Fundamentos de Mecánica de Fluidos

Primer Examen Parcial - Tema A

Prof. Rigoberto Casas
2022/04/28

Instrucciones:

Resuelva clara y ordenadamente cada pregunta en hojas aparte.

1 ■ Introduction

Cada pregunta debe ser contestada explı́citamente en el espacio dado en la hoja del
lly filled closed tank contains ethyl alcohol at 68 °F. Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the
examen.
e the alcohol is evacuated, what is the minimum necessary calculations.
re that develops in the evacuated
Si space?
la respuesta es incorrecta, su calificación es 0.0 y no se revisa el desarrollo de la
e the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that Surface tension
misma. force
ed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the
tetrachloride at 20 °C. Blade θ
Si la respuesta es correcta, se revisa el desarrollo y la calificación dependerá de este.
water at 70 °C flows through a converging section
essure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate
absolute pressure that can develop without causing ■ Figure P1.24
ress your answer in both
1. BG andpuntos)
(0.5 SI units. El número de Mach
es una relación adimensional entre la velocidad de un
t atmospheric pressure will water boil
objeto en unat 35fluido
°C? 1.125
y la Explain how sweat
velocidad del soldering
sonido ofencopper pipe works
el fluido. fromun
Para a
avión que vuela a
nswer in both SI and BG units. fluid mechanics viewpoint.
velocidad V en el aire a temperatura absoluta T , el número de Mach M a es
1.126 Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface
urface Tension tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.9.)
Consider placing a short length V diameter steel (γ = 490
a photograph/image of a situation in which the lb/ft3) rod on a surface M a =of√a small
of water. What is the maximum diameter
kRT
of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface
that describes the situation involved. tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A standard paper clip
donde k es una constante adimensional y R es la constante de gas especı́fica
en a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see if
para el aire.
he liquid is observed to rise 10 mm
¿Qué you can
above the free tiene
dimensiones Mgeta ?it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment
quid (see Video V1.10). The contact angle between support your analysis?
he tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid 1.127 An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm,
/m3. Determine the value of the surface tension for is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C (see Video
Respuesta: V1.10). How far will the column of mercury in the tube be
straw with an inside diameter of 0.125 in. is inserted depressed?
ater at 60 °F. The water in the straw rises to a height 1.128 An open, clean glass tube (θ = 0°) is inserted verti-
ove the water surface in the pan. Determine the value cally into a pan of water (see Video
2. (0.5 puntos) El
ct angle of the water with the straw (see Fig. 1.10).
gas natural (metano) a 70 o FV1.10). y unaWhat tube diameter
presión atmosférica
estándar de
is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter
14.7 psi (abs) se comprime isentrópicamente
roplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed (due to surface tension)?
a una nueva presión absoluta de 70 psi.
Determine
nozzle. If the average diameter la densidad
of the droplets is 1.129final Determine
y la temperatura del gas. R = 3,099 × 10 ft lb/slug o R o
the height that water at 60 °F will rise due to
3
s the difference in pressure
Rbetween
= 5,183 the ×
inside
10 andJ/(kg
2
capillary
K) yaction 1
a clean, 4 -in.-diameter tube (see Video V1.10).
k =in1,31.
droplets? What will be the height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?
m-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into 1.130 Two vertical, parallel, clean glass plates are spaced a dis-
. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet tance of 2 mm apart. If the plates are placed in water, how high will
higher than the surroundingRespuesta:
atmospheric pressure. the water rise between the plates due to capillary action?
difference in pressure.
1.131 (See The Wide World of Fluids article titled “Walking
od used to determine the surface tension of a liquid on water,” Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig.
e the force necessary 3.to raise
(1.0a puntos)
wire ring through P1.131de
El zancudo is supported
agua (ver on the surfacese
figura) of sostiene
a pond by surface
en la tension
superficie de un estanque
nterface. What is the value of the surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug’s legs.
por la tensión superficial que actúa a lo largo de la interfaz entre
.015 N is required to raise a 4-cm-diameter ring? Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support el agua y las patas del
ng weightless, as a tensiometer (used to measure the
insecto. Determine lathelongitud
bug. Assumemı́nima
the bugde −4
esta10interfaz
weighs necesaria
N and the para soportar el insecto.
surface tension
) “zeroes” out the ring weight. −4 upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension
force acts vertically
Suponga que el insecto pesa 10 N y la fuerza de tensión superficial actúa verticalmente
te the pressure difference between the inside and were to support a person weighing 750 N.o
hacia
herical water droplet having arriba.
a diameter
1 La tensión superficial del agua a 20 C
of 32 in. and es 72,8 × 10−3 N/m.
of 50 °F.
shown in Video V1.9, surface tension forces
enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade
water, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume
e tension forces act at an angle θ relative to the
as shown in Fig. P1.124. (a) The mass of the
lade is 0.64 × 10 −3 kg, and the total length of its
mm. Determine the value of θ required to main-
m between the blade weight and the resultant
n force. (b) The mass of the single-edge blade
3
kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm. ■ Figure P1.131
tomado de “Munson, Young, and Okiishi’s Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, 8 edición, Wiley, 2016

