Licensure Exam for

Teachers (LET)
General Education ENGLISH
 General
Education English
 Vocabulary
Development
 Reading
Comprehension
The entire LET is a
reading exam.
Vocabulary Development

Structural Analysis. Words are

made up of the smallest meaningful
units called morphemes. The visual
scrutiny of unfamiliar words to identify
morphemes is called structural
analysis. Knowing the roots, prefixes,
and suffixes of words helps reveal the
meaning of the total word form.
Vocabulary Development
GREEK ROOTS

anthrop human

aster, astr star

auto self/alone
bibl book
bi, bio life
crac, crat govern
dem people
geo earth
Vocabulary Development
GREEK ROOTS

port carry

scrib, script write

spec look., see
stat stand, put in place
vers, vert turn
vid, vis see
voc, vok call
vol wish
Vocabulary Development
LATIN ROOTS
capt take, hold

cede, cess yield, give away

cred believe
dic, dict speak, say
duc, duct lead
fac,fec do, make
mit, miss send
pon, pos, place, put
 Vocabulary Development
mal = bad
PREFIXES mis = wrong
non = not
pre = before
sub = under, below

bene = good equi = equal

circum = around extra = outside
com = with inter = between, among
con = together intra = within
col = together intro = into
 Vocabulary Development

PREFIXES with more than one meaning

ab-, a = not, away,up, out

dis = opposite of , depriving of
In- (ir, il, im) = not
pro = in favor of, forward, ahead

re = again, back
super = over and above, very large
trans = across, beyond
un = not, the opposite of
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES – one who does
something

ant – accountant
eer – electioneer
er – stenographer
ist – typist
ian – physician
or – inventor
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES – one who does
something
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES – abstract words

ance – reluctance
ence – dependence
hood – childhood
dom –freedom
ment – improvement
ness – shyness
ship – authorship
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES – full of

ous – hazardous
ose – grandiose
acious – sagacious
ful – painful
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES –related or
pertaining to
ive – creative
ative – talkative
ant – defiant
ic – Arabic
ical – philosophical
al – lyrical
Vocabulary Development
SUFFIXES – abstract words

ation – determination
tion – correction
ice – cowardice
ism – socialism
tude – gratitude
ty – loyalty
ity – equality
 Vocabulary Development
Word families - a word family
is a group of words that have a
common root.
grammar, telegram, program, anagram, epigram
credit, incredible, discredit, credibility, credence
geography, geology, geometry
vision, televise, revise, visible, visit
station, thermostat, statue, status, stationary
disaster, aster, asteroid, astronomy
bibliography, bibliophile, bible, bibliomania
dictate, dictaphone, prediction, benediction,
malediction 
Vocabulary Development
Word formation

1. Clipping means to cut

off the beginning or the end
of the word. It may mean
cutting from both ends,
leaving a part to stand for
the whole.
Vocabulary Development
Word formation
2. Blending is formed by fusing
or putting two words together.
Usually the first part of one word is
blended or fused with the last part
of another. The blended word then
gets its meaning from the two
words put together.
Vocabulary Development
Word formation
3. Compounding uses two
or three words put together to
make a full form. Most often
the meaning of the word is
different from its parts.
Sometimes it is the meaning of
the two words put together.
Vocabulary Development
Word formation
4. Acronymy is the use of initial
letter or syllables of several words in
succession.

5. Borrowing words from other

languages
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
1. Definition is considered the simplest
and most obvious way by which the
meaning of a word is revealed. The be
verb is used to equate the term to be
defined to the familiar word in the
sentence.

• Morphology is a sub discipline

of linguistics that studies word
structure.
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
2. Restatement may be in the form of
synonyms, examples, elaboration by
the use of modifiers, and pairing closely
related words. It is usually introduced
by signal words: that is, for example,
such as, like, in the way, that, in other
words, what this means, etc. It may
also be signaled by the dash and the
parentheses.
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
Restatement
• It is refreshing to see students so
excited and enthusiastic in doing
their projects, because their zeal
in finishing the tasks is simply
inspiring.
• Piscatorial creatures such as
flounder, salmon, and trout live in
the coldest parts of the ocean.
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
3. Synonym is a word that means essentially
the same thing as another word. It is usually
preceded by the function word or. Sometimes
the synonym may be found in another
sentence within the paragraph.
• His guilt and regret shows that
his remorse was real.
• The mountain pass was a
tortuous road, winding and
twisting around the trees of the
mountainside.
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
4. Antonym is the opposite or
contrasting word that may serve as a
clue to the unfamiliar word.
• Abigaile’s remarks are generally
not cryptic, but straightforward.
• The twins Abby and Joshua are
really different. Abby is lively and
talkative while Joshua is reserved
and taciturn.
Vocabulary Development
Contextual Clues
Inference requires reading between lines
to see connections and relationships
not explicitly stated in a particular
passage.
John burst out of the woods and found himself
at the edge of a precipice. Clinging to a
boulder, he gazed down dizzily at the blue
ribbon of river below.
Ganie could not help but yawn as the speaker
discussed the topic. The dull speaking
voice of the lecturer and the very difficult
topic made the entire session vapid.
As soon as the board of elections
promulgates the list of candidates, a
ballot is prepared.
A.informally discuss
B.quickly contacts
C.officially declares
D.critically reviews

