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PATTERN OF POLITNESS BEHAVIOUR EXPRESS BY THE STUDENTS DURING THE
ENGLISH TEACHING
Silva Liani – 10507 11004 20
Ratnasari Dewi – 10507 1105 20
Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar
INTRODUCTION
Human in their daily life do interaction each others to perform their activity. In the interaction
process must having a politeness. Politeness is defined by Leech (1983) as a form of behavior that
establish and maintains comity. In other words politeness is referring to the ability of people in do
interaction to engage in communication with relative harmony. Yule (1996) politeness is a system of
interpersonal relations, designed to facilitate interaction by minimizing of interpersonal conflict and
confrontation inherent in all human interchange. In the same line, Lakaoff (1987) stated that
politeness is a strategy used by the speakers to avoid conflict with the hearer. It means that problem
can be found in a communication process because of different assumption, conventions or others. It
becomes important to know that communicative behavior is driven by certain norms and rules.
Politeness should be express wherever and anywhere according to the needs of the environment,
place and time. The application of politeness definitely needed in school environment. It includes
which will happen in classroom, like the way students express their behavior during teaching and
learning process. The way to measure polite nor impolite students can be seem in their behavior
express. Bicard (2012) Behavior is observable and measurable. Behavior observable means a direct
action which able to see and hear. Meanwhile, behavior measurable means can easily spot including
how often it occurs.
Bandura (1977) in his theory social cognitive state that behavior and environment of person are
connected each others. In addition Nuqul (2005) Stated that the environment forces human to use
certain behavior, and on the other hand human also influenced the arrangement of environment. This
influence each other becomes vicious circle which happens in every element of human life.
Additional reinforcement in environmental psychology, that environment invites the behavior, the
environment forming-self, and the environment affects self image (Veitch, 1995). They are a close
relation which gives a role to enculturation process. Therefore, someone who comes from different
background culture will have different behavior express. Something expresses normal in one
environment not necessarily deemed reasonable in other environment and vice versa.
Politeness and behavior are related each others. Santrock (2010) stated that moral competencies
include what individual capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules
and regulations, and their cognitive ability to
construct behaviors. It means people have their own awareness to distinguish whether they are doing
is wrong or impolite and right or categorized polite. Brown and Levinson (1987) have their model
politeness namely face-threatening act (FTA) and face saving act (FSA). face-threatening act has
their own strategies in categorized it as polite nor impolite act. The four strategies are bald on record,
positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record politeness.
Politeness research had interested some previous researcher. In the last five years, there are some
researches successively investigated about politeness. Monsefi and Hadidi (2015) in their research
male and female EFL teachers politeness strategies in oral discourse and their effects on the learning
process and teacher- students interaction. The researchers found that in classes with managed by
female teachers dominant using positive politeness strategy by offering help, asserting under stating
of student needs, showing sympathy for students when they have difficulties. Female and male
teachers have different conversational traits and there is a direct relationship between using more
polite strategies in learning process and teacher student interactions. Septiyani (2016) in her thesis
was using Brown and Levinson theory to categorize politeness of the main characters in bride wars
movie. In this case the writes only focused on two main characters in a movie which producered by
Gary Wrick. In the same year, a research by Nailah (2016) also analyzed the politeness strategy used
by the main character in transformer : age of extinction movie. Karimnia and Khosdashenas (2017)
in their research politeness in teacher- student interaction : investigating an academic context. The
researchers investigated
the pragmatic dimensions of instructor-student classroom interaction, by relying on a theory of
politeness. They found that students more comfortable and appreciated in the class of instructors
produce utterances which are polite and enhance their self- steam. Ulya (2018) in her research an
analysis of politeness on teacher’s utterance in English teaching learning process, the researcher
analyzed teacher politeness in teaching English by using politeness principles : tact maxim,
generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim
(Leech, 1983). In the same year, Ayuningrum et all (2018) done a research by analyzed politeness
strategies used by member of UKM debate. The researchers analyzed the language used by debaters,
the way debaters express their ideas, agreement, and disagreement.
