Y
Rb
1

Fig. 6
 The operation of the NOT gate maybe considered by the

following two cases:

i When input terminal A is in 0 state, the Base of the

transistor also gets earthed. It means the base emitter in is not

forward biased and the base collector i is reverse biased, therefore

the base current is Zero. Under these conditions the transistor is said

to be in cut off mode and the output Y is in 1 state.

ii When input A is in 1 state, the base-emitter jn gets forward

biased. Value of resistor Rb and R and adjusted so that in this

arrangement a large collector current flows. In this state the

transistor is said to have gone to saturation. The voltage drop across

Rc is almost equal 5v and the output Y is very nearly equal to 0 V

corresponding to 0 state of the truth table.