Quiz 1 Elecs 4

ME165-4
MICRO-HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN

MODULE 1 Prepared by:
Week-1 Lecture: Introduction To Hydro-Electric Power Generation Engr. Estelito V. Mamuyac, PME
2020-2021/ 3T 15 March 2021
ME165-4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (LOs)
LO1. Describe the current energy demands and resources. (CO1)

LO2. Discuss the available renewable sources energy in power
generation. (CO1)
LO3. Discuss the early applications of hydro power. (CO1)
LO4. Discuss the global and local applications of hydro power.
(CO1)
LO5. Discuss the basic theory of hydro power generation. (CO1)
GLOBAL SHIFTS IN THE ENERGY SYSTEM
Four large-scale shifts in the global energy system set the scene for
the World Energy Outlook 2017: the rapid deployment and falling
costs of clean energy technologies, the growing electrification of
energy, the shift to a more services-oriented economy and a cleaner
energy mix in China, and the resilience of shale gas and tight oil in
the United States.
These shifts come at a time when traditional distinctions between
energy producers and consumers are being blurred and a new
group of major developing countries, led by India, moves towards
center stage.
SOURCE: https://www.iea.org/weo2017/
GROWING ENERGY DEMAND

In the New Policies Scenario, global energy needs rise more slowly
than in the past but still expand by 30% between today and 2040.
This is the equivalent of adding another China and India to today’s
global demand.
A global economy growing at an average rate of 3.4% per year, a

population that expands from 7.4 billion today to more than 9
billion in 2040, and a process of urbanization that adds a city the
size of Shanghai to the world’s urban population every four months
are key forces that underpin our projections.
The largest contribution to demand growth – almost 30% – comes

from India, whose share of global energy use rises to 11% by 2040
(still well below its 18% share in the anticipated global population).
(2017)
(2017)
Improvements in efficiency play a huge role in taking the

strain off the supply side: without them, the projected
rise in final energy use would more than double.
Renewable sources of energy meet 40% of the increase
in primary demand and their explosive growth in the
power sector marks the end of the boom years for coal.
(2017)
Since 2000, coal-fired power generation capacity has grown

by nearly 900 gigawatts (GW), but net additions from today to
2040 are only 400 GW and many of these are plants already
under construction. In India, the share of coal in the power mix
drops from three-quarters in 2016 to less than half in 2040. In
the absence of large-scale carbon capture and storage, global
coal consumption flatlines.
(2017)
Oil demand continues to grow to 2040, albeit at a steadily

decreasing pace. Natural gas use rises by 45% to 2040; with
more limited room to expand in the power sector, industrial
demand becomes the largest area for growth. The outlook for
nuclear power has dimmed since last year’s Outlook, but
China continues to lead a gradual rise in output, overtaking
the United States by 2030 to become the largest producer of
nuclear-based electricity.
(2017)
BRIGHT FUTURE FOR RENEWABLES

Renewables capture two-thirds of global investment in
power plants to 2040 as they become, for many
countries, the least-cost source of new generation.
(2017)
(2017)
POWER GENERATION BY SOURCE
(IEA 2018)
CURRENT ENERGY DEMANDS AND RESOURCES
Electricity - production (kWh) 2018 Country Ranks, by Rank
Source: DOE Power Statistics 2011

PHILIPPINE TOTAL ENERGY MIX, BY FUEL (% SHARES)
WORLD TRENDS IN HYDROPOWER
• Global hydropower (2016) =4,102 TWh.
• About 31.5 GW of new hydropower capacity was added in 2016, increasing
total global capacity to approximately 1,246 GW.
• By far the most capacity was installed in China (29 GW), with significant capacity
also added in Turkey, Brazil, Vietnam, India, and Russia. Growth in the industry has
been relatively steady in recent years, fueled primarily by China’s expansion.
• Modernization of ageing hydropower facilities is a growing global market. Some
countries are seeing a trend towards smaller reservoirs and multi-turbine run-of-
river projects.
• There is also increasing recognition of the potential for hydropower to complement
other renewable technologies, such as variable wind and solar power.
Source: International
Hydropower
Association
Source: International
Hydropower
Association
THE WATER CYCLE
THE WATER CYCLE
• THE WATER CYCLE (H2O CYCLE), DESCRIBES THE CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF WATER ON,
ABOVE AND BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
• ALTHOUGH THE BALANCE OF WATER ON EARTH REMAINS FAIRLY CONSTANT OVER TIME,
INDIVIDUAL WATER MOLECULES CAN COME AND GO, IN AND OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
• THE WATER MOVES FROM ONE RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER, SUCH AS FROM RIVER TO OCEAN,
OR FROM THE OCEAN TO THE ATMOSPHERE, BY THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF
EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, PRECIPITATION, INFILTRATION, RUNOFF, AND SUBSURFACE
FLOW.
• IN SO DOING, THE WATER GOES THROUGH DIFFERENT PHASES: LIQUID, SOLID (ICE), AND
GAS (VAPOR).
THE WATER CYCLE
• THE WATER CYCLE INVOLVES THE EXCHANGE OF HEAT, WHICH LEADS TO TEMPERATURE
CHANGES.
• FOR INSTANCE, WHEN WATER EVAPORATES, IT TAKES UP ENERGY FROM ITS
SURROUNDINGS AND COOLS THE ENVIRONMENT.
• WHEN IT CONDENSES, IT RELEASES ENERGY AND WARMS THE ENVIRONMENT.
• THESE HEAT EXCHANGES INFLUENCE CLIMATE.
• BY TRANSFERRING WATER FROM ONE RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER, THE WATER CYCLE
PURIFIES WATER, REPLENISHES THE LAND WITH FRESHWATER, AND TRANSPORTS
MINERALS TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE.
• IT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN RESHAPING THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EARTH,
THROUGH SUCH PROCESSES AS EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.
THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROPOWER
• THE WORD “HYDRO” ORIGINALLY COMES FROM A GREEK WORD THAT

MEANT WATER. OVER THE COURSE OF CENTURIES, THE HUMAN KIND HAS
LEARNED TO DISCOVER THE MANY FACETS OF WATER THAT COULD HELP TO
FACILITATE THEIR DAILY TASKS.
• THE MECHANICAL POWER OF FALLING WATER IS AN AGE-OLD TOOL. IT WAS
USED BY THE GREEKS AND ROMANS TO TURN WATER WHEELS FOR
GRINDING WHEAT INTO FLOUR MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS AGO.
BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
• EARLY ROMAN MILL corn feed
• THE FIRST CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF A GEARED WATERMILL

