Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Masters in Advanced Architectural Design

ARCH6135: Advanced Building Structures

Advanced Construction Equipment

Submitted to: INS: Ass Prof Girmay Kassa

By: Efrem Beyene

ID: GSR 354/12

January 2020: Addis Ababa/Ethiopia

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Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Typical Construction Sequences and Advanced Equipment Used ............................................................. 4
2.1 Earthmoving Equipment Advances ..................................................................................................... 4
2.1.6 Toro Dingo TXL2000 Mini Skid Steer ............................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Hydraulic Excavators .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Electromobility - The HX1 (now HX2) autonomous battery-electric carrier................................ 7
2.1.5 Hybridization - Wheel Loaders (Deere 944K)............................................................................... 7
2.2 Substructure Work .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.1 Terex A330, A650 Auger Drills ..................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 US Radar Ground Penetrating Rover ........................................................................................... 9
2.3 Superstructure Work ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Concrete Pump .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Automatic Batch Weighing System ............................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Telehandlers............................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.4 Stellar EC3200 Aluminum Telescopic Crane .............................................................................. 13
2.3.5 Manitou Mobile Elevated Work Platforms ................................................................................ 14
2.3.6 IMT Articulating Cranes.............................................................................................................. 14
2.3.7 Atlas Copco Retrofit Dust-Suppression Kit................................................................................. 16
2.4 Interior and Exterior Plastering......................................................................................................... 16
2.4.1 Spraying and Plastering Machines ............................................................................................. 16
2.4.2 Worm-Drive Pump ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.3 Piston Pump ............................................................................................................................... 17
3. Advanced Technologies Related to Construction Equipment ................................................................ 18
3.1 Concrete Printers .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Construction-Site Robots .................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Doxel AI ...................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.2 Built Robotics ............................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.3 Ty Bot ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Virtual Reality (VR) in Preconstruction ............................................................................................. 21
3.4 Augmented Reality (AR) .................................................................................................................... 22

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 3.4.1 The DAQRI Smart Helmet........................................................................................................... 22
3.5 Autonomous Equipment ................................................................................................................... 22
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 23
References .................................................................................................................................................. 24

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 Introduction
Equipment were eventually used to create a better living environment. As the Equipment
improved, The amount and speed with which construction work could be done increased.
Therefore the scale and complexity of construction projects increased.

Most major heavy construction equipment advances have been made in the last 175 years. Where
we are today is not the result of one single invention, but a culmination of numerous mechanical
and operating advancements. Heavy construction machines used today are the result of
improvement after improvement based on the need to work more efficiently, effectively, and
safely. Many fundamental mechanical and operating principles for earth moving, excavating,
compacting, and lifting equipment were proven and documented well before 1800. The challenge
was to mechanize crude man-, horse-, mule-, or ox-drawn construction equipment that had
evolved over several centuries of design enhancement. Finding a greater and more reliable power
source and mechanizing the operation were key motivators for design change.

The role of construction equipment today is ‗‗mission critical‘‘ and indirectly influences the
quality of our lives every day. Today contractors undertake many types of construction activities
that require different types, sizes, and groupings of equipment for earth moving, excavating, and
lifting. There is a piece of equipment for practically any work activity, large or small.

Construction equipment today is specifically designed by the manufacturer to perform certain

mechanical operations that accomplish a work activity. Design development of heavy
construction equipment is driven and evolves from the needs of the user market. There are many
models of each type of equipment. The operator‘s cab can include air-conditioning and special
ergonomic seats and controls.

The paper explore new advanced construction equipment. It focuses on high-rise building
projects where construction tends to be linear in the vertical direction. Some of currently
available advanced construction equipment is described in relation to construction project
sequence. New technological areas of construction equipment are also discussed.

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1.2 Definitions
Construction Equipment - related to any type of equipment used on site to increase
productivity and achieve construction goals in a quicker and easier manner. Equipment such as
this is used in a variety of ways throughout the industrial, earth-moving, mining and civil
industries, plus a whole range more.

Advanced - method, or design is modern and has been developed from an earlier version of the
same thing,

2 Typical Construction Sequences and Advanced Equipment Used

The author categorized the equipment available to easy understanding of the readers. Major
construction activities are the followings

 Earth Work
 Substructure work
 Superstructure work
 Interior and Exterior Plastering

2.1 Earthmoving Equipment Advances

The equipment is continuing to advance, enabling operators to work more efficiently and safely.

