, = 62 ‘T-Beams (Flanged Beams) L-Beam oe 4 6.2 DIMENSIONS OF A T-BEAM Fig. 6.3 shows the important dimensions of a T:beam which are as under : 1. Thickness of the flange (D,). This is equal to the overall depth of the slab forming the flage of the T-beam. oy 1 to 6 Fig. 6.3 2. Breadth of web (b,). This is the breadth of the beam projecting below the slab. The breadth of web should be sufficient to accommodate the tensile reinforcement in the beam with suitable spacing between the bars. The ratio of width of rib to depth of rib is generally roptad tt 2,» : evtad ly 2 3. Effective width of flange (b,). A certain portion of the slab on either side of the beam can be considered as forming the compression flange. The effective width of flange mainly depends upon the span, breadth of wed and the thickness of slab acting as flange. The width of a flange, effective for taking compression, may be taken as follows, but inBeams) T-Beams (Flanged Beams) 63 mre, Case It should be greater than the breadth of web plus half the sum of clear distances to the adjacent beams on either side. Effective width of flange (@) For Fbeams b, -4 + y+ 6D, pe (0) For L-beams ;_| —— fo b= vee 1 = 7p. + Dy + 3D, (c) For isolated beams, the effective flan case greater than the actual width. ‘ge width shall be obtained as below but in no Tbeam, b; for L-beam, b, = where by = Effective width of flange j by = Breadth of web D; = Thickness of flange b = Actual width of flange fy = Distance between the points of zero moments, Note. For continuous beams, f may be assumed as 0.7 times the effective span, (1 ilustrate the procedure to compute effective flange width for an isolated bean section, EAS & speciic example of a simply supported beam heaving span f- 6 mas shew in Fig. ©4 (a), The cross-section of this beam is shown in Fig. 64 (b), b= 1000 mm $50'Tm, S00, 350. ; fem 980 my ian tre Fangs | e@ beam enerally Rib 2 of the f flange lange. 3, but in . 6.4a 64 T-Beams (Flanged Beams) The effective flange width of T-beam, by 6000 fo. by x b= gon “ho 5000 ptt om i000 ** + 300 % 1000 | = 900 ¥ 1000 | 9 by = 900 mm | 4. Overall depth of beam (0). The overall depth of the beam depends upon the span as well as loading conditions. In case of simply supported beams it may be assumed to be 11 7g © 7g of the span. In case of continuous beam, the assumed overall depth may be taken 12 1 Of span for light loads; +5 10 7 of span for medium loads and +5 t0 = of stot as 2° 15 15 20 ‘span for heavy loads. 6.3. LOCATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS There are two methods of finding out the neutral axis, depending upon the data available, Method I. Given : (i) Dimensions of the section (ie. by, Dy, d) (il) Permissible stresses in concrete and steel (ogu¢ and o5)) (ii) Modular ratio (m). The neutral axis may be determined by using the relation, ™ Gcbe _ Re Sst d=ne Method Il. Given () Dimensions of the section (i.e. by, Dy d) Area of tensile steel (As) (lil) Modular ratio (m). The neutral axis may fall within or outside the flange. Case (I) : Neutral axis within the flange thickness or just at the bottom of the flange (n < Dy). Referring to Fig. 6.5, and equating moments of areas of compression and tension sides about N.A. : re? by =m Ay (d—n)eams) T-Beams (Flanged Beams) 65 4 2 span to be By Stress Diagram vtaken 1 Fig. 6.5 po Case (I!) : Neutral axis in Rib (n > D,). (a) When compression in Rib is taken into account : | Referring to Fig, 6.6 and equating moments of areas of compression and tension sides | about N.A. = allable. i Or n-Dy A | w0, (0-H) wy tn (S21) =m agtd-m | a | n 4 { a-n | a Stress Diagram of the Fig. 6.6 ae () When compression in rib is neglected : The moment of area of the web portion in compression is