OFFERS THE LATE 1ST CENTURY BC ROMAN ARCHITECT
VITRUVIUS WHO TELLS OF THE SAKIA GEARING SYSTEM AS
millstones
BEING APPLIED TO A WATERMILL.
• VITRUVIUS'S ACCOUNT IS PARTICULARLY VALUABLE IN THAT IT
SHOWS HOW THE WATERMILL CAME ABOUT, NAMELY BY THE
COMBINATION OF THE SEPARATE GREEK INVENTIONS OF THE gearing
TOOTHED GEAR AND THE WATER WHEEL INTO ONE EFFECTIVE

water wheel
MECHANICAL SYSTEM FOR HARNESSING WATER-POWER.
• VITRUVIUS WATER WHEEL IS DESCRIBED AS BEING IMMERSED
WITH ITS LOWER END IN THE WATERCOURSE SO THAT ITS
PADDLES COULD BE DRIVEN BY THE VELOCITY OF THE
RUNNING WATER.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel
• ROMAN FLOUR MILL AT BARBEGAL

• THE MILL AT BARBEGAL WAS BUILT IN THE FOURTH
CENTURY AD NEAR THE PORT OF ARLES, ALONG AN
AQUEDUCT THAT HAD ONCE SUPPLIED WATER TO THE
CITY.
• IT WAS A SERIES OF SIXTEEN OVERSHOT WHEELS FED
BY AN ARTIFICIAL AQUEDUCT, A PROTO-INDUSTRIAL
GRAIN FACTORY WHICH HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS
"THE GREATEST KNOWN CONCENTRATION OF
MECHANICAL POWER IN THE ANCIENT WORLD".
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/barbegal/
• ISLAMIC WORLD
• A NORIA IS A MACHINE FOR LIFTING
WATER INTO A SMALL AQUEDUCT,
EITHER FOR THE PURPOSE OF
IRRIGATION OR, IN AT LEAST ONE
KNOWN INSTANCE, TO FEED SEAWATER
INTO A SALTERN (SALT MAKING). THE
ROTATING WHEEL LIFTS A SERIES OF
JARS, RAISING WATER FOR IRRIGATION.
UNLIKE THE WATER WHEELS FOUND IN
MILLS, A NORIA DOES NOT PROVIDE
MECHANICAL POWER TO ANY
PROCESS.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriac
• ANCIENT CHINA
• WATERPOWER WAS IMPORTANT
SOURCE OF ENERGY IN ANCIENT CHINA
CIVILIZATION. ONE OF THE MOST
INTRIGUING APPLICATIONS WAS FOR
IRON CASTING. ACCORDING TO AN
ANCIENT TEXT, IN 31 AD THE ENGINEER
TU SHIH "INVENTED A WATER-POWERED
RECIPROCATOR FOR THE CASTING OF
[IRON] AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS."
SMELTERS AND CASTERS WERE
"INSTRUCTED TO USE THE RUSHING OF
WATER TO OPERATE THEIR BILLOWS."
http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels/
• Norse Mill
o The simple “Norse” mill had a
paddle wheel turned on its
side, horizontally, to catch a
stream of water.
o This was directly linked to
round mill stones grinding
grain only a few feet above
the water.
http://sustainablehistory.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/norsemill3.gif
• Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine
http://www.machine-history.com/node/575 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
▪ Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine

o The runner consists of a circular
plate with curved blades around its
rim and a central shaft.
o It spins under the force exerted by
water flowing outwards between the
fixed guide vanes and across its
blades:
a) vertical section
b) flow across guide vanes and
runner
http://www.machine-history.com/node/575
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
• FROM AGRICULTURE TO SEA TRAVELING WATER IS AN OMNIPRESENT ELEMENT THAT HAS

BECOME A REAL ASSET FOR MANKIND.
• IN THE 1700'S, MECHANICAL HYDROPOWER FROM WATER WHEELS WAS USED
EXTENSIVELY FOR MILLING AND PUMPING.
• IN 1752, WITH THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRICITY, LITTLE DID BENJAMIN FRANKLIN KNOW
THAT HE HAD JUST FOUND A NEW TASK FOR WATER. WATER COULD NOW SERVE A NEW
AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION: HYDROPOWER THAT CREATES HYDROELECTRICITY.
• IN 1826, THE FRENCHMAN JEAN-VICTOR PONCOLET PROPOSED A MACHINE INVOLVING A
FULLY ENCLOSED WATERWHEEL, WHERE WATER WOULD FLOW INTO THE WHEEL RATHER
THAN ALONG THE WHEEL.
• FOLLOWING THIS CONCEPT, THE AMERICAN SAMUEL HOWD PATENTED THE FIRST TURBINE
IN 1838.
• JAMES FRANCIS LATER PERFECTED IT BY CURVING THE BLADES. KNOWN AS THE

FRANCIS TURBINE, THIS BECAME THE FOREMOST WATER TURBINE IN USE.
• TURBINES SLOWLY REPLACED THE WATERWHEEL IN DRIVING SAWMILLS AND TEXTILE
MILLS. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY IN THE US WAS A GOLDEN ERA FOR HYDROPOWER.
• THOUSANDS OF SMALL-SCALE HYDRO SITES WERE SCATTERED ABOUT THE
COUNTRYSIDE, WITH HUNDREDS OF TURBINE MANUFACTURERS IN EXISTENCE.
• BY THE EARLY 1900'S, A NEW USE WAS FOUND FOR THE WATER TURBINE: PRODUCING
ELECTRICITY. HYDROELECTRICITY IS A RENEWABLE FORM OF ENERGY THAT IS LESS
WASTEFUL AND CREATES ALMOST NO POLLUTION.
• HYDROELECTRIC POWER GREW QUICKLY, AND ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN 40% OF
THE ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN THE US DURING THE 1920S.
BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY APPLICATIONS
OF HYDRO POWER
• WITH THE INCREASE IN DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER FORMS OF ELECTRIC POWER

GENERATION AND THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM, HYDROPOWER'S
PERCENTAGE HAS SLOWLY DECLINED AND TODAY PROVIDES ABOUT 10% OF THE
ELECTRICITY IN THE US. ONE BY ONE, THE MICRO HYDRO TURBINE BUILDERS WENT OUT
OF BUSINESS, WATERMILLS WENT SILENT AND TURBINES WERE ABANDONED AS POWER
LINES RACED ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
• HOWEVER, TODAY HYDROPOWER IS BEING REVIVED AS A CLEAN AND RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCE. MODERN HYDRO PLANTS RANGE IN SIZE FROM THE “MICRO-HYDRO”
TURBINES THAT POWER REMOTE CABINS OR SMALL HOMES, TO THE GIANT DAM
SYSTEMS LIKE THE HOOVER DAM, PROVIDING ELECTRICITY TO MILLIONS OF PEOPLE
DAILY.
GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
• GLOBAL HYDRO POWER SCENARIO