Earthmoving equipment is heavy equipment, typically heavy-duty vehicles designed for

construction operations which involve earthworks. Earthmoving equipment moves soil and
other material, usually on a heavy construction site in preparation for further building.
Excavators, Backhoe Loaders, Bulldozers, Skid-Steer Loaders, Trenchers and etc are some of the
most prominently used earth-moving equipment in the construction industry. Some of advanced
construction equipment available are Toro Dingo TXL2000 Mini Skid Steer, Case intros cx210d
lr, cx250d lr and etc. The advancement in this equipment came on the area of energy
consumption and capacity to perform tasks.

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2.1.6 Toro Dingo TXL2000 Mini Skid Steer

Figure : Toro Dingo TXL2000 Mini Skid Steer

Telescoping arms with a wide reach and a doubled load capacity are key features of Toro‘s
Dingo TXL 2000, which is in development. Early specs give the machine a 2,000-pound rated
operating capacity. it feature many of the same benefits of a standard mini skid, including a
compact footprint and ample accessibility for mounting and dismounting the machine. The unit
will take skid steer loader attachments, and it will produce around 50 horsepower.

Features and Benefits

 The Kubota D1803 Tier 4 Final with DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) engine minimizes
downtime with no regeneration required.

 Smart Power technology automatically adjusts traction speed to maximize engine,

auxiliary, and traction torque for greater operation efficiency. Selectable traction speed
allows operators to customize their speed based on project application. Smart Power also
senses a drop in engine RPM and optimizes performance to prevent stalling.

 Smart Load senses when the machine arms have raised the load beyond set limits and
reduces the traction speed to 50 % during transport. When the arms are lowered to set
limits, Smart Load turns off the speed reduction. This feature is a protective precaution
and encourages operators to work within recommended parameters.

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  Attachments are specifically designed for these machines. They‘re easy to put on or take
off, just mount the accessory to the attachment plate on the unit, push the pins to the
locked position and connect hydraulic lines (for powered attachments). These
attachments have the same mount as a full size track loader/skid steer and has a 23 gpm

2.1.2 Hydraulic Excavators

Caterpillar, for example, recently introduced its Next Generation of 20-ton class hydraulic
excavators. Stell brink explains that this piece of equipment is ―built with a digital heart so it can
work efficiently at the digital jobsite of today and tomorrow.‖

Figure: Case intros CX210D LR, CX250D LR long reach excavators with smart hydraulics

The system, works to make use of the machine‘s hydraulic power and momentum through four
integrated control systems:

• Boom Economy Control (BEC): Reduces rpm by using gravity during boom down and
swing
• Auto Economy Control (AEC): Reduces rpm during idle and automatically shuts down the
engine after a preset time
• Swing Relief Control (SRC): Reduces hydraulic power at swing start
• Spool Stroke Control (SSC): Adjusts hydraulic pressure during digs
Improvements to the SSC also allow these excavators to re-use hydraulic fluid whenever
possible in order to improve cycle times and efficiency.

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2.1.4 Electromobility - The HX1 (now HX2) autonomous battery-electric carrier

Easy for a Prius, but not for large machines that must lift and haul tons of materials. Hybrid and
new battery technologies are being tested around the world. They are quieter, more efficient and
more sustainable.

Figure: The HX1 (now HX2) autonomous battery-electric carrier and the LX1 electric hybrid wheel loader.

The HX1‘s proof of concept and incorporated shared technologies and components from the
Volvo Group, such as electric motors, batteries and power electronics. ―Another new feature is
the addition of a vision system, which allows the machine to detect humans and obstacles in its
vicinity. The series hybrid incorporates a driveline that uses wheel-mounted electric drive
motors, electric-driven hydraulics, an energy storage system and new machine architecture.

2.1.5 Hybridization - Wheel Loaders (Deere 944K)

A machine with repetitive tasks and movements, such as truck loading and materials handling, is
perfectly suited for a hybrid powertrain that enables the machine to capture the energy from the
cycle and apply that to the work. It is increasingly available on some machines, such as wheel
loaders (Deere 944K) and excavators, and some manufacturers have further introduced adaptive
systems that capture the stored energy at selected points in a variable cycle.

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Figure: wheel loaders (Deere 944K)

Hybrid-electric drive smoothly and efficiently recaptures energy to slow the loader when the
operator lets off the accelerator. The load on the engine and reduces fuel consumption.
PowerTech™ EPA Final Tier 4 (FT4)/EU Stage IV engine coupled with a hybrid-electric drive
can provide significant fuel savings over 9-cu.-yd. loaders with conventional drivetrains. The
FT4 update reduces fuel consumption by 9 to 14 percent over EPA Interim Tier 4 (IT4)/EU
Stage IIIB models.