Respuesta:
 4. (0.5 puntos) Se usa un manómetro de tubo en U para verificar la presión del gas natural
que ingresa a un horno. Un lado del manómetro está conectado a la lı́nea de entrada
de gas y el nivel del agua en el otro lado abierto a la presión atmosférica aumenta 3
pulgadas. ¿Cuál es la presión manométrica del gas natural en la lı́nea de entrada en
pulgadas H2O?

Respuesta:

5. (0.5 puntos) Un iceberg (gravedad especı́fica 0.917) flota en el océano (gravedad especı́fi-
ca 1.025). ¿Qué porcentaje del volumen del iceberg está bajo el agua?

Respuesta:
Problems 91

6. (1.5 puntos) Al construir un muro de hormigón alto y afilado, los constructores utiliza-
d on one edge. Determineron the las
minimum
formasair de
pressure,
madera 2.86 se
p1, que While building aen
muestran high,
la tapered
figura.concrete wall, builderstiene
Si el concreto used una gravedad
the container that will open the hatch. Neglect the weight of the wooden forms shown in Fig. P2.86. If concrete has a specific
especı́fica de aproximadamente
tch and friction in the hinge. 2.5,
gravity of calcule
about 2.5, findlathefuerza total
total force en ofcada
on each unasidede las tres sec-
the three
sections (A, B, and C) of the wooden forms (neglect
ciones laterales (A, B y C) de los encofrados de madera (desprecie cualquier fuerza de any restraining
Free surface force of the two ends of the forms).
restricción de los dos extremos de los encofrados).
Seawater Freshly poured
concrete
8 ft
30° Wooden
A forms
B
Hatch
Hinge
Air pressure, p1 6 ft C
5 ft
12 ft

ure P2.82

Concrete is poured into the forms as shown in Fig. P2.83 8 ft

Hardened
duce a set of steps. Determine the weight of the sandbag concrete
d to keep the bottomless forms from lifting off the ground.
eight of the forms is 85 lb, and the specific weight of the ■ Figure P2.86
te is 150 lb/ft3.

Respuesta:
Open top 2.87 A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate weigh-
3 ft ing 800 lb is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in
ers
Sand Fig. P2.87. Water acts against the gate, which is hinged at point A.
Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable.

Open bottom Cable 60°

10 in. tread

ure P2.83

A long, vertical wall separates seawater from fresh water.

seawater stands at a depth of 7 m, what depth of freshwater
uired to give a zero resultant force on the wall? When the Water Gate
6 ft 8 ft
nt force is zero, will the moment due to the fluid forces be
Explain. Hinge

Forms used to make a concrete basement wall are shown in A

2.85. Each 4-ft-long form is held together by four ties—two
op and two at the bottom as indicated. Determine the tension
upper and lower ties. Assume concrete acts as a fluid with a ■ Figure P2.87
t of 150 lb /ft3.
2.88 A gate having the shape shown in Fig. P2.88 is located in the
10 in. vertical side of an open tank containing water. The gate is mounted
on a horizontal shaft. (a) When the water level is at the top of the
1 ft gate, determine the magnitude of the fluid force on the rectangular
e

Water 6m
10 ft
m
Shaft

3m

Side view
of gate
1 ft Page 2

ure P2.85 ■ Figure P2.88