• THE RANKING OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC CAPACITY IS EITHER BY ACTUAL ANNUAL
ENERGY PRODUCTION OR BY INSTALLED CAPACITY POWER RATING.
• HYDRO ACCOUNTED FOR 16 PERCENT OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION, AND 3,427 TERAWATT-HOURS OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
IN 2010, WHICH CONTINUES THE RAPID RATE OF INCREASE EXPERIENCED
BETWEEN 2003 AND 2009.
• HYDROPOWER IS PRODUCED IN 150 COUNTRIES, WITH THE ASIA-PACIFIC
REGION GENERATED 32 PERCENT OF GLOBAL HYDROPOWER IN 2010.
• GLOBAL HYDRO POWER SCENARIO (CONT’D.)
• CHINA IS THE LARGEST HYDROELECTRICITY PRODUCER, WITH 721 TERAWATT-HOURS OF
PRODUCTION IN 2010, REPRESENTING AROUND 17 PERCENT OF DOMESTIC ELECTRICITY
USE.
• BRAZIL, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, NORWAY, PARAGUAY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, AND
VENEZUELA HAVE A MAJORITY OF THE INTERNAL ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER.
• PARAGUAY PRODUCES 100% OF ITS ELECTRICITY FROM HYDROELECTRIC DAMS, AND
EXPORTS 90% OF ITS PRODUCTION TO BRAZIL AND TO ARGENTINA.
• NORWAY PRODUCES 98–99% OF ITS ELECTRICITY FROM HYDROELECTRIC SOURCES.
• THERE ARE NOW THREE HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS LARGER THAN 10 GW: THE THREE
GORGES DAM IN CHINA, ITAIPU DAM IN BRAZIL, AND GURI DAM IN VENEZUELA.
The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at
22,500 MW. Annual power output of the plant is estimated at 85 TWh
Source: www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam

The Itaipu Dam's 14,000 MW installed capacity is second to the Three Gorges Dam's 22,500 MW. It
produced 98.2TWh in 2012, which made it the biggest generating hydropower plant in the world.
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam
The Guri Dam is the third-largest in the world, with 10,200 MW capacity. The dam alone supplies 73% of
Venezuela's electricity. The Guri power station supplies around 12,900GW/h of energy for Venezuela.
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Dam
World’s Largest Dams
Max
(Rank) Name Country Year Capacity
(1) Three Gorges China 2009 22,500 MW
(2) Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 14,000 MW
(3) Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW
(4) Tucurui Brazil 1984 8,370 MW
(5) Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW
(6) Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW
(7) Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
(8) Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW
(9) Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
World’s Largest Dams (as of 2014)
Installed Annual Area
Ran
Name Country River Years of completion capacity production flooded
k
(MW) (TW-hour) (km²)
1 Three Gorges Dam China Yangtze 2008 22,500 98.8 1,084
Brazil
2 Itaipu Dam Paraná 1984/1991, 2003 14,000 103.1 1,350
Paraguay
3 Xiluodu China Jinsha 2014 13,860 55.2
4 Guri Venezuela Caroní 1978, 1986 10,235 53.41 4,250
5 Tucuruí Brazil Tocantins 1984 8,370 41.43 3,014
1942/1950, 1973,
6 Grand Coulee United States Columbia 1975/1980, 6,809 20 324
1984/1985
7 Xiangjiaba China Jinsha 2014 6,448 30.7 95.6
8 Longtan Dam China Hongshui 2007/2009 6,426 18.7
Sayano– 1985/1989,
9 Russia Yenisei 6,400 26.8 621
Shushenskaya 2010/2014
10 Krasnoyarsk Russia Yenisei 1972 6,000 15 2,000
Ten of the largest hydroelectric producers as at 2009
Country Annual Hydroelectric Installed Capacity % of Total Capacity
Production (TWh) (MW)
China 652.05 196.79 22.25
Canada 369.5 88.974 61.12
Brazil 363.8 69.080 85.56
United States 250.6 79.511 5.74
Russia 167.0 45.000 45.000
Norway 140.5 27.528 27.528
India 115.6 33.600 33.600
Vednezuela 85.96 14.622 14.622
Japan 69.2 27.229 27.229
Sweden 65.5 16.209 16.209
LOCAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER
(Partial) List of Hydropower Plants in the Philippines
Station Capacity Commissioned Community Status
(MW)
Agus 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant 80 1994 Marawi City, Operational
Lanao del Sur
Agus 6 Hydroelectric Power Plant 200 1953,1977 Iligan City, Operational
Lanao del Norte
Angat Dam 408 1968, 1978, Norzagaray, Bulacan Operational
1992
Casecnan Irrigation and Hydroelectric 140 2002 Pantabangan, Operational
Plant Nueva Ecija
Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power 685 1983 Kalayaan, Laguna Operational
Plant
Magat Dam 360 1984 Ramon, Isabela Operational
Pulangui Hydroelectric Power Plant 255 1986 Maramag, Bukidnon Operational
Pantabangan - Masiway Hydroelectric 112 1977,1980 Pantabangan, Operational

Power Plant Nueva Ecija
San Roque Dam 345 2003 San Manuel and San Operational
Nicolas Pangasinan
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_plants_in_the_Philippines#Hydroelectric
Ambuklao and Binga