2.2 Substructure Work

A Substructure is an underlying or supporting structure to superstructure. It is below ground
level. Foundation is part of substructure. Substructure is the lower portion of the building which
transmits the dead load, live loads and other loads to the underneath sub soil. The substructure
work consists of the following components:Foundations, Abutments ,Retaining walls, Precast
concrete sheeting , Piers, Bearings, Foundation protection.New and Advanced equipment to
these areas are the following.

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2.2.1 Terex A330, A650 Auger Drills

Figure: Terex‘s A650 Auger Drill Figure: Terex‘s Optima Series aerial devices

The drills feature automated functions, including auto brake release, inner-Kelly retract stop,
inner-Kelly slack stop, home position, return-to-center, and dig depth. The return-to-center
feature allows the operator to return the auger to the position used previously, which assists in
keeping the hole at the proper diameter and the proper vertical position throughout the dig. The
new operating system allows the truck, unit controller, and unit engine to communicate,
supporting the application of radio remote controls.

Optional telematics are available for use in conjunction with a supplied cellular or internet
connection. The drills are available with a command post and joystick controls, with a new
design that allows the display monitor to be mounted at the drill or used remotely with radio
controls. According to Terex, the new control-system design eliminates nearly 40 percent of the
hydraulic fittings and hoses previously used.

2.2.3 US Radar Ground Penetrating Rover

GP Rover combines US Radar‘s triple-bandwidth GPR technology with precision GPS (Global
Positioning System) connectivity. The system, says US Radar, can create subsurface maps in real
time, with no base station or control points required, and the system is accurate to within 2
inches. Maps created using the GP Rover provide a permanent and updateable record that can be
shared by all contributors to a project, thus assisting in overcoming the limitations of
impermanent ―mark-outs‖ and potential errors in subsequent excavation. Patented tilt-correction
technology automatically compensates for slope and cross-slope of the GPR and GPS antennas
to increase overall accuracy on uneven terrain. Field data collected by the GP Rover can be

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saved and shared in any of the five most common file formats—SHP, DXF, KMZ, CSV, RTF—
used in mapping and engineering applications, such as Auto Cad, Google Earth, GIS, and point
files.

Figure: US Radar Ground Penetrating Rover Figure: Acquisition Software

2.3 Superstructure Work

2.3.1 Concrete Pump

The pump is used to deliver concrete from the plant to the truck as well as from the truck to the
site. There are three common types:

 Boom pump

 Trailer or stationary pumps

 Specialized usage pumps

A. Boom pump - A Boom pump has a robotic arm that is mounted on the back of a truck.
This arm is remote controlled and can pump concrete accurately to every corner of the
construction site.

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Figure: Boom Pump 65 m high

B. Trailer or stationary pumps - Trailer or stationary pumps on the other hand are
mounted on trailers but instead of a robotic arm, they have either rubber or steel hoses
that can manually be attached so as to pump the concrete.

RV 12 H Distributor boom

The concrete distributor boom RV 12 H with hydraulically adjustable distributor arm is an ideal
working tool for distributing concrete. Liebherr concrete distribution systems in conjunction with
a concrete pump ensure perfect concreting on large sites. Our climbing booms and concrete
distributors make work easier, particularly if accessibility is poor.

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Figure: RV 12 H Distributor boom

2.3.2 Automatic Batch Weighing System

Batchers - proportionating the ingredients of concrete for a Particular mix. Weigh batching is
commonly used. Manual batching, Semi - automatic batching and Automatic batching are types
of batching
Automatic batching - relates to a weighing system and more particularly to an improved method
for sequentially compounding predetermined quantities of a plurality of constituents to form a
batch and where in errors in successive batches are compensated for.

Figure: Automatic Batching

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2.3.3 Telehandlers

Telehandlers are hoisting equipment used in

construction to lift heavy materials up to
required height or to provide construction
platform for workers at greater heights etc. It
contains a long telescopic boom which can
be raised or lowered or forwarded. Different
types of arrangements like forklifts, buckets,
cabin, lifting jibs etc. can be attached to the
end of telescopic boom based on the
requirement of job.
Figure: Telehandlers

2.3.4 Stellar EC3200 Aluminum Telescopic Crane

The compact electric EC3200 Aluminum Telescopic Crane weighs 500 pounds—230 pounds
less than the steel version of the EC3200. The crane offers 3,200 pounds of lifting capacity and
15 feet of horizontal reach. Rated at 11,500 lb.-ft., the crane is designed for service bodies with
crane reinforcement kits. The unit‘s lightweight design, ease of operation, and price point make
it well suited for municipal, oil and gas, and rental fleets, the company says. It can achieve 410
degrees of rotation and has an integrated rotation stop.

