Assignment on DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

1. Define “Weber ratio”.

2. What is the fundamental difference between “Image Enhancement” and Image
Restoration”?
3. An observer is looking at a tree of 15 m high at a distance of 100 m. The focal length of the eye in
this condition is 17 mm. What is the height of that object in the retinal image?
4. A camera with focal length 0.04 m is placed at a height of 1.0 m and is looking vertically downwards to
take images of the XY plane. If the size of the image sesnsor plate is 4mm x 3mm, find the area on the XY
plane that can be imaged.
5. Give a geometric transformation equation for

(i) Rotation

(ii) Change of scale

(iii) Skewing by an angle

6. Each pixel of a given image at location (𝑥, 𝑦) is transformed as

𝑥1 0.3 0 1 𝑥
[𝑦1 ] = [ 0 0.1 −2] [𝑦]
1 0 0 1 1

Is the size of the transformed image increased or decreased? What is the amount of
translation along 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 axes?
0.4544 −0.7071 0.5418
7. A unitary matrix A is given by 𝐴 = [ 0.7662 0.0000 0.6426] find 𝐴−1
−0.4544 0.7071 0.5418
8. For a given 2x2 image A and 2x2 transformations matrix U. Find the transformed image V.

9. Compute the Euclidean Distance (D1), City-block Distance (D2) and Chessboard
distance (D3) for points p and q, where p and q be (3, 0) and (2, 3) respectively.
10. Find the 2D convolution of the given matrices. (discard padded positions so that final
answer will be a 3x3 matrix)

11. Consider the image segment shown below

3 1 2 1(𝑞)
2 2 0 2
1 2 1 1
(𝑝)1 0 1 2

Let 𝑉 = {1, 2} and compute the length of the shortest 4-, 8-, and m-path between p and q
. If particular path does not exist between these two points, explain why?

7 6 5
12. Show the bit-plane slicing of the image [4 3 2] . Show the MSB bit plane.
1 1 0
13. Equalize the histogram of the 8 × 8 image below. The image has grey levels 0, 1. . …….7.

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 3 4 4 5 5 0 0
0 3 4 4 5 5 5 5
2 4 4 4 3 5 7 0
1 1 4 5 6 5 6 1
1 0 4 4 1 5 6 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0

14. Equalize the histogram of the 8 × 8 image below. The image has grey levels 0, 1. . …….7.
15. Consider a digital image that has been histogram equalized. Discuss what happens when this
image this image is equalized again.
16. Given r1 =2, s1 =1, r2 =5, and s2 =7 . Show the contrast-streached output of the
following image in the range [0, 7].

2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2
2 0 4 4 5 5 3 3
3 0 4 4 5 5 5 5
2 4 4 4 4 5 7 3
2 2 4 5 6 5 6 2
2 3 4 4 2 5 6 2
2 3 2 2 2 3 5 3

17. Perform intensity level (gray level) slicing on the following image. Late r1 =3 and r2 =5. Draw the
modified image using with background and without background transformations.

18. Obtain the digital negative of the following 8-Bit per pixel image.

121 205 217 156 151

139 127 157 117 125
252 117 236 138 142
227 182 178 197 242
201 106 119 251 240

19. Defile Lowpass, High pass and High boost filter in spatial domain.
20. What is Salt and Pepper noise. How can you remove salt and pepper noise?
21. Explain the basic steps for filtering in the frequency domain. What is Wraparound error, how can
you avoid this error
22. Find the Fourier transform, H(u,v) of this mask in the frequency domain. What type of
filter is this, LPF,BPF or HPF?

−1 −1 −1
h(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) = [−1 8 −1]
−1 −1 −1
23. Determine the DFT of the following image

24. Show that subtracting the Laplacian from an image is proportional to unsharp masking.
25. Define Wiener filter. At what condition Wiener Filter is equal to the Inverse filter when
26. Sketch the Gradient and Laplacian of each profile.

27. Why is an image convolved with a Gaussian before edge detection? Obtain a 3x3 Laplacian of
Gaussian (LOG) mask corresponding to σ=2. How do you detect edges using the LOG operator?

1 1 1
28. Obtain the Laplacian mask [1 −8 1] from the definition of Laplacian
1 1 1

29. Show that subtracting the Laplacian from an image is proportional to unsharp masking.

30. An image is shown in the figure given below. Show that the edge image obtained by applying
Sobel operator on the image.
31. Using the polar co-ordinate representation of lines, find the Hough transform of the
line object as shown in the figure given below. Show the Hough space for the object.

32. Segment the given 8x8 image using split and marge region segmentation.
Here, the predicate to be used is that the value of pixels in a region have to be
exactly equal.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

33. Define the terms Brightness, Hue and Saturation. Write down the relationship
between tristimulus value and trichromatic coefficient.
34. Roughly sketch the X-Y chromaticity diagram and locate the red, blue and the
green points. Show also white point and the line of purple in the diagram.
35. If the three primary colors combine in a proportion R: G: B=5: 3: 1, calculate the
percentage saturation and hue of the resultant colour in YUV model. The colour
conversion formula are as follows:
𝑌 = 0.11𝐵 + 0.59𝐺 + 0.3𝑅
𝐵−𝑌
𝑈=
2.03
𝑅−𝑌
𝑉=
1.14
36. The RGB components of an image are tabulated as triplets in the following image. Find the
corresponding gray- level image.

37. What do you mean by structural element ? Define Dilation, Erosion , Opening and Closing
38. You have to segment the image shown below by region growing. Indicate
(i) initial seed points,
(ii) the homogeneity criterion and
(iii) the final segmented image

7 7 7 5 2 2 7 6
6 6 6 5 2 2 7 8
5 5 5 5 0 2 6 8
5 5 0 0 1 1 8 7
5 0 0 2 1 2 6 8
0 0 0 8 8 6 7 7
0 0 8 6 6 6 8 8
8 8 5 6 4 7 8 7

39. Carry out the Dilation and Erosion on the image(A). You may use the
structural element B

A=
B=

40. Given the image A and the structuring elements B1 and B2 as shown below, find
(i) Ae B1 ⊕ B2
(ii) (ii) A⊗B
where ⊕, e and ⊗ denote the morphological dilation, erosion and thinning
operations respectively.
41. What is the difference between lossy and lossless image compression ? Give
one example of each
42. What is redundant data? Mention types of data redundancies.
43. Give the output of applying run length encoding on the following massage

2 21133333433222
44. How are redundancies of raw data are reduced in the following techniques (i) DPCM (ii) DCT
(iii) DWT/subband

255 255 200

45. Given an image 𝑓 = [254 255 220], show that the energy compactness is
250 249 220
achieved through DCT transform.

46. Compute the Haar transform of the 2 × 2 image

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