Magat at Isabela
Bukidnon Hydro Electric Plant

Agus Hydro Power Plant, Mindanao

Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija

HYDROELECTRICITY
• HOW IT WORKS?
• THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND HYDROPOWER IS QUITE SIMPLE: A DAM IS BUILT TO
TRAP WATER IN A LOCATION WITH AN ALREADY EXISTING WETLAND.
• THROUGH THE SIMPLE PRINCIPLE OF GRAVITY, WATER FLOWS DOWN THE
TUNNELS IN THE DAM AND REACHES THE TURBINES THAT CONSEQUENTLY
ACTIVATE THE GENERATORS.
• “THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOVING WATER IS TURNED INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY AS IT MAKES THE TURBINE SPIN AROUND.
• THE TURBINE IS CONNECTED VIA A SHAFT TO THE MAGNETS WHICH IN
TURN SPIN AROUND INSIDE THE COILS OF A CONDUCTOR”
HYDROELECTRICITY
• THE HIGHER THE HEIGHT OF THE WATER FALL THE GREATER THE PRESSURE
ON THE TURBINE THAT PROVIDES MORE ENERGY TO THE TURBINE.
• ONCE THE ACTUAL DAM IS BUILT THIS SYSTEM PROVIDES ENERGY THAT IS
VIRTUALLY FREE AND MOST IMPORTANTLY RENEWABLE.
• THIS FORM OF “NATURAL” ENERGY IS MUCH MORE RELIABLE THAN OTHER
ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES LIKE WIND OR SOLAR ENERGY.
• WITH WATER, ENERGY CAN BE PRODUCED AND GENERATED CONSTANTLY
WITHOUT ANY PROBLEMS.
HYDROELECTRICITY
TERMINOLOGIES
• DAM IS THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE THAT ENCLOSES THE RESERVOIR TO RETAIN WATER
AND UNDERGROUND STREAMS.
• DRAFT TUBE IS A DEVICE THAT CONNECTS THE TO TURBINE OUTLET TO THE TAIL
WATER SO THAT THE TURBINE CAN BE SET ABOVE THE TAIL WATER LEVEL.
• GENERATOR IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE MECHANICAL ENERGY OF THE TURBINE
INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
• HEAD WATER IS THE WATER IN THE RESERVOIR.
• HYDRAULIC TURBINE IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE ENERGY OF WATER INTO
MECHANICAL ENERGY.
• PENSTOCK IS A CHANNEL THAT LEADS THE WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR TO THE
TURBINE.
TERMINOLOGIES
• RESERVOIR STORES THE WATER COMING FROM THE UPPER RIVER OR WATER
FALLS.
• SILT SLUICE IS A CHAMBER WHICH COLLECTS THE MUD AND THROUGH
WHICH THE MUD IS DISCHARGED.
• SPILLWAY IS A WEIR IN THE RESERVOIR WHICH DISCHARGES EXCESS WATER
SO THAT THE PLANT STRUCTURAL STABILITY COULD BE MAINTAINED.
• SURGE CHAMBER (OR SURGE TANK) IS A STAND PIPE CONNECTED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND ATTACHED TO THE PENSTOCK IN WHICH WATER LEVEL
RISES OR FALLS SO THAT THE WATER WILL BE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
TERMINOLOGIES
• TAIL RACE IS A CHANNEL WHICH LEADS THE WATER FROM THE TURBINE TO
THE TAIL WATER.
• TAIL WATER IS THE WATER THAT IS DISCHARGED FROM THE TURBINE.
• TRASH RACK IS A SCREEN WHICH PREVENTS THE LEAVES, BRANCHES AND
OTHER WATER CONTAMINANTS TO ENTER THE PENSTOCK.
• VALVE IS A DEVICE THAT OPENS OR CLOSES THE ENTRANCE OF THE WATER
INTO THE PENSTOCK.
REFERENCES
• TEXTBOOKS
• RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, JEAN-CLAUDE SABONNADIERE, 2009
• ENERGY CONVERSION, D. YOGI GOSWAMI, FRANK KREITH, 2008
• POWER PLANT ENGINEERING, 3RD EDITION, PK NAG, 2008, TATA MCGRAW HILL
• WEB
• HTTP://WWW.RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM/REA/TECH/HOME
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/RENEWABLE_ENERGY
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WATERCYCLE.HTML
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WUHY.HTML
• HTTP://WWW.WATERWIDEWEB.ORG/HYDROELECTRICITY.HTML
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WATER_CYCLE
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HYDROELECTRICITY
• HTTP://WWW.GREENRHINOENERGY.COM/RENEWABLE/MARINE/TIDAL_RANGE.PHP
• HTTP://WWW.ERG.COM.NP/HYDROPOWER_GLOBAL.PHP
• HTTP://GA.WATER.USGS.GOV/EDU/WATERCYCLESUBLIMATION.HTML
• YOUTUBE
• HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XBRH_JZ8-LK
• HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZFOWHTUBCSC
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=WVXUZF4LVGW
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=TPIGNNTQIX8
ME165-4
Prepared By:
MODULE 2
Engr. Estelito V. Mamuyac, PME
Week-2 Lecture: Classification of Hydro-Electric Power Plant
24 MARCH 2021
2020-2021 / 3T
ME165-4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (LOs)
LO6. Discuss the classification of hydro-electric power plant. (CO1,

CO2)
LO7. Explain the different kinds of conversion technologies. (CO1, CO2)
LO8. Discuss the schematic diagram of a typical micro-hydroelectric
power plant. (CO1, CO2)
LO9. Discuss the essential parts of a micro-hydroelectric power plant.
(CO1, CO2)
LO10. Define weir and intake. (CO1, CO2)
LO11. Differentiate barrage, dam and spillways. (CO1, CO2)
LO12. Discuss the different types of dams and their parts. (CO1, CO2)
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• DAM - THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE THAT ENCLOSES THE
RESERVOIR TO RETAIN WATER AND UNDERGROUND STREAMS.
THREE CATEGORIES:
1. HIGH-HEAD (800 OR MORE FEET)

2. MEDIUM-HEAD (100 TO 800 FEET)
3. LOW-HEAD (LESS THAN 100 FEET)
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
❑SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF HYDROELECTRIC FACILITIES
• LARGE-HYDRO
o MORE THAN 100 MW FEEDING INTO A LARGE ELECTRICITY GRID
•MEDIUM-HYDRO
o 15 - 100 MW USUALLY FEEDING A GRID
•SMALL-HYDRO
o 1 - 15 MW - USUALLY FEEDING INTO A GRID
•MINI-HYDRO
o ABOVE 100 KW, BUT BELOW 1 MW. EITHER STAND ALONE SCHEMES OR MORE OFTEN
FEEDING INTO THE GRID
•MICRO-HYDRO
o FROM 5KW UP TO 100 KW. USUALLY PROVIDED POWER FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY OR
RURAL INDUSTRY IN REMOTE AREAS AWAY FROM THE GRID.
•PICO-HYDRO
o FROM A FEW HUNDRED WATTS UP TO 5KW. REMOTE AREAS AWAY FROM THE GRID.
www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
• ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABILITY OF HEAD

• ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE LOAD
• ACCORDING TO THE QUANTITY OF WATER AVAILABLE
• ACCORDING TO WATER USAGE
• ACCORDING TO WATER ACQUISITION
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
• ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABILITY OF HEAD

• HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS
• MEDIUM HEAD POWER PLANTS
• LOW HEAD POWER PLANTS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABILITY OF HEAD
• HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS

o THESE PLANTS WORK UNDER A HEAD OF 100 METER AND ABOVE.
o WATER IS STORED IN LAKES OR HIGH MOUNTAINS DURING RAINY SEASON
OR WHEN SNOW MELTS.
o SURPLUS WATER IS DISCHARGED BY A SPILLWAY.
o TUNNEL THROUGH THE MOUNTAIN HAS A SURGE CHAMBER AND
REGULATING VALVES AT ITS EXIT.
o PELTON WHEEL IS THE COMMON PRIME MOVER.
• HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS (CONT’D.)


o THESE PLANTS OPERATE UNDER HEADS VARYING FROM 30M TO
100 M.
o FOREBAY BEFORE THE PENSTOCK ACTS AS THE WATER RESERVOIR
AND ALSO AS A SURGE TANK.
o FRANCIS TURBINE IS THE COMMON PRIME MOVER.

o A DAM IS CONSTRUCTED ACROSS A RIVER AND A SIDEWAY
STREAM DIVERGES FROM THE RIVER AT THE DAM.
o LATER THIS CHANNEL JOINS THE RIVER FURTHER
DOWNSTREAM.
o FRANCIS TURBINE OR KAPLAN TURBINE IS USED FOR POWER
GENERATION.

❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• PELTON WHEEL
o THE PELTON WHEEL IS A WATER
IMPULSE TURBINE.
o IT WAS INVENTED BY LESTER ALLAN
PELTON IN THE 1870S.
o THE PELTON WHEEL EXTRACTS
ENERGY FROM THE IMPULSE OF
MOVING WATER, AS OPPOSED TO
ITS WEIGHT LIKE TRADITIONAL
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbyL--6q7_4
• FRANCIS TURBINE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JD4VkzHk6rk
o FRANCIS TURBINES ARE THE MOST COMMON WATER TURBINE IN

USE TODAY. IT WAS DEVELOPED BY JAMES B. FRANCIS IN
LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS.
o IT IS AN INWARD-FLOW REACTION TURBINE THAT COMBINES
RADIAL AND AXIAL FLOW CONCEPTS.
o GUIDE VANES AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE TURBINE'S
ROTATING RUNNER ADJUST THE WATER FLOW RATE THROUGH
THE TURBINE FOR DIFFERENT WATER FLOW RATES AND POWER
PRODUCTION RATES.
o FRANCIS TURBINES ARE ALMOST ALWAYS MOUNTED WITH THE
SHAFT VERTICAL TO KEEP WATER AWAY FROM THE ATTACHED
GENERATOR AND TO FACILITATE INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE ACCESS TO IT AND THE TURBINE.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eLufvzh5HU
• KAPLAN TURBINE
o THE KAPLAN TURBINE IS A PROPELLER-TYPE WATER
TURBINE WHICH HAS ADJUSTABLE BLADES. IT WAS
DEVELOPED IN 1913 BY THE AUSTRIAN PROFESSOR
VIKTOR KAPLAN.
o THE KAPLAN TURBINE IS AN INWARD FLOW
REACTION TURBINE, WHICH MEANS THAT THE
WORKING FLUID CHANGES PRESSURE AS IT MOVES
THROUGH THE TURBINE AND GIVES UP ITS ENERGY.
o POWER IS RECOVERED FROM BOTH THE
HYDROSTATIC HEAD AND FROM THE KINETIC
ENERGY OF THE FLOWING WATER.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE LOAD
• BASE LOAD PLANTS

• PEAK LOAD PLANTS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF THE LOAD
• BASE LOAD PLANTS (CONVENTIONAL DAMS OR

IMPOUNDMENTS, RUN OF THE RIVER)
o THESE PLANTS ARE REQUIRED TO SUPPLY CONSTANT
POWER TO THE GRID.
o THEY RUN CONTINUOUSLY WITHOUT ANY
INTERRUPTION AND ARE MOSTLY REMOTE CONTROLLED.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF LOAD
• PEAK LOAD PLANTS (PUMP STORAGE PLANTS)

o THEY ONLY WORK DURING CERTAIN HOURS OF A
DAY WHEN THE LOAD IS MORE THAN THE AVERAGE.
o THERMAL STATIONS WORK WITH HYDEL PLANTS IN
TANDEM TO MEET THE BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
DURING VARIOUS SEASONS.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE QUANTITY
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• IMPOUNDMENT
o HOOVER DAM, GRAND COULEE
• DIVERSION OR RUN-OF-RIVER SYSTEM
o NIAGARA FALLS
• PUMPED-STORAGE
o TWO-WAY FLOW
o PUMPED UP TO A STORAGE RESERVOIR AND RETURNED TO A
LOWER ELEVATION FOR POWER GENERATION
▪ A MECHANISM FOR ENERGY STORAGE, NOT NET ENERGY
PRODUCTION
• MINI AND MICRO HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• CONVENTIONAL IMPOUNDMENT DAM
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• HOOVER DAM, US
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• DIVERSION (RUN-OF-RIVER) HYDROPOWER
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• DIVERSION (RUN-OF-RIVER) HYDROPOWER
• TAZIMINA, ALASKA
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• MICRO RUN-OF-RIVER EXAMPLE
▪ USED IN REMOTE LOCATIONS IN
CANADA
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• PUMPED STORAGE SYSTEM:

(a) at time of low demand; (b) at time of high demand
OF WATER AVAILABLE
OF WATER AVAILABLE
EXAMPLE OF PUMPED STORAGE PLANT

Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado)
Completed 1967
Capacity – 324 MW
Two 162 MW units
Purpose – energy storage
Water pumped uphill at night
Low usage – excess base load capacity
Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• MINI AND MICRO HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
o MORE EMPHASIS IS NOW BEING GIVEN ON SUCH
PLANTS.
o THE NATURAL WATER SOURCE IN HILLY TERRAIN CAN BE
UTILIZED FOR POWER GENERATION WITH LOW-HEAD
STANDARDIZED TURBO-GENERATOR UNITS.
o ITS ADVERSE AFFECT ON ECOLOGY IS MINIMAL.
o THE MINI-PLANTS OPERATE WITH 5M-20M HEAD
PRODUCING ABOUT 100 KW – 500 KW OF POWER,
WHILE MICRO-PLANTS ARE STILL SMALLER AND WORK
UNDER A HEAD OF LESS THAN 5M AND GENERATE
ELECTRICITY UP TO 100 KW.
OF WATER AVAILABLE
• Mini and micro hydroelectric plants

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO WATER USAGE
• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITH PONDAGE
• HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS WITH STORAGE
RESERVOIRS
• PUMPED-STORAGE PLANTS

o AS THE NAME INDICATES, IT DOES NOT STORE WATER AND USES
THE WATER AS IT COMES.
o SUCH PLANTS CAN BE BUILT AT A CONSIDERABLY LOW COST
BUT THE HEAD AVAILABLE AND THE AMOUNT OF POWER
GENERATED ARE USUALLY VERY LOW.
o DURING THE HIGH FLOW PERIODS SUCH PLANTS CAN BE
EMPLOYED TO SUPPLY A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF BASE LOAD.

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITH PONDAGE

o RUN-OFF RIVER POWER PLANTS WITH PONDAGE HAVE INCREASED USEFULNESS
BECAUSE OF PONDAGE WHICH USUALLY REFERS TO THE COLLECTION OF WATER
BEHIND A DAM AT THE PLANT AND INCREASES THE FIRM CAPACITY FOR A SHORT-
PERIOD; SAY A WEEK OR MORE DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF PONDAGE.
o SUCH POWER PLANTS ARE COMPARATIVELY MORE RELIABLE AND ITS GENERATING
CAPACITY IS LESS DEPENDENT ON AVAILABLE RATE OF FLOW OF WATER.
o SUCH POWER PLANTS CAN SERVE AS BASE LOAD OR PEAK LOAD POWER PLANTS
DEPENDING ON THE FLOW OF STREAM (DURING HIGH FLOW PERIODS-AS BASE
LOAD PLANTS AND DURING LOW FLOW PERIODS –AS PEAK LOAD PLANTS).
• RESERVOIR AND PONDAGE TYPE

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT
TAZIMINA, ALASKA
• HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS WITH STORAGE RESERVOIRS

o RESERVOIR POWER PLANTS ARE WITH RESERVOIRS OF
SUFFICIENTLY LARGE SIZE TO PERMIT CARRY-OVER STORAGE FORM
THE WET SEASON TO THE DRY SEASON, AND THUS TO SUPPLY
FIRM FLOW SUBSTANTIALLY MORE THAN THE MINIMUM NATURAL
FLOW.
o SUCH PLANTS CAN BE USED AS BASE LOAD PLANTS OR PEAK LOAD
PLANTS AS PER REQUIREMENT.
o MOST OF THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS EVERYWHERE IN
THE WORLD ARE OF THIS TYPE.

