Experiment # 6

Objective: -
To determine the Ybus for the given reactance diagram by using network incidence matrix.

Definitions: -
The definition of graphs and networks and incidence matrix is given following: -

i. Graphs and Networks: -

We can define a graph as following: -

“A figure which shows a collection of nodes joined by edges, is called graph.”

For example, following figure shows one small graph: -

A Graph with Nodes Mentioned

Figure 7.1

The above graph has four nodes and five edges. We put an arrow on each edge to indicate the
positive direction for currents running through the graph. For example, the graph of above figure with a
direction on each edge is shown following: -

A Directed Graph with Nodes Mentioned

Figure 7.2
 ii. Incidence Matrix: -
In mathematics, an incidence matrix is a matrix that shows the relationship between two
classes of objects. If first class is X and the second in Y, the matrix has one row for each element of X
and one column for each element of Y. the entry in row x and column y is 1 if x and y are related and 0
if they are not.

The incidence matrix of above given directed graph has one column for each node of the graph
and one row for each edge of the graph: -

A Simple Incidence Matrix

Figure 7.3

If an edge runs from node a to node b, the row corresponding to that edge has -1 in column a and
1 in column b; all other entries in that row are 0. If we were studying a larger graph, we would get a
larger matrix but it would be sparse; most of the entries in that matrix would be 0. This is one of the
ways matrices arising from applications might have extra structure.

Note that nodes 1,2 and 3 and edges ①, ② and ③ from a loop. The matrix describing just
those nodes and edges looks like: -

A Simple Incidence Matrix with Edges

Figure 7.4

Note that third row is the sum of the first two rows; loops in the graph correspond to linearly
dependent rows of the matrix. To find the null space of A, we solve: -

Ax=0

Third row is the sum of first two rows

 Figure 7.5

Reactance Diagram: -
The reactance diagram for this experiment is given following: -

Reactance Diagram
Figure 7.6

Directed Graph: -
The directed graph for above reactance diagram is given following: -
 Directed Graph
Figure 7.7

Procedure: -
The formula to used find Ybus in incidence matrix is given following: -

Ybus=A T ∗Y Pr∗A

To attain the desired objective, we will follow following procedure: -

i. First, open MATLAB software on computer.

ii. Then open the new script.
iii. Then enter the given code in the new script, to find the nodal voltage.
iv. After executing the given code, we can get out desired output.

Code: -

% Define each component of the admittance diagram

a=-0.8i;

b=-6.25i;

c=-6.25i;

d=-8i;

e=-5i;

f=-2.5i;

g=-0.8i;

couple=3.75i;

% Define the value of currents

i1=0;

i2=0;

i3=-i;

i4=-0.48-0.48i;

% Define the direction of current between nodes

n31=1;

n13=-n31;

n32=1;

n23=-n32;

n42=1;

n24=-n42;

n21=1;

n12=-n21;

n41=1;

n14=-n41;

n30=1;

n03=-n30;

n40=1;

n04=-n40;

% Find Ypr

ypr=[a 0 0 0 0 0 0;0 b couple 0 0 0 0;0 couple c 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 d 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 e 0 0;0 0 0 0 0 f 0;0 0 0 0 0

0 g];

% Find A

A=[0 0 n30 0;0 n23 n32 0;n13 0 n31 0;n12 n21 0 0;0 n24 0 n42;n14 0 0 n41;0 0 0 n40];

% Create current matrix

i=[i1;i2;i3;i4];

% Find Ybus

y_bus=A'*ypr*A

% Find voltage

voltage=(y_bus^-1)*i

Output: -
y_bus =

0.0000 -16.7500i 0.0000 +11.7500i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i

0.0000 +11.7500i 0.0000 -19.2500i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i

0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 - 5.8000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 8.3000i

voltage =

0.9189 - 0.3057i

0.9163 - 0.3081i

0.9634 - 0.2645i

0.8866 - 0.3355i

Conclusion: -

Questions: -
1. Differentiate between a tree link and tree branch?
2. Differentiate between tree diagram and directed graph?
3. Define the primitive admittance matrix, primitive voltage matrix and primitive current matrix for
a given diagram?