 contribution to the development and expression of Islam: A’isha Bint

AbuBakar

Contribution Nature of Example  Evidence

Contribution

Hadith Development One of 4 persons

Source of Islam  responsible for
transmitting more than
2000 sayings of the
Prophet Muhammad

Hadith Development Companions saw her as Companions: “If we companions

Source of Islam  a reliable and trustworthy of God had any difficulty on a
narrator of the Hadith  matter, he asked Aisha about it”.

Hadith Development Aisha had an excellent She remembered and taught the
Source of Islam  memory and great sayings and practices of
knowledge of the Q’uran, Muhammad to others. She was a
sayings and practices of vocal/public speaker
the Prophet Muhammad

Hadith Development Aisha was critical of Abu Aisha declared of Abu Hurayra
Source of Islam  Hurayra skills in deducing ‘to whoever wanted to hear it’:
legal conclusions from He is not a good listener to the
the Hadith Prophet Muhammad and when
he is asked a question, he gives
wrong answers

Contributio Nature of Example Evidence

n Contribution

As a Scholar Contribution to Aisha regarded as a Abu Musa: “Whenever a report

Islamic politics learned woman and appeared doubtful to us, the
advice sought on Companions of the Propher
political matters by Muhammad asked Aisha about it
the Caliphs and we always learned something
new from her about it”.

As a Scholar Development Islamic Scholars: She Her utterances, legal

on Laws is an authority on pronouncements and life works are
Islamic Law studied today in facilities of literature
 and colleges of law both by men
and women

As a Scholar Development As a wife of Aisha prayed with the Messenger

on Laws Muhammad, she himself, learning Islam from his
aqucired insight from most intimate and personal
him as no other moments 
person had ever
acquired

As a Scholar Development Transmitter of Hadiths Aisha as an Authority in works

of Laws ranging from legal texts to Quran
commentaries

As a Scholar Development Aisha’s image as an Aisha attempted to determine the

of Laws intellectual figure in historical reliability of the Hadiths
the medievil Muslim which were transmitted by then. 
sources

Aisha’s Adultery Gossip

 Aisha became separated from the company when she went to look for a necklace
she lost
 When she returned, she realised the company had left without her
 She was found by a young man named ‘Safwan’ and was taken on his camel to
rejoin the company
 Abdullah Ibn Ubay had rumored that she had committed adultery with Safwan

Contribution Nature of Example Evidence

Contribution

Formation of Development People started to claim that Quran 24:11 - “Verily!

Rules about Aisha may be having an affair They who spread the
Adultery with Safwan, however slander are a gang
everyone has gossiped about among you”.
it

Principles of Islamic Bioethics

5 Legal Rulings
 Obligatory (fard) 
 Recommended (mandub) 
 Permitted (mubah) 
 Discouraged (makruh) 
 Prohibited (haram) 
 Every action is permissible unless clear proof establishing its prohibition is provided
 Proof: textual prohibition e.g. Consumption of alcohol
Two Principles
 'the accruement of benefit' (jalb al-maslahah) 
 'the warding off of harm' (dar' al-masfsadah)
The Three States
1. Necessary (darurat)
 Any situation preserving one of the 6 universals: religion, life, sanity, property,
lineage, human dignity 
 Prohibitions have been enacted: prohibition of religious tolerance to preserve
religion, prohibition of murder to preserve life, prohibition of intoxicants to preserve
sanity, prohibition of theft to preserve property, prohibition of adultery to preserve
lineage, prohibition of slander to preserve human dignity 
2. Needed (hajiyyat)
 Matters which help maintain the 6 universals without hardship 
3. Comforting (tahsiniyyat)
 Matters which add to the joy and experience of life
Bioethics Issue #1 - Euthenasia
Forbidden “Do not take life, in which Allah made sacred, other than in the course of
justice” 
 Taking of any life in any matter that is not for justice is highly
prohibited
 Life is sacred 
 Muslims don’t own their body, Allah does and they are to care,
nurture and keep safe their bodies

Forbidden “When their time comes they cannot delay it for a single hour nor can they
bring it forward by a single hour”
 Allah chooses when someone’s life will be ended and how long each
person lives for
 This decision is forbidden to be made by humans
 Islam teaches that fate is decided by Allah

Forbidden  “My slave hurried to bring death upon himself so I have forbidden him (to
enter) Paradise”
 Euthanasia is against Islamic teachings
 They shall not be rewarded in paradise but forbidden to enter
 Just as Mohammad had preached “O Muslims, seek cure, since God
has not created any illness without creating a cure”

Bioethics Issue #2 - Cloning

Tampering with Al-Nisaa IV: 117-119 - “They only invoke, rather than Him, female
God’s creation deities, and only invoke a rebellious devil. God’s cursed him, and he
said, ‘I will have a marked share of your servants, I will order them to
slit cattle ears, and I will order them to tamper with God’s creation”
 Tampering with God’s creation is unlawful
 Promoted by the Devil who promote wickedness and sin