HOOVER DAM, US
• PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS (PSP)

o ALTHOUGH THE LOSSES OF THE PUMPING PROCESS MAKES THE
PLANT A NET CONSUMER OF ENERGY OVERALL, THE SYSTEM
INCREASES REVENUE BY SELLING MORE ELECTRICITY DURING
PERIODS OF PEAK DEMAND, WHEN ELECTRICITY PRICES ARE
HIGHEST.
o THE METHOD STORES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF POTENTIAL
ENERGY OF WATER, PUMPED FROM A LOWER ELEVATION
RESERVOIR TO A HIGHER ELEVATION.
• PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS (PSP) (CONT’D.)

o LOW-COST OFF-PEAK ELECTRIC POWER IS USED TO RUN THE PUMPS.
DURING PERIODS OF HIGH ELECTRICAL DEMAND, THE STORED WATER IS
RELEASED THROUGH TURBINES TO PRODUCE ELECTRIC POWER.
o PUMPED STORAGE IS THE LARGEST-CAPACITY FORM OF GRID ENERGY
STORAGE AVAILABLE, AND, AS OF MARCH 2012, THE ELECTRIC POWER
RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPRI) REPORTS THAT PSP ACCOUNTS FOR MORE
THAN 99% OF BULK STORAGE CAPACITY WORLDWIDE, REPRESENTING
AROUND 127,000 MW.
o PSP REPORTED ENERGY EFFICIENCY VARIES IN PRACTICE BETWEEN 70%
AND 80%, WITH SOME CLAIMING UP TO 87%.
• PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS (CONT’D.)

• PUMPED STORAGE SYSTEM:

(a) at time of low demand; (b) at time of high demand
TAUM SAUK PUMPED-STORAGE PLANT,

ST. LOUIS, MO
The Taum Sauk pumped storage plant
is located south of St. Louis near
Lesterville, Missouri in Reynolds County.
The pumped-storage hydroelectric
plant, operated by the AmerenUE
electric company, was designed to
help meet peak power demands
during the day. The generators and
turbines at river level are reversible,
and at night the excess electricity
available on the power grid is used to
pump water back to the mountaintop.
TAUM SAUK
PUMPED-STORAGE
PLANT, ST. LOUIS, MO
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO WATER ACQUISITION
• Waterway Type
o Head is created by the difference between a steep river
slope and a gentle waterway slope.
o No high dam, only a diversion weir
• Dam Type
o Head is acquired mainly by the height of the dam.
o A high dam is feasible.
• Dam and Waterway Type
o Combination of the waterway type and dam type to create
head.
• Waterway Type
• Dam Type
• Dam and
Waterway
Type
TYPICAL MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC PLANT DIAGRAM
TURBINE DESIGN
• Types of Hydropower Turbines

▪ Francis Turbine
▪ Kaplan Turbine
▪ Pelton Turbine
▪ Turgo Turbine
▪ (New Designs)
TYPES OF HYDROPOWER TURBINES
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO TURBINES
• REACTION TURBINES
o DERIVE POWER FROM PRESSURE DROP ACROSS TURBINE
o TOTALLY IMMERSED IN WATER
o ANGULAR & LINEAR MOTION CONVERTED TO SHAFT POWER
o PROPELLER, FRANCIS, AND KAPLAN TURBINES
• IMPULSE TURBINES
o CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY OF WATER JET HITTING BUCKETS
o NO PRESSURE DROP ACROSS TURBINES
o PELTON, TURGO, AND CROSSFLOW TURBINES
SCHEMATIC OF FRANCIS TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE CROSS-SECTION
SMALL FRANCIS TURBINE & GENERATOR
“Water Turbine”, Wikepedia.com

FRANCIS TURBINE AT GRAND COULEE DAM

FIXED-PITCH PROPELLER TURBINE

KAPLAN TURBINE SCHEMATIC

KAPLAN TURBINE CROSS-SECTION

HORIZONTAL KAPLAN TURBINE

FISH FRIENDLY TURBINE DESIGN

PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
TURGO WHEEL TURBINE
TURBINE DESIGN RANGES
Kaplan 2 < H < 40
Francis 10 < H < 350
Pelton 50 < H < 1300
Turgo 50 < H < 250

(H – Head, in meters)
TURBINE RANGES OF APPLICATION

TURBINE DESIGN RECOMMENDATION

ME165-4
PREPARED BY:
Lecture-3.0 TYPICAL PARTS OF MICRO-
ENGR. ESTELITO V. MAMUYAC
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
29 MARCH 2021
2020\-2021 / 3T
MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
• PARTS OF TYPICAL MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