too small as compared to the moment of area of flange and is generally neglected, ) Dy Neglecting by (n— Dj) ( 2=DF) in equation (i), we get66 ‘T-Beams (Flanged Beams) 1 Dr) by, (1-3) =m Ag (=n) Note. While calculating N.A. in T-beams, it is essential to assume either n < D, orn > Dy To reduce the calculations for first trial, assume n > Dy | EXAMPLE 6.1. | An R.C.C. T-beam is reinforced on tension side. The tension steel is placed at a depth of 600 mm below the top of flange. The effective width of flange is 1200 mm and its thickness is 100 mm. If m = 13.33, ogy, = 7 Nimm? and og, = 140 Nimm®, find : (i) depth of neutral axis Gil) area of steel. SOLUTION. by = 1200 mm D, = 100 mm d= 600 mm Mocbe _ _Ne w BSae -_Mo_ de ot d-ng br 13.83 x7 Ne 140 ~ 600--ng ng = 240 mm i) To find area of steel (A,.) equate the moments of areas on compression and tension ‘sides about N.A. 00) (ne ~ 21) =m Agia—ng 100) 1200 x 100 x [240 - =) = 19.88 x Ay x (600 - 240) 22600000 = 4798.8 Ay fay = 200000 51.2 mnt ‘st 4798.8 mn An R.C.C. T-beam has a flange 1000 mm wide and 150 mm deep. The effective | depth is 750 mm and width of web is 230 mm. It is reinforced with 5625 mm? of tensile; steel. If m = 13.33, find the depth of neutral axis. SOLUTION.68 T-Beams (Flanged Beams) 2 4900 x 2 ne? + 37.22 n - 22382 = 0 " 13.83 x 2513.27 x (600 ~ n) — 37.224 37.22? —4 (22332) _ - 37.22+301.18 2 37.22 + 301.18 2 131.98 mm (Neglecting — ve sign) n n 6.4. LEVER ARM OF T-BEAM The lever arm (z) of the T-beam is the distance between the line of action of the resultant compression to the line of action of the resultant tension. There will be two cases of lever arms. Casel: nD, [Refer Fig. 6.7]. Lever arm, 2 = d~ 3 Stress Diagram be Stress Diagram (For n D,) Fig. 6.7 Case I: n> Dy. Neglecting the web portion in compression, the actual stress variation in a flange is shown by shading in Fig. 6.7. Let ccy¢ = Stress in the concrete at the top edge of flange (or slab) o'epe = Stfess in the concrete at the bottom edge of flange (or slab) J = Distance of C.G. of the stress trapezium from the top edge of flange.sama) Hees (Flanged Beams) 6o ‘Then, Lever arm, 2=d~ ¥ l6.5, MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF T-BEAM Case 1: N.A. lies within flange thickness i.e. n < Dy . The moment of resistance (M,) is determined by taking the moment of the total ign) _[C2™eression in the beam about the C.6. of the tensile reinforcement (Refer Fig. 6.7). | Moment of resistance, M, = Total compression x Lever arm =Cxz m, =mnmee (a5) tant ever Case Il: N.A. lies in the rib of beam i.e. n > Dy. | The moment of resistance (M,) is determined by taking the moment of the | compression in the beam about the C.G. of the tensile reinforcement (Refer Fig. 6.7). Moment of resistance, M, = Total compression x Lever arm =Oxz Mm, =b,0, (S222) a7) | total 2 nt 21) where o'epe = one ( = Moment of Resistance taking compression in web into account. M, =M, + Mz | where M, = Moment of resistance due to compressive force in flange | M, = Moment of resistance due to compressive force in web. M, =Total compression in flange x Lever arm eve) ig y) Sebe + = by Dy ( and Mz = Total compression in web x Lever arm B = by (n—D) (*) [2-(o1 | | 6.6. TYPES OF PROBLEMS There are three main types of problems in case of Tbeams ie 1. To find the moment of resistance of a given section 2. To find actual stresses in concrete and steel 3, To design the section. | we |Mi) The maximum permissible strosses 18 Concrete and steel (ogy. and oy) (iv) Modular ratio (m), 2 solve problems, the folowing steps may be used Step 1 . Find n, by the formula ™ cbc N st dane Step 2. Find the actual value of NA, (n). Step 3. Find whether the section ie under-reintorced or over-reintorced, lineng