Collections of opals and quartz are

featured in the City Museum’s
annual exhibition of precious stones
E.coins B. gems
F.loot D. shells
Vocabulary Development
Homophones & Words with
Multiple Meanings
• Susan bought a bar of soap.
• The soldiers tried to bar the
enemies.
• The brilliant student passed the bar
examination.
Vocabulary Development

Words of Various Disciplines

• The capital of the Philippines is
Metro Manila. (Social Science)
• His capital for the new business
is one million pesos. (Math)
Vocabulary Development

Multiple Context
• Butterflies fly from flower to
flower.
• How high did the boy fly his kite?
• Airplanes fly regularly from
Manila to Cebu.
Vocabulary Development
Vocabulary Cs
• Collocation
• Cline
• Cluster
• Chaining
 TYPES OF COLLOCATION

1. Verb + noun - throw a party

accept responsibility
2. Adjective + noun - square meal
grim determination

3. Verb + adjective + noun – take

vigorous exercise
make steady progress
4. Noun + noun - pay packet / window
frame
5. Adverb + verb - strongly suggest
barely see

6. Adverb + adjective - utterly amazed

completely useless

7. Adverb + adjective + noun - totally

unacceptable behavior

8. Adjective + preposition - guilty of /

blamed for / happy
about
 Vocabulary Development
Vocabulary Cs - CLINE
1. sometimes, perpetually,
sometimes, often,
often, repeatedlyrepeatedly, perpetually

2. tepid, boiling, hot,tepid,

warmwarm, hot, boiling
saunter, walk, hurry,
3. hurry, saunter, tear,
tearwalk
interest,
4. ecstasy, pleasure, pleasure,
interest, delight
delight, ecstasy
5. mighty, strong, invincible, powerfulmighty,
strong, powerful,
invincible
 Vocabulary Development
Vocabulary Cs - CLINE
6. dull, pitchy, dark, darkish
dull, darkish, dark, pitchy
7. dread, fear, terror, fright
fear, fright, terror, dread
8. noise, uproar, whisper, din
whisper,noise,din,uproar
9. chilly, cold, cool, frigid
cool, chilly, cold, frigid
10.quarrel, warfare, squabble, feud
squabble, quarrel, feud,
warfare
Vocabulary Development

• Idioms
• Word Analogy
• Phrasal Verbs
• Figures of
Speech
Vocabulary Development
• Idioms
1. You did it. You have to face the
music.
2. Yes. You hit the nail on the
head.
3. You two don't see eye
to eye.
4. You have to learn it
by heart.
Vocabulary Development
• Idioms
5.You are an old hand at teaching.
6.That's great! You keep everything
under your thumb.

7.You don't want to

stick your neck
out, do you?
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
cause to effect
virus:cold::carelessness:errors

part to whole
finger:hand::spoke:wheel

object to purpose
car:transportation::lamp:illumination
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
action to object
dribble:basketball::fly:kite
item to category
salamander:amphibian::corn:
vegetable
age
kitten:cat::cygnet:swan
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
type to characteristic
owl:nocturnal::lion:carnivorous

word to synonym
nice:pleasant::gratitude:thankfulness

synonym variants
pliant:flexibility::unruly:disobedience
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
word to antonym
nice:unpleasant::lazy:industrious

antonym variants
spotless:filth::faultless:inaccuracy

object to its material

shoe:leath::necklace:gold
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
product to source
apple:tree::milk:cow

worker and creation

composer:symphony::author:novel

worker and tool

carpenter:hammer::surgeon:scalpel
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
worker and workplace
mechanic:garage::judge:courtroom

time sequence
sunrise:sunset::winter:spring

spatial sequence
mountaintop:valley::engine:caboose
Vocabulary Development
Word Analogy
word and derived form
act:action::image:imagine

degree of intensity
pleased:ecstatic::drizzle:downpour

manner
shout:speak::swagger:walk
 READING
COMPREHENSION
 Reading Strategies
1.Preview titles,
headings,
illustrations and
other graphics.
2.Read the
instructions and
questions.
 Reading Strategies
3. Skim the text for the gist
(main idea) and the text
structure.
Topic sentence –
summarizes the main
idea of the paragraph; it
may appear at the
beginning middle or
ending of a paragraph.
 Reading Strategies
4. Scan relevant
sections of the text
for specific details.
Look for facts and
details that support
the main idea.
 Reading Strategies
6. Get meaning of difficult words
from contextual clues.
7. Infer relationships or read
between the lines. An inference
is a logical conclusion based on
the facts or evidence presented.
 Reading Strategies
8. Distinguish between
fact and opinion.
9. Draw conclusions
and
generalizations.
 READING
COMPREHENSION