PARTS OF TYPICAL MICRO-
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• RESERVOIR - STORES THE WATER COMING FROM THE UPPER RIVER OR
WATER FALLS.
• SETTLING BASIN IS A POND TO COLLECT AND FLUSH OUT SEDIMENTS AND
OTHER SUSPENDED MATERIALS. IT PREVENTS SUSPENDED MATERIALS FROM
ENTERING THE WATERWAY AND EVENTUALLY THE TURBINE. IT IS SOMETIMES
OMITTED IN CASES WHERE INFLOW SAND AND SOIL IS MINIMAL.
• CATCHMENT AREA IS THE AREA FROM WHICH RAINFALL FLOWS INTO A
RIVER, LAKE, OR RESERVOIR.
• FOREBAY IS A POND-LIKE STRUCTURE AT THE TOP OF THE PENSTOCK TO
REGULATE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE WATER. IT IS ALSO CALLED HEAD TANK.
• AFTERBAY IS A STREAM, CONDUIT, POND OR RESERVOIR, OF A
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT AT THE OUTLET OF THE TURBINES.
▪ SETTLING BASIN
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• CATCHMENT AREA –
THE WHOLE AREA
BEHIND THE DAM
DRAINING INTO THE
STREAM.
• RESERVOIR- USED TO
STORE WATER.
o NATURAL (LAKE)
o ARTIFICIAL (DAM
CALLED PONDAGE)
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• HEAD WATER IS THE WATER IN THE RESERVOIR
• TAIL WATER IS THE WATER THAT IS DISCHARGED FROM THE TURBINE
• HEADRACE CONVEYS WATER FROM THE INTAKE TO THE FOREBAY. USUALLY
AN OPEN CANAL MADE OF CONCRETE, BUT SOMETIMES IT IS MADE OF SOIL
AND/OR PIPES.
• TAIL RACE IS A CHANNEL WHICH LEADS THE WATER FROM THE TURBINE TO
THE TAIL WATER
▪ HEAD RACE
▪ HEAD RACE TUNNEL
INTAKE
CONCRETE
TUNNEL
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
PARTS OF TYPICAL MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• WEIR IS A SOLID OBSTRUCTION PUT ACROSS THE RIVER TO RAISE
ITS WATER LEVEL AND DIVERT THE WATER INTO THE CANAL.
• INTAKE IS A STRUCTURE TO TAKE WATER FROM THE RIVER.
• SPILLWAY IS A WEIR IN THE RESERVOIR WHICH DISCHARGES
EXCESS WATER SO THAT THE PLANT WILL BE MAINTAINED.
• BARRAGE IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF A WEIR, BUT THE HEADING UP
OF WATER IS EFFECTED BY THE GATES ONLY. NO SOLID
OBSTRUCTION IS PUT ACROSS THE RIVER. THE CREST LEVEL IN THE
BARRAGE IS KEPT AT A LOW LEVEL.
• DAM IS THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE THAT ENCLOSES THE
RESERVOIR
POWER PLANTS
• WEIR • INTAKE
POWER PLANTS
HYDRAULIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
BARRAGE & DAM
BARRAGE DAM
▪ Very little or no pondage is ▪ Some pondage.
available.
▪ Crest is invariably at the ▪ Crest is generally raised above
riverbed level. riverbed level.
▪ Gated part forms the ▪ Gated part forms a part of the
entire total length of the length of the structure.
structure.
▪ Discharge intensity is low & ▪ Discharge intensity is high less
more damage to damage to discharge area.
downstream area.
POWER PLANTS
❑ DAMS
• DAMS ARE STRUCTURES BUILT OVER RIVERS TO STOP THE WATER
FLOW AND FORM A RESERVOIR. THE RESERVOIR STORES THE WATER
FLOWING DOWN THE RIVER.
• THIS WATER IS DIVERTED TO TURBINES IN POWER STATIONS. THE
DAMS COLLECT WATER DURING THE RAINY SEASON AND STORES IT,
THUS ALLOWING FOR A STEADY FLOW THROUGH THE TURBINES
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
• FUNCTIONS:
o HYDROPOWER
o IRRIGATION
o WATER FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
o DROUGHT AND FLOOD CONTROL
o FOR NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES
o OTHER ADDITIONAL UTILIZATION IS TO DEVELOP FISHERIES
POWER PLANTS
• DAM AND RESERVOIR
River
Dam
Reservoir
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
❑STRUCTURE OF DAM
▪ HEEL: CONTACT WITH THE GROUND ON THE UPSTREAM SIDE
▪ TOE: CONTACT ON THE DOWNSTREAM SIDE
▪ ABUTMENT: SIDES OF THE VALLEY ON WHICH THE STRUCTURE OF THE DAM
REST
▪ GALLERIES: SMALL ROOMS LIKE STRUCTURE LEFT WITHIN THE DAM FOR
CHECKING OPERATIONS.
▪ DIVERSION TUNNEL: TUNNELS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR DIVERTING WATER
BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION OF DAM. THIS HELPS IN KEEPING THE RIVER BED
DRY.
▪ SPILLWAYS: IT IS THE ARRANGEMENT NEAR THE TOP TO RELEASE THE EXCESS
WATER OF THE RESERVOIR TO DOWNSTREAM SIDE
▪ SLUICE WAY: AN OPENING IN THE DAM NEAR THE GROUND LEVEL, WHICH IS
USED TO CLEAR THE SILT ACCUMULATION IN THE RESERVOIR SIDE.
POWER PLANTS
❑TYPES OF DAMS
POWER PLANTS
❑ GRAVITY DAM
POWER PLANTS
❑ GRAVITY DAM
POWER PLANTS
❑ BUTTRESS DAM
• BUTTRESS DAM – IS A GRAVITY DAM
REINFORCED BY STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
• BUTTRESS - A SUPPORT THAT TRANSMITS
A FORCE FROM A ROOF OR WALL TO
ANOTHER SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
• THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE CAN BE
CONSIDERED EVEN IF THE FOUNDATION
ROCKS ARE LITTLE WEAKER
POWER PLANTS
❑ ARCH DAMS
• THESE TYPE OF DAMS ARE CONCRETE OR
MASONRY DAMS WHICH ARE CURVED
OR CONVEX UPSTREAM IN PLAN
• THIS SHAPE HELPS TO TRANSMIT THE
MAJOR PART OF THE WATER LOAD TO
THE ABUTMENTS
• ARCH DAMS ARE BUILT ACROSS
NARROW, DEEP RIVER GORGES, BUT
NOW IN RECENT YEARS THEY HAVE BEEN
CONSIDERED EVEN FOR LITTLE WIDER
VALLEYS.
POWER PLANTS
❑ ARCH DAMS
POWER PLANTS
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• VALVE IS A DEVICE THAT OPENS OR CLOSES THE ENTRANCE OF
THE WATER INTO THE PENSTOCK
• SILT SLUICE IS A CHAMBER WHICH COLLECTS THE MUD AND
THROUGH WHICH THE MUD IS DISCHARGED
• TRASH RACK IS A SCREEN WHICH PREVENTS THE LEAVES,
BRANCHES AND OTHER WATER CONTAMINANTS TO ENTER THE
PENSTOCK
• DRAFT TUBE IS A DEVICE THAT CONNECTS THE TURBINE
OUTLET TO THE TAIL WATER SO THAT THE TURBINE CAN BE SET
ABOVE THE TAIL WATER LEVEL
POWER PLANTS
• BUTTERFLY VALVE
POWER PLANTS
• SPHERICAL VALVE
POWER PLANTS
• DRAFT TUBE
POWER PLANTS
• SILT SLUICE
POWER PLANTS
• TRASH RACK
POWER PLANTS
❑ TERMINOLOGIES
• PENSTOCK IS A CHANNEL THAT LEADS THE WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR TO
THE TURBINE
• SURGE TANK IS CONNECTED TO THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM IT IS A
STAND PIPE CONNECTED TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATTACHED TO THE
PENSTOCK SO THAT THE WATER WILL BE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. IT
SERVES THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING WATER HAMMERING IN THE PIPES. THE
SUDDEN SURGES OF WATER IN PENSTOCK IS TAKEN BY THE SURGE TANK,
AND WHEN THE WATER REQUIREMENTS INCREASE, IT SUPPLIES THE
COLLECTED WATER THEREBY REGULATING WATER FLOW AND PRESSURE
INSIDE THE PENSTOCK
o SURGE SHAFT - CONNECTS THE SURGE TANK FROM THE PENSTOCK
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
❑SURGE SHAFT
▪ FACTORS AFFECTING THE LAYOUT OF SURGE-SHAFT ARE:
oDISCHARGE THROUGH THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
oVARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE WATER CONDUCTOR
SYSTEM
oTRANSIENT FLOW CONDITIONS IN THE WATER
CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
oLENGTH OF THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
oTURBO-GENERATOR AND RELIEF-VALVE MECHANISM
oGROUND TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
POWER PLANTS
FIGURE-1
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
POWER PLANTS
❑TERMINOLOGIES
• POWERHOUSE IS A SHELTER FOR THE ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENT (TURBINE, GENERATOR, CONTROLLERS AND
PANELS)AND ACTS AS SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR DISMANTLING THE
EQUIPMENT DURING REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES.
• GENERATOR IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE MECHANICAL
ENERGY OF THE TURBINE INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
• HYDRAULIC TURBINE IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS THE ENERGY
OF WATER INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY.
POWER PLANTS
• POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
• POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
❑POWER HOUSE
• DECIDINGTHEPOWERHOUSE LAYOUT
DEPENDING UPON THE TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF
THE AREA POWER HOUSE CAN BE LOCATED ON SURFACE
OR UNDERGROUND OR AS A SEMI UNDERGROUND
POWER HOUSE.
o SURFACE POWER HOUSE
o UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE
o SEMI UNDERGROUND OR SHAFT POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
❑TYPES OF POWER HOUSE
Types of Power Advantages Disadvantages