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2.3.5 Manitou Mobile Elevated Work Platforms

Five mobile elevated work platform models The electric AETJ 49 and AETJ 43, and diesel-
powered ATJ 46, ATJ 46+, and MAN‘GO 33. Significant design changes for these models
include modifications to the electrical system, swing door on the basket, and new Tier-4 engines
for the diesel models.

2.3.6 IMT Articulating Cranes

Available for the new cranes is the

Figure: IMT Articulating Cranes
Electronic Vehicle Stability (EVS) system,
which monitors crane stability and warns the
operator when the tilt of the truck‘s chassis
approaches a pre-set angle. The EVS system
integrates with the Rated Capacity Limiter
(RCL), which monitors the crane‘s load
moment, operation, and function. Additional
new features include internal hose routing,
―j‖ stow hook, and improved lift-to-weight
ratios.

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2.3.7 Terex CTT 472-20 Tower Crane
meter load moment, the new CTT 472-20
delivers high lift capacities throughout its
load chart, and 11 different jib
configurations, from 98.4 to 262.5 feet, meet
varying job-site needs. All jib sections are
pre-assembled with a life line to facilitate
installation at height; galvanized jib
walkways resist corrosion. The new crane is
designed to provide competitive, maximum,
freestanding height to reduce erection time
Figure: Terex CTT 472-20 Tower Crane
and lower costs. Optimized for transport,
The new 22-ton-class crane expands
tower segments are pre-assembled with
maximum jib length to 262.5 feet and
aluminum ladders for fast erection and
provides a maximum load at the full length
increased durability.
of the jib tip of 4.4 tons. With a 470 ton-

The CTT 472-20 is the first Terex tower-crane model to include the new Terex cabin, which will
be installed on all flat-top, hammerhead, and luffing-jib models. The new cabin features a fully
adjustable comfort seat, joystick controls, and full-color 7-inch display that provides operating
and trouble-shooting information. Built-in heating and air conditioning maintains consistent
cabin temperatures. The new control system provides expanded configuration options to meet
differing jobsite needs and includes the Terex Power Plus feature, which can temporarily
increase the maximum load-moment by 10 percent under controlled conditions. Optional radio
remote control expands the crane‘s operating efficiency.

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2.3.7 Atlas Copco Retrofit Dust-Suppression Kit

hammer to help with compliance regarding

Figure: Atlas Copco
The kit can be attached to an Atlas Copco
handheld breaker, rivet buster, or chipping
requirements of the Occupational Safety and
Health. The dust-suppression spray kit uses
a nozzle that covers an 80-degree cone
around the tool, dispensing six gallons of
water per hour at 40 psi. The kit connects to
a garden hose. Use of the kit minimizes
workers‘ exposure to harmful silica dust
through a continuous spray of water at the
point of impact, flushing dust before it
becomes airborne.

2.4 Interior and Exterior Plastering

2.4.1 Spraying and Plastering Machines

Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall more than five times faster than using a
hand float to apply it. Although classic gypsum-based plaster can be sprayed if it is "spray
grade," most plaster sprayers prefer the organic-based pre-mixed plaster packaged in a plastic
bag because the plaster spraying machine does not need to be cleaned out after the job is
finished, providing that plaster is kept moist.

Figure: Buvico cement spray

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2.4.2 Worm-Drive Pump

Most commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump that pumps the plaster up to a spray gun that
has a large nozzle, usually 4 to 8mm,that extrudes the plaster into a chamber on the end of the
gun.

Figure: Eccentric worm-drive pump type 550

FLUX eccentric worm-drive pumps cover a wide viscosity range – from very good flowing media like
mineral oils to semi-solid media like filler. A big advantage is the smooth pumping that is required
especially when pumping shear-sensitive media.

2.4.3 Piston Pump

Newer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump, which has sufficient pressure to spray
smooth (untextured) plaster without compressed air.