MAIN IDEA – This refers to the gist or

the main message of the passage.
It is typically (but not always) found
in the first or in the last paragraph.
SUPPORTING DETAILS – This
focuses on one idea presented in
the passage rather than the entire
passage itself. Details may either
be explicitly stated or implied.
 READING
COMPREHENSION

DETERMINING MEANING FROM

CONTEXT – this refers to
questions on specific vocabulary
words found in the text. Here, the
reader needs to analyze the
specific context of the word within
the sentence and the paragraph
to identify word meanings.
 READING
COMPREHENSION

INFERENCES – This asks about ideas

that are not directly stated in the text.
Thus, the reader has to closely read
several lines, draw relationships
between and among words, and form
conclusions to arrive at inferences.

SPECIFIC DETAILS – This type of

question asks about specific
facts directly stated in the text.
 READING
COMPREHENSION

TONE/ATTITUDE – This
concentrates on the
author’s attitude or
mood. The writer might
be pessimistic,
optimistic, critical,
objective or supportive
through the language
he/she uses in the text.
 READING
COMPREHENSION
LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE
PASAGE – this asks the about the
overall organization of the passage
like comparison and contrast,
chronological development, cause
and effect, statement and illustration,
etc.
 READING
COMPREHENSION

BASIC READING SKILLS

Skimming and scanning
Finding the topic sentence
Finding the general theme
Finding logical relationships
Making inferences
Drawing conclusions
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
 Exemplification provides
instances that clarify the topic
statement. In the following
paragraph, the topic sentence is
supported by examples that
illustrate, support, and clarify the
main point.
Vitamins and minerals can be added
to enrich (replace nutrients lost in
processing) or fortify (add nutrients
not normally present) foods to
improve their nutritional quality.
Breads and cereals are usually
enriched with some B vitamins and
iron. Common examples of
fortification include the addition of
vitamin D to milk, vitamin A to
margarine, vitamin C to fruit drinks,
calcium to orange juice, and iodide to
table salt.
PATTERNS…

 Narration is a sequential
presentation of events that add up to
a story. A narrative differs from a
mere listing of events since it usually
contains characters, a setting, a
conflict, and a resolution. Generally,
narrations follow a chronological
pattern of development although
flashbacks may sometimes be used.
Around 2 a.m. something woke Joshua
woke up. He lay in the dark listening.
Something felt wrong. Outside, crickets
sang, tree-frogs chirruped. Across the
distant forest floated two muffled hoots from
a barred owl. It was too quiet. At home, the
nights are filled with the busy, comforting
sounds of traffic. You always have the
comforting knowledge that other people are
all around you. And light: At home he can
read in bed by the glow of the streetlight. …
PATTERNS…
 Description - Develops the
paragraph using vivid details
and examples to recreate a
situation, capture a scene, recall
an individual, or explain a
concept or feeling. Description
in essays may be either
objective (no personal emotion
or feelings) or entirely subjective
(you express personal feelings
and a possible vested interest).
PATTERNS…

 Description of a Process -
Provides the readers a specific
(usually linear) order on how
something occurred, how
something works, or how to do
something, as in a set of
developments, instructions,
procedures, or rules.
PATTERNS…

 Comparison and Contrast -

A common strategy used to
illustrate the similarities
and/or differences between
two or more subjects. This
may be structured either in a
block or in a point-by-point
pattern.
PATTERNS…

 Cause and Effect - Focuses

on the cause(s) for an event
or the consequence(s) of an
event. While the focus can be
on both, the writer usually
argues or advocates from
one point of view.
PATTERNS…
 Division and Classification -
Two related strategies may be
used: Division reduces the
subject to its lowest common
denominator so one can focus
on a specific point or
argument. On the other hand,
classification groups a series
of items, events, individuals, or
concepts together for more
emphasis.
PATTERNS…
 Definition - Presents
information intended to create
or change how something is
defined. A definition can be
short (a few sentences) or
extended into several
paragraphs, a section, a
chapter, or even a whole book.
Thank you!