Houses
Surface Provide predetermined Limitation of the head
topography as per topography
Easy to Construct and

Design
POWER PLANTS
❑TYPES OF POWER HOUSE, ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES
Underground Overcomes Limitation in

limitation of the geological
head uncertainties
May have cost
Compact and
and time over
Economic Layout
runs
Semi-underground Combined Surface Limitation in
and geological
Underground uncertainties
Advantages
133
POWER PLANTS
• SURFACE POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
• UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
• SEMI-UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
• TYPICAL COMPONENT OF POWER HOUSE
POWER PLANTS
• TYPICAL COMPONENT OF POWER HOUSE
PARTS OF TYPICAL MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
COMPONENT OF POWER HOUSE
• GOVERNOR
o THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF A
GOVERNOR FOR A HYDROELECTRIC
UNIT IS TO CONTROL THE SPEED AND
LOADING OF THE UNIT.
o IT ACCOMPLISHES THIS BY
CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF WATER
THROUGH THE TURBINE.
o TO UNDERSTAND HOW A
HYDROELECTRIC GOVERNOR
OPERATES, A BASIC UNDERSTANDING
OF GOVERNOR FUNDAMENTALS IS
HELPFUL.
• GENERATOR
GENERATOR
▪ STATOR CORE
▪ MADE UP OF SILICON STEEL LAMINATED
SHEET WITH HIGH PERMEABILITY AND
LOW HYSTERSIS & EDDY CURRENT
LOSSES
GENERATOR
▪ STATOR WINDING
▪ WINDINGS ARE COPPER CONDUCTORS
WHICH CARRIES THE GENERATED
VOLTAGE.
GENERATOR
▪ ROTOR
▪ IT CARRIES MAGNETIC POLE & IS
REVOLVED BY TURBINE, RESULTING IN
POWER GENERATION IN STATOR.
GENERATOR
▪ ROTOR
GENERATOR
▪ POLE
▪ POLE ARE MOUNTED ON ROTOR AND IT
FULFILLS THE NEED OF A ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD.
Dovetail keys
Core
Damper Bars
GENERATOR
▪ SLIP RINGS
▪ SLIP RINGS ARE INSTALLED ON ROTOR TO TRANSFER THE FIELD CURRENT FROM THE EXTERNAL
EXCITATION EQUIPMENT TO THE FIELD WINDING.
▪ THE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE STATIONARY CARBON BRUSHES TO THE ROTATING SLIP RINGS,
THROUGH INSULATED BARS MOUNTED IN THE HOLLOW SHAFT AND TO THE POLE COIL CONNECTIONS.
REFERENCES
• TEXTBOOKS
• RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, JEAN-CLAUDE SABONNADIERE, 2009
• ENERGY CONVERSION, D. YOGI GOSWAMI, FRANK KREITH, 2008
• POWER PLANT ENGINEERING, 3RD EDITION, PK NAG, 2008, TATA MCGRAW HILL
• WEB
• HTTP://WWW.RENEWABLEENERGYWORLD.COM/REA/TECH/HOME
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/RENEWABLE_ENERGY
• HTTP://WWW.WATERWIDEWEB.ORG/HYDROELECTRICITY.HTML
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HYDROELECTRICITY
• HTTP://WWW.GROEPT.BE/WWW/DAM/HYDROPOWER.HTM#H4
• HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/CLEANENERGY/ENERGY-AND-YOU/AFFECT/HYDRO.HTML

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ME165-4

MICRO-HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT DESIGN

LO1. Describe the current energy demands and resources. (CO1)

GROWING ENERGY DEMAND

A global economy growing at an average rate of 3.4% per year, a

The largest contribution to demand growth – almost 30% – comes

Improvements in efficiency play a huge role in taking the

Since 2000, coal-fired power generation capacity has grown

Oil demand continues to grow to 2040, albeit at a steadily

BRIGHT FUTURE FOR RENEWABLES

Source: DOE Power Statistics 2011

• THE WORD “HYDRO” ORIGINALLY COMES FROM A GREEK WORD THAT

• THE FIRST CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF A GEARED WATERMILL

TOOTHED GEAR AND THE WATER WHEEL INTO ONE EFFECTIVE

• ROMAN FLOUR MILL AT BARBEGAL

• Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine

▪ Fourneyron Water Wheel Turbine

• FROM AGRICULTURE TO SEA TRAVELING WATER IS AN OMNIPRESENT ELEMENT THAT HAS

• JAMES FRANCIS LATER PERFECTED IT BY CURVING THE BLADES. KNOWN AS THE

• WITH THE INCREASE IN DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER FORMS OF ELECTRIC POWER

• GLOBAL HYDRO POWER SCENARIO

Source: www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam

(1) Three Gorges China 2009 22,500 MW

(2) Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 14,000 MW

(3) Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW

(4) Tucurui Brazil 1984 8,370 MW

(5) Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW

(6) Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW

(7) Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW

(8) Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW

(9) Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW

Pulangui Hydroelectric Power Plant 255 1986 Maramag, Bukidnon Operational

Pantabangan - Masiway Hydroelectric 112 1977,1980 Pantabangan, Operational

Ambuklao and Binga

Bukidnon Hydro Electric Plant

Agus Hydro Power Plant, Mindanao

Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija

LO6. Discuss the classification of hydro-electric power plant. (CO1,

1. HIGH-HEAD (800 OR MORE FEET)

• ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABILITY OF HEAD

• ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABILITY OF HEAD

• HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS

• HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS (CONT’D.)

• MEDIUM HEAD POWER PLANTS

• LOW HEAD POWER PLANTS

• LOW HEAD POWER PLANTS

• FRANCIS TURBINE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JD4VkzHk6rk

o FRANCIS TURBINES ARE THE MOST COMMON WATER TURBINE IN

• BASE LOAD PLANTS

• BASE LOAD PLANTS (CONVENTIONAL DAMS OR

• PEAK LOAD PLANTS (PUMP STORAGE PLANTS)

• PUMPED STORAGE SYSTEM:

EXAMPLE OF PUMPED STORAGE PLANT

• Mini and micro hydroelectric plants

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITHOUT PONDAGE

• RUN-OF-RIVER-PLANT WITH PONDAGE

• RESERVOIR AND PONDAGE TYPE

• HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS WITH STORAGE RESERVOIRS

• HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS WITH STORAGE RESERVOIRS

• HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS WITH STORAGE RESERVOIRS

• PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS (PSP)