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 3. Advanced Technologies Related to Construction Equipment
3.1 Concrete Printers
3D printing offers many advantages here: Structures require only the amount of cement that will
be used (lowering carbon-dioxide emissions), require no formwork (lessening waste), and can be
built into shapes previously possible only with extensive CGI movie magic.
This technology can help fabricate larger pieces using smaller machines, and could easily be
done on site. The beauty of this method is that they are able to print on the build site and can
prefabricate many of the necessary finishing components.

Figure: Layers of 3D printed concrete

There are many benefits of concrete 3D printing. It can be used to produce homes for people that
lost their homes in an unfortunate natural disaster, create cheap homes for the homeless, and
handle geometries that would be difficult for traditional construction techniques to handle
First and foremost, a concrete 3D printer must be quite substantial in size. This is a major
challenge that has somewhat hindered the mainstream adoption of concrete 3D printing.
However, concrete 3D printers are usually portable, enabling construction in many
locations using just one machine.

3.2 Construction-Site Robots

Several new applications are already deployed on construction sites. Examples include SAM
(Semi-Automated Mason), the bricklaying robot that works alongside human masons to increase
productivity and reduce physical strain on workers. And then there‘s Built Robotics‘ autonomous
track loader, which uses LIDAR, GPS, and digital files to guide itself around construction sites,
cutting and filling as needed. Construction robots in use include trucks; dump trucks; and a self-
driving, 320-ton ―mega machine.‖

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Construction robotics is a growing field, from the inclusion of drones on construction sites to
machines that can lay the foundation for homes and other buildings. Robots such as Boston
Dynamics‘ video of Spot autonomously surveying a construction site looks more science fiction
than science fact, but its advancements can help with site surveying and documentation. The goal
is to reduce fatigue and injuries from lifting which could improve productivity. And this would
be a positive step in enhancing worker safety.

3.2.1 Doxel AI

Doxel is using robots and artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor jobsite progress with real-time,
actionable data. The technology uses autonomous drones and rovers equipped with high-
definition cameras and LiDAR to photograph and scan the construction site each day with
pinpoint accuracy. Their AI then uses those scans to compare against your BIM models, 3D
drawing, schedule and estimates to inspect the quality of the work performed and to determine
how much progress has been made each day.

Figure: Doxel AI
The AI uses deep-learning algorithms to identify and report errors in work performed. This can
be anything from the excavation and site work to the mechanical, electrical and plumbing
systems. The AI can recognize a building component based on its shape, size and location even if
only a portion of the component is visible. By classifying and measuring quantities installed,
Doxel can tell you how much work was done each day which it can then compare against your
construction schedule and alert you if your project is falling behind. The AI also detects
deviations between installed components and onsite work with models so you can quickly
identify errors and avoid costly rework.

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3.2.2 Built Robotics

Built Robotics‘ Automated Track Loader, or ATL, was developed to excavate smaller
construction sites. The system uses specially designed LiDAR to accommodate for vibrations in
order to see where it is going and to measure the material being excavated. Augmented GPS, a
combination of onsite base stations and satellites, are used to geofence the site and to move the
track loader around the site with precision accuracy.

Figure: Built Robotics‘ Automated Track Loader

Instead of building an entirely new piece of heavy equipment, the electronics for the ATL are
housed in a cargo carrier that attaches to the cab to retrofit existing compact track loaders. The
system also has a collision detection system to prevent the loader from coming into contact with
workers or other equipment on the construction site. The ATL also has a kill switch for the
person supervising the work should it be needed.

3.2.3 Ty Bot

A rebar tying robot might not seem that glamorous, but it does fill a very specific need on
construction sites where labor is short. The robot moves along a gantry to identify each
intersection of rebar, ties it and then moves on to the next intersection.
The TyBot has a couple of clear advantages. One, it will allow a crew to be more productive
because once they placed the rebar, they can move on to the next job while the TyBot does its
work. Bending over and tying thousands of rebar intersections is back-breaking work that can
lead to strains and other injuries.