Heriyawati et all (2019) lectures politeness strategies in EFL classroom with multicultural
background. It was a qualitative designed which used social phenomenon being investigated which
focused on lectures politeness strategies in criticizing pre-service teacher’s teaching performance by
considering the multicultural context at the same time. Rahayuningsih et all (2019) The realization of
politeness strategies in EFL teacher-students classroom interaction, which aimed analyzing the
sociological factors influencing the use of politeness studies in the classroom. The latest research
about politeness from Fitriyani and Andriyanti (2020) teacher and students’ politeness strategy in
EFL classroom interactions. Their research aimed to investigate politeness used by an English
teacher and the students in their classroom interactions. They found that politeness strategies in their
interactions were influenced by some factors like age differences, institutional position, power and
social distance between them. Those factors influenced their interactions mostly occurred using
negative politeness strategy.

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To sum up, the outline of previous researches were talking about male & female
teachers politeness, teacher and students interaction in academic context,
politeness strategy used by the English teacher by looking at politeness
principles, Lectures politeness in multicultural background, teacher-students
interaction politeness by looking at sociological factors, and the latest one
teacher-students politeness strategy in EFL classroom. Mostly in previous
researches investigated teacher-students politeness interaction, meanwhile the
present research only focuses on students behavior in English teaching, by
categorizing their behavior as polite nor impolite.
According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory (1977) the interaction between
the environment and people’s behavior involves the person’s behavior
determining people’s environment, which in turn affect people behavior. The
environment can influence people’s behavior and motivation to act, thus often
happens in taking decision one largely influenced by what’s around your
environment. Therefore the researchers interested to find out patterns of
politeness behavior express by the students during the English teaching from
different background environment. The researchers formulated the research
question by the following :
1. How are students behavior during the English teaching ?
2. What politeness strategies are dominant applied by the students during the
English teaching ?
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
a. Behavior
Sumarwan (2004) states that behavior is an expression of feelings about an
object whether liked or not. In other words, behavior is a result of feeling
whether you like or not, but usually it doesn’t hang up both like or not.
Sumarwan (2013) added his statement that behavior is your benefit belief
toward the object. As well as, if linked it with students’ behavior in the
classroom toward the subjects learning. Students expressions it could be like or
dislike the subject or they do not feel the benefit to learn the subject. One of
media online, kumparan (2017) published an article about five subjects are
fairly difficult is English subject. According to English Central, in Kumparan
(2017) some of students learn English only as graduation requirements. It
because English is a compulsory subject not optional. As is condition, there will
be possible some behaviors among students in teaching and Learning process.
Behavior is not based whether like something or not, this fact supporting by
reasoned-action theory Azwar (2016) that every human behavior has a reason
for action. It means a behavior happens by a reason. Behavior can be seen from
the way others communicate, such us the nature of the language used and how
others response. Notoadmodjo (2010) proposed 2 kinds of behavior convert or
hard to observe and over behavior or easy to observe.
There are some factors causes behavior according to Lawrence Green in
Notoadmojo (2010) : predisposing factor, enabling factor, and reinforcement
factor. Meanwhile, Sunaryo (2004) classified 2 factors influence human
behavior. First is endogenous factor related to the type of race, gender,
intelligence, and personality. The second is exogenous factor namely
environmental factor which consists of age, education, job, religion,
socioeconomic and culture.
b. Students Behavior in the Classroom
Classroom is a place of the interaction process which happens between a teacher
and students (Husaini,2006). It must be effective and polite. If in the classroom
interaction runs well , the knowledge that will be received by students will be
received well. Learning activities in the classroom is the most basic activity in
education by involving two active behaviors from a teacher and students.
In a learning process, teacher face too many characteristics in the classroom
which allows different behavior. It will be a complex behavior, which only two
possibilities between being supportive during the teaching and learning process
or not. Sun and Shek (2012) investigated students misbehavior in the classroom.