Recommended Scholar Yusuf Al Qaradawi - “It becomes clear… that cloning a

whole human body is completely prohibited even if it is for the
purpose of treatment. If cloning is parts of the body for treatment, it
is permitted, recommended and awarded by Allah”
 Scholar believes that cloning specific parts of human body
for medical purposes is not prohibited
  To clone whole human body is prohibited and not accepted
under any circumstances

Contradicts the Surah XVI: 72 - “God made for you out of yourselves mates and out
Quran verses of your mates children and grandchildren”
 A human being must be produced normally, made through
male and female only
 Reproduction by cloning leads to social disruption:
uniqueness of physical appearance gives person identity 

Bioethics Issue #3 - IVF

IVF with husband’s
sperm is allowed and
offspring is the couple’s
legal child
Scholar Sheikh Ahmad Kutty: “IVF is permissible in
Islam only on condition that both sperm and egg
involved in the process originate from a man and a
woman who are married to each other”. 
 Scholars agree nothing in Islamic law which
forbids many types of fertility treatment as long as
treatment does not go outside marriage
relationship
 IVF must be done with sperm and egg from
husband and wife, embryos transplanted into
wife’s uterus

Surrogacy “Surrogate motherhood is definitley not allowed in Islam

due to the fact that many evils arise from this procedure”
 Assisted reproductive technologies such as donor
eggs or sperm from outside marriage
relationship, surrogate motherhood, IVF after
spouse’s death is forbidden  

Significant Practice of Islam - HAJJ

 describe ONE significant practice within Islam drawn from: HAJJ and
demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Islam

Step Description How it expresses the beliefs of

Islam

Ihram   Preparation stage takes place  Represents the belief in

outside Mecca emulating Muhammad’s purity
 Normal clothing is replaced by by abstaining from sexual
a white cloth after a ritual bath activity and cutting nails
is taken
 Abstain from sexual activity
and refrain from cutting hair or
nails
 State of purification indicates a
separation from worldly
concerns and to focus on God

Tawaf  Pilgrims circumambulate  Imitate the footsteps of

 seven times around the Ka’ba
when entering Mecca
Sa’y  Running between the two
mountains Safa and Marwah
and collect water from the
Well of Zamzam
Journey to  Perform five prayers starting
Mina with Al-Zuhr and ending with
Al-Fajr
At Arafat  Spend time in a defined area
on the plain to pray and ask
forgiveness at the Mt of
Mercy. Pilgrims stand in
meditation from midday to
sunset
Muzdalifah  Collect pebbles in order to
stone 3 pillars  of Satan
Jumraat  Stone the three pillars
Festival of  Kill sheep and offer to poor
Sacrifice- Eid Muslims  ram instead of his son
Al-Adha
Back to  Tawaf is made around the
Mecca Ka’ba for the last time
Prophet Abraham as he and
his son erected the Ka’ba
 Symbolises the worship of
One God
 Circumambulation seven
times like Muhammad did
 Touching the rock allows for a
spiritual connection with God
to be attained
 Copying the footsteps of
Hagar and Ishmael- Hagar’s
search for water in the desert
between the two mountains
 Copying the footsteps of
Hagar and Ishmael- Hagar’s
search for water in the desert
between the two mountains
 Drinking from the Well
recognises the belief that the
angel Gabriel appeared and
gave the Well to Hagar
 Same attire symbolises the
belief in equality before Allah
of all Muslims
 They retrace the footsteps of
Muhammad- stopping and
resting
 Adam and Eve found each
other after exile from heaven
 Symbolises the rehearsal for
judgement day and is
symbolic of the absolute and
utter devotion to One God
 Prepare for symbolic stoning
 When Abraham was asked to
sacrifice Ishmael, he rejected
the devil three times on the
way and Jumraat is symbolic
of this
 Further symbolic of the need
to submit to the will of Allah
 Story of Abraham sacrificing a
 Also reflects another pillar of
Islam- Zakat
 Signifies the conclusion of the
Hajj
  analyse the significance of HAJJ for both the individual and the Muslim
community

Individual Community
Allows people to separate themselves from worldly Strengthen friendship and help
concerns and to dedicate themselves exclusively to the those who are in need. “He was
worship of God and the observance of his grateful for Our bounties”
commandments

Allows believers to develop God consciousness and Enables Muslims to realise the
sense of spiritual rebirth universiality of Islam and eliminate
racism

Provides an opportunity to seek forgiveness of sins Everyone is equal, regardless of

accumulated through life power and wealth as everyone is
dressed up in simple white clothing

Experience the belief in Muhammad’s words that a Participate in a ritual designed by

person who performs Hajj properly “ will return as a Allah and taught by Muhammad
new born baby (free of all sins)”.