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Figure: TyBot on construction site

3.3 Virtual Reality (VR) in Preconstruction

Virtual Reality (VR) was born as a tool for gaming. It enables people to immerse into a new
dimension while playing their favourite games. The extraordinary characteristics of VR give
users the chance to get thrown into a new, digitally constructed reality, which resembles real life.
The VR headset allows all parties involved in the construction phase to identify potential
conflicts or required changes at the design stage, rather than during construction, when they‘re
extremely costly to put right. Construction professionals can literally ―walk inside‖ their project
with the entire piping system installed and have the ability to spot any fault that they would not
have been able to identify on a flat model on a laptop. VR helps guide their judgement, and can
confirm whether the designed structure resembles exactly what they had in mind, providing a
much clearer idea of whether a building will be fit for purpose and without significant faults.
VR has a future in the construction industry. It reduces downtime and miscommunication
between designers, construction professionals and clients, making the planning and building
process run faster and more precisely. Victaulic is pioneering this innovation, putting VR at the
center of its daily drawing processes and obtaining great results in delivering clearer and more
precise projects to its clients.
Virtual Reality (VR) is one new technology that is changing the construction industry by solving
old problems. Virtual reality in construction is the next level in 3D modeling. Like 3D modeling,
it involves a detailed virtual model of the project. Unlike 3D modeling, it places the user directly
inside the virtual environment, so that the user experiences a full immersion into the virtual
space.

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Figure: Virtual Reality
The Daqri helmet, for example, offers users improved situational awareness, calling attention to
environmental factors, such as temperature differentials and unsafe conditions. It can also be
used to increase the precision of complex installations, and is creating a whole new world of
possibilities for collaboration between innovative designers and builder

3.4 Augmented Reality (AR)

The ―ultimate augmented-reality measuring toolkit offers 15 modes to capture accurate on-site
measurements, using just a smartphone. The eyeglass-mounted system never caught on as a
consumer product, but has quietly proved Itself indispensable in manufacturing applications, and
will presumably find a place in construction applications as well. The DAQRI Smart Helmet is
another up-and-comer wearable that brings an immersive 3D BIM model to the jobsite.

3.4.1 The DAQRI Smart Helmet

This is the hard hat of the future. The DAQRI Smart Helmet is a wearable technology designed
for industrial applications. The helmet features a drop-down glass display under the visor and it
connects to DAQRI‘s Intellitrack – a patented interactive display that can recognise images and
situations by using a camera and sensor found at the back of the helmet.

3.5 Autonomous Equipment

While VR is enhancing the productivity of humans, automation and robotics is providing a path
to greater safety and efficiency, including the use of drones in construction. Sending a drone to
inspect a jobsite saves time and keeps the technician on the ground instead of climbing scaffolds
and navigating the potential hazards of a working site. One example of this, the Sky catch
drone, can generate a 3D model of a site that allows automatic calculation of area, volume of
earth to be moved, and other information that once required several human hours to accomplish.

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Automated rovers will also be providing jobsite status information, monitoring sites
autonomously, guided by AI in the home office and feeding data back to the predictive analytics
systems. Automated equipment is being developed in the form of driverless earth-movers and
dump-trucks, in mining and road-building applications.

4. Conclusion

Construction Equipment were eventually used to create facilitate better working environment. To
maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of project delivery on time as well as on required
standards. Most major heavy construction equipment advances have been made in the last 175
years. Where we are today is not the result of one single invention, but a culmination of
numerous mechanical and operating advancements. Heavy construction machines used today are
the result of improvement after improvement based on the need to work more efficiently,
effectively, and safely

The advancement of construction equipment results from intensive work of designers to solve
certain contemporary problems. Finding a greater and more reliable power source and
mechanizing the operation were key motivators for design change.Replacing human power by
new technologies, measurnment to come up with better ergonomics of the equipments ,
improvement on capacity to do work ,reducing construction period ,reducing hazards in
construction site and etc are also key motivators for equipment advancements. The efforts to
come with new and advanced technology have to be continued.

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References

Amanda Comunale, ( 2017 ).Architecture & Design Victaul

Gransberg, D.D., C. M. Popescu and R.C. Ryan, Construction Equipment Management for
Engineers,Estimators, and Construction Managers, Taylor and Francis Books, Inc., ISBN 0-
8493-4037-3; 2006
Https://www.constructionequipment.com/products/top-100/2018

( https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/advanced).

Https://www.conexpoconagg.com/news/earthmoving-equipment-for-the-digital-jobsite

Https://www.constructionexec.com/article/five-innovations-powering-the-construction-
equipment-of-the-future)

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/5-earth-moving-
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construction/articleshow/70601192.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm
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National Research Council,(1994). Construction Equipment and Procedures.": Toward

Infrastructure Improvement. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:
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Long D. Nguyen1, Duc H. Phan2, and Llewellyn C. M. Tang3, (2015).Predicting Construction

Duration with Typical Construction Sequences for High-Rise Buildings.

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