1 ■ Introduction

lly filled closed tank contains ethyl alcohol at 68 °F. Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the
e the alcohol is evacuated, what is the minimum necessary calculations.
re that develops in the evacuated space?
e the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that Surface tension
force
ed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the
Fundamentos de Mecánica de Fluidos
tetrachloride at 20 °C. Blade θ

water at 70 °C flows through a converging section Primer Examen Parcial

essure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate Prof. Rigoberto Casas
absolute pressure that can develop without causing ■ Figure P1.24
ress your answer in both BG and SI units. 7 de abril de 2021
t atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? 1.125 Explain how sweat soldering of copper pipe works from a
nswer in both SI and BG units. fluid mechanics viewpoint.
Instrucciones: Responda 1.126 aUnder
mano the y
right conditions, it is
claramente possible,
todas lasduepreguntas
to surface 1 . La solución del
to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.9.)
urface Tension examen debe contenertension, el desarrollo de cada ejercicio. El examen debe ser diligenciado en
Consider placing a short length of a small diameter steel (γ = 490
a photograph/image of a situation in which
color apropiado para ser the 3
lb/ftescaneado
) rod on a surface of water.en
y enviado What is the maximum
formato PDF. diameter
La solución al examen debe
of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface
ser enviada
that describes the situation involved. a racasasm@unal.edu.co con el siguiente formato
tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A standard paper clip
de nombre de archivo:
FMF-EP1-usuario.pdf,
en a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted dondeof“usuario”
into a liquid in has a diameter corresponde
0.036 in. Partially unfold a papera suclip nombre
and see if de usuario en la
you can get it(por
he liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the freeUniversidad to float on water. Do the results
ejemplo: FMF-EP1-racasasm.pdf)of this experiment
quid (see Video V1.10). The contact angle between support your analysis?
he tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid 1.127 An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm,
/m3. Determine the value
1. of
(1the surface tension
punto) for isF,
La fuerza, inserted verticallyque
del viento into asopla
dish ofcontra
mercury un at 20 °C (see Video
edificio está dada por
V1.10). How far will the column of mercury in the tube be
straw with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. is inserted depressed? F = CD ρV 2 A/2,
ater at 60 °F. The water in the straw rises to a height 1.128 An open, clean glass tube (θ = 0°) is inserted verti-
ove the water surface in the pan. Determine the value cally into a pan of water (see Video V1.10). What tube diameter
donde
ct angle of the water with the V es
straw (see Fig.la1.10).
velocidad del viento, ρ la densidad del aire, A el área de la sección
trans-
is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter
versal
roplets of carbon tetrachloride del
at 68 edificio
°F are formedy C(due to surface
D es tension)?
una constante denominada coeficiente de arrastre. Determine
nozzle. If the average diameter of the droplets del
las dimensiones is coeficiente
1.129 de arrastre.
Determine the height that water at 60 °F will rise due to
s the difference in pressure between the inside and 1
capillary action in a clean, 4 -in.-diameter tube (see Video V1.10).
droplets? What will be the height if the
o diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?
2. (1 punto) El gas natural (metano) a 70 F y una presión atmosférica estándar de 14.7 psi
m-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into 1.130 Two vertical, parallel, clean glass plates are spaced a dis-
(abs)
. Due to surface tension the se comprime
pressure inside the jet isentrópicamente a una nueva presión absoluta de 70 psi. Determine la
tance of 2 mm apart. If the plates are placed in water, how high will
higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
densidad final y la temperatura del gas.
the water rise between R =due
the plates 3,099 × 103action?
to capillary ft lb/slug o R o R = 5,183 × 102
difference in pressure.
J/(kg K) y k = 1,31.1.131 (See The Wide World of Fluids article titled “Walking
od used to determine the surface tension of a liquid on water,” Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig.
e the force necessary 3.to raise a wire ring
(1 punto) Elthrough
zancudo P1.131
de isagua
supported
(veronfigura)
the surface
se ofsostiene
a pond by en
surface tension
la superficie de un estanque
nterface. What is the value of the surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug’s legs.
.015 N is required to raise por la tensión ring?
a 4-cm-diameter superficial que actúa a lo largo de la interfaz entre el agua y las patas del
Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support
ng weightless, as a tensiometer (used to
insecto. measure the lathe
Determine longitud
bug. Assumemı́nima
the bugde −4
esta10interfaz
weighs N and thenecesaria para soportar el insecto.
surface tension
) “zeroes” out the ring weight. force acts −4 upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension
vertically
Suponga que el insecto pesa 10 y la fuerza de tensión superficial actúa verticalmente
te the pressure difference between the inside and were to support a person weighing 750 N.o −3
hacia arriba. 1 La tensión superficial del agua a 20 C es 72,8 × 10 N/m.
herical water droplet having a diameter of 32 in. and
of 50 °F.
shown in Video V1.9, surface tension forces
enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade
water, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume
e tension forces act at an angle θ relative to the
as shown in Fig. P1.124. (a) The mass of the
lade is 0.64 × 10 −3 kg, and the total length of its
mm. Determine the value of θ required to main-
m between the blade weight and the resultant
n force. (b) The mass of the single-edge blade
3
kg, and the total lengthtomado
of its sides mm. and■Okiishi’s
is 154Young,
de “Munson, FigureFundamentals
P1.131 of Fluid Mechanics”, 8 edición, Wiley, 2016