vo Under-teinforced beam In>ne vem Over-reinforced beam Step 4. (@) For over-reintorced section Scbe #8 known, Find o'sy. by Scbe = robe (—t (0) For under-reintorced section Ost IS known, Find oye by nbs) ™ Sebo. st Find o'che by Step 5. Find 7 Sebo + 2) Oy 3 Step 6. Find moment of resistance Using the formulae tarynged Beams) —_+-Beams (Flanged Beams) en Determine moment of resistance of the beam (compression in rib neglected). Take Sepe = 7 Nimm?, oy, = 230 N/mm? and m = 13.33. SOLUTION. ’ by = 1000 mm To find ng Moeb¢ Sst 13.33 x7 (aoomeen 0.41 (500 ~ n,) 205 = 1.41 ng ne = 145.4 mm For actual N.A., assuming that N.A. passes through the rib of the T-beam (ie. n > D). by Dy (n-2) =m Ag (dn) 13.33 x 2280.8 x (500 ~n) 4.29n = 664.5 1 = 154.9 mm n>D Hence our assumption is correct. The N.A. les inthe rib ofthe beam, ' 1 Dy632 TBeams (Flanged Beams) i 5 2,0, (nt) =M Ag (d~n) { 100) | 1850 x 100 x (t ao = 188 2108125 450 =) 5 0 = 104.8 mm Let Seve = Compressive stress in top fibre of concrete. Wine = 60 (n-21 iy (cote rag ee) 198 ! cote +005 a 3 34.92 mm M, =by0, (222820) ig 5) Sebc + 0.08 oop. = 1850 x 100 x (222908 cee) (480 ~ 34.92) Mr = 40814645 oo. Nmm Bending Moment = Moment of resistance 196875000 = 40314645 o.,. Sebo = 4.88 Nimm? <7 Nim? (Hence safe) To find oy : i Mocbe _ on os don a naires ot ee633 1333x488 _ __ 104.8 450 - 104.8 Sst og = 214.3 Nimm? < 230 Nimm? (Hence safe) Cheek for shear. Max. S.F. (V) occur at the edge of support. wh v 2 L = Clear span of beam = 6 ~ 0.3 = 5.7m (Assuming bearing of beam on either side = 300 mm) wl — 43750 57 soil beaa = 124688 N 124688 Bex ago = 1-11 Nim? ‘Assuming 3 bars in the upper layer are bent-up near the support. 2. % of tensile steel available at support 100 As P= bd 100 x4 x 31416 = e50% 450 = 112% For M 20 concrete and p = 1.12%, from Table-3.1 re 0.39 + (0:42-0:99, 1.12 ~ 1.00) 125-100) ‘ ’ ; = 0.40 Nimm? ty > To, hence shear reinforcement is required. 4 Shear force for shear reinforcement, V, = V — te bd m = 124688 - 0.40 x 250 x 450 = 79688 N Shear taken up by bent-up bars = ogy Agy Sin a = 230 x 3 x 314.16 x sin 45° = 153257 N634 FBeams (Flanged Beams) Shear taken up by the bent-up bars is limited to Vs _ 79688 2 =~ = 99844.N Net shear force to be resisted by stiups, Vex = 79688 - 39844 = 39844 N Assuming 10 mm 6 2 logged stirrups, Asy = 2x 7 x 102 = 157 mme Spacing of sirup, s, = 22 As d sy = 280% 187 x 450 ~~ 39844 Minimum shear reinforcement. = 408 mm 087 Asy fy ~ O4b x 187 x 415 = Oa x 250 = 567 mm Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement : The spacing of stirups should not exceed the least of the following (0) 0.75 d = 0.78 x 450 = 397.5 say 335 mm (i) 300 mm (il) S, = 567 mm Hence provide 10 mm 2 legged stirups @ 300 mm c/e throughout the length of the beam. Check for development length at supports. My = og Ag id 280 x 2199.12 x 0.90 x 450 = 204848028 Nymm V = 124688 N Suppose the bars are given a 90° bend at the Centre of support, its anchorage value lo =89 =8x 20= 160mm My = 204848028 Vo tho = To ieeg + 160 = 1803 mm Ly = Se bd635 T:Beams (Flanged Beams) ed Beams) erg ‘Bia leeq:] Jo syeieq jusweoijUIEY uoddng uedg piyy ye uoNoEg ye uonoeg WRAG-1 JO UOHIEg-] | Ly > fe ‘ww 008 eae wu Og + +—s 2p w 1 © Sieg seceds 9 wi 02 a oF et i g 3 a 2 s oa 8 23 7 i323 AI, ft tN fd 8 Sh -t—b74--40x-t--| | | 4 i ay a - = = ’ aso WHOSE" seg sououy @ ww 21-2 sea bu oe 9/9 WU De® sdmuiNg peBBo7 z > ww oO}. of the uerr 6-36 TBeams (Flanged Beams) 20 x 230 La = Teqpe = 898.4 mm M, Since ve + Ly > Ly, hence the code requirement is satisfied, For reinforcement details refer Fig. 6.19, 6.10. INVERTED T-BEAM Beam ° Slab Inverted T-beam (a) ‘Strrups Anchor Bars = + |p Slab SECT TT Tr Thickness Main Bars L-Section of Beam (b) Fig. 6.14