Students misbehavior such as disruptive talking, chronic avoidance, clowning,
harassing classmates, rudeness to teacher and verbal insults. The researcher
summarized some categories students misbehavior in classroom : doing
something in private, talking out of turn, verbal aggression, disrespecting
teachers, non- attentiveness, out of seats, habitual failure in submitting
assignments, physical
aggression, copying homework, non-verbal communication, clowning, playing,
lateness to class, eating/drinking, have not yet prepared text book well, and
passive engagement in class. Disrespecting teacher was the highlighted
unacceptable problem behavior. Yuan and Che (2012) there are three factors
forming misbehavior, first is students themselves, to get teacher attention they
doing unpleasant behavior, the second is teacher, students misbehavior is a
response from teacher behavior, and the last is the environmental, students
misbehavior in the classroom cannot be separated from students’ origin
environment.

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a. Politeness Strategy
Teacher politeness can be used in EFL class is considered to promote the
effective interaction between people. In the context of language teaching, it is
believed to enhance learning by providing a lively and friendly atmosphere in
classroom (Jiang,2010)
Brown and Levinson (1987) propose four strategies of politeness, namely bald-
on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy.
Speakers can choose one of those four politeness strategies when they want to
do face-threatening act, in which the degree may vary. The more speakers want
to use “higher-numbered” strategy, the most polite it is. Below are the fours
strategies mentioned by Brown and Levinson :
a. Bald-on record strategy
Bald –on record strategy is a direct way of saying things. The utterances are
spoken I a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way. This strategy applied
without any minimization to the impositions to the hearers. “switch off the
lamp” as an example of a direct imperative from using bald-on record strategy.
This strategy is commonly applied when both speakers and hearers have know
each other well.
b. Positive politeness strategy
Brown and Levinson (1987) define positive politeness as the strategy which
oriented a speaker towards the positive face or self image of hearers that the
speaker claims for himself. It express satisfying the hearers positive faces. In
addition Wardaugh (2010) states that positive may lead to friendship. “If you
have done your task, please switch off the lamp” as an example of positive
politeness.
c. Negative politeness strategies
Negative politeness put distance between speakers and hearers. Brown and
Levinson (1987) mention that negative politeness strategy intends to create
distance between the speakers and hearers to show respect behavior.
Additionally, Wardaugh (2010) also states that negative politeness leads to
deference, apologizing, indirectness, and formality in language use. “are you
okay, if I switch off the lamp ?” as an example of negative politeness strategy.
The main objectives of this strategy is the speakers want not to disturb the
comfort of hearers. Therefore, both speakers and hearers seemed stay in
awkward moments.
d. Off-record strategy
Off-record strategy is a communicative act which is done in such way that is not
possible to contribute one clear communicate intention to act. It allows hearers
do interpret the intended meaning of the utterances themselves.
C
Do the FTA
Least Polite
Negative Politeness
Positive politeness
With redresive action
As a result, a speaker can avoid the responsibility of doing the FTAs by using
off-record strategy. “The room is too dark” as example of off-record strategy. It
means the speaker want the speaker want the hearer switch on the lamp, without
 asking directly. This strategy is one of the most polite strategies can use,
because this strategy uses indirect sentences to express something.
On Record
Without redressiove action
Don’t do the FTA
Most Polite
Off Record
Figure 1 illustrates politeness level for performing face-threatening acts based
on Brown and Levinson (1987)
The illustrate above is an overview of politeness level which will be used in
categorized students behavior during the English teaching as polite nor impolite.
Teaching English might be seem similar to any other teaching, It has it own
unique challenges, one of that is psychological problems. Pande (2013) stated that A
common misinterpretation among students that English is the most difficult all of subjects.  Similarly,
Fatiloro (2015) stated that the challenging difficulty in teaching English as a foreign language is meeting
students’ awful attitude in practicing English.  Such psychological issues’ motivation and
learning attitude toward English teaching.
Songbatumis (2017) found students’ boredom in the classroom specially in
English teaching. In fact data, it because the topic described is less interesting or
topic of subject had been got before in English courses followed. Another
finding by Songbatumis (2017) students’ lack of discipline and students lack of
parents’ support.

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