4. (1 punto) Un iceberg (gravedad especı́fica 0.917) flota en el océano (gravedad especı́fica

1.025). ¿Qué porcentaje del volumen del iceberg está bajo el agua?

5. (1 punto) Al construir un muro de hormigón alto y afilado, los constructores utilizaron

las formas de madera que se muestran en la figura. Si el concreto tiene una gravedad
 Problems 91

d on one edge. Determine the minimum air pressure, p1, 2.86 While building a high, tapered concrete wall, builders used
the container that will open the hatch. Neglect the weight of the wooden forms shown in Fig. P2.86. If concrete has a specific
especı́fica de aproximadamente
tch and friction in the hinge. 2.5,
gravity of calcule
about 2.5, findlathefuerza total
total force en ofcada
on each unasidede las tres sec-
the three
ciones laterales (A, B y C)sections de los (A, encofrados
B, and C) of the de
wooden forms (neglect
madera any restraining
(desprecie cualquier fuerza de
Free surface force of the two ends of the forms).
restricción de los dos extremos de los encofrados).
Seawater Freshly poured
concrete
8 ft
30° Wooden
A forms
B
Hatch
Hinge
Air pressure, p1 6 ft C
5 ft
12 ft

ure P2.82

Concrete is poured into the forms as shown in Fig. P2.83 8 ft

Hardened
duce a set of steps. Determine the weight of the sandbag concrete
d to keep the bottomless forms from lifting off the ground.
eight of the forms is 85 lb, and the specific weight of the ■ Figure P2.86
te is 150 lb/ft3.

Open top 2.87 A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate weigh-

3 ft ing 800 lb is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in
ers
Sand Fig. P2.87. Water acts against the gate, which is hinged at point A.
Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.

Open bottom Cable 60°

10 in. tread

ure P2.83

A long, vertical wall separates seawater from fresh water.

seawater stands at a depth of 7 m, what depth of freshwater
uired to give a zero resultant force on the wall? When the Water Gate
6 ft 8 ft
nt force is zero, will the moment due to the fluid forces be
Explain. Hinge

Forms used to make a concrete basement wall are shown in A

2.85. Each 4-ft-long form is held together by four ties—two
op and two at the bottom as indicated. Determine the tension
upper and lower ties. Assume concrete acts as a fluid with a ■ Figure P2.87
t of 150 lb /ft3.
2.88 A gate having the shape shown in Fig. P2.88 is located in the
10 in. vertical side of an open tank containing water. The gate is mounted
on a horizontal shaft. (a) When the water level is at the top of the
1 ft gate, determine the magnitude of the fluid force on the rectangular
e

Water 6m
10 ft
m
Shaft

3m

Side view
of gate
1 ft

ure P2.85 ■ Figure P2.88

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