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ESEN 340 Slide2-Biofuels
ESEN 340 Slide2-Biofuels
FUNDAMENTALS
AND APPLICATIONS
BIOFUELS
ESEN 340
SPRING 2021
ERDEM GÜNAY
Types of Biofuels
• Bioethanol
• Biodiesel
• Waste
• Charcoal TODAY’S
Units and Conversions SUBJECTS
History of Biofuels
TYPES OF BIOFUELS
In United States,
ethanol is mostly
made from yellow
corn by yeast
fermentation.
ETHANOL FROM
SUGARCANE
In Brazil, ethanol is
mostly made from sugar
cane. It is crushed in a
mill to extract the juice.
Juice is used to make sugar
and is a source for ethanol
production by yeast
fermentation.
left-over pulp, called
"bagasse" can be burned in
a power station.
ETHANOL Ethanol Fermentation:
FORMATION BY
FERMENTATION C6H12O6 +Enzymes→2C2H5OH+2CO2
ETHANOL FORMATİON BY FERMENTATION
Yogurt from milk
Cheese from milk
Early steps in making chocolate use
fermentation
Bread rising with yeast, used in baking
(due to CO2 as product)
Ethanol Fermentation:
C6H12O6 +Enzymes→ 2C2H5OH+2CO2
BIO
ETHANOL
BIODIESEL
BIO DIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL
bacteria.
BIOGAS
Biogas is the
CH4/CO2
gaseous mix.
Digesters are
constructed
to maximize
CH4
production
and
extraction.
Garbage
can also be
used to
produce
biogas.
Ref: http://www.makebiofuel.co.uk/news/biofuels-may-replace-half-of-
eu-gasoline-by-2020/
CHARCOAL
AN EXAMPLE FOR A CONVENTIONAL FUEL:
CHARCOAL
From animals:
Fat,
Bones,
Feces (body wastes)
VALUE OF WOOD
Trees have value as lumber as
well as fuel.
Lumber can be used
construction materials, railroad
ties, telephone poles, source of
pulp for the papermaking
industry.
It has also a great value while
living, as a source of wildlife
habitat. As a source of oxygen.
In contrast coal is simply a fuel.
HISTORY OF THE USE
OF WOOD
When the first humans arrived
in Europe (6000 years ago)
they encountered dense
forests.
These people cleared the
forests by burning the trees
they settled.
The ashes of the trees
fertilized the soil. Openings in
the forest facilitated the
growth of their crops.
The Roman
Empire was
the
superpower
in the history.
They
conquered all
over the
Europe.
HISTORY OF WOOD
In US wood consumption
peaked in 1907 (about 30
million m3). This was 2/3 of the
world’s output for that year.
The wood being taken from
the nation’s forests at a rate
that was 3-4 times greater than
it was being replenished.
LIST OF
French Guiana 91.5
Finland 74.0
Japan 68.2
Sweden
Republic of Korea
67.1
64.5 COUNTRIES
Brazil
Portugal 42.2
55.7
BY FOREST
AREA
Italy 34.6
United States of America 33.1
Germany 31.8
The World 30.3
France 28.5
China 22.0
Turkey 13.3
Argentina 12.0
United Kingdom 11.8
Iran 6.8
Iraq 1.9
Saudi Arabia 1.3
Egypt 0.1
HISTORY OF
MODERN BIOFUELS
1917, Alexander Graham Bell made the
following observation in National
Geographic:
“Alcohol makes a beautiful, clean
and efficient fuel. Alcohol can be
manufactured from corn, and in fact
from almost any vegetable matter
capable of fermentation. We need
never fear the exhaustion of our
present fuel supplies so long as we
can produce an annual crop of
alcohol to any extent desired.”
In 1820, alcohol was the main fuel for
gas lamps and 100 million gallons a year
were sold.
HISTORY OF
MODERN BIOFUELS
In 1876, German inventor N. August
Otto (the inventor of the first four-
stroke internal combustion
automobile engine) used alcohol as
the fuel.
Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his
first engine in 1900 running on
peanut oil.
The Ford Model T, which first came
out in 1908, was also designed to
run on ethanol.
Then petroleum based fuels
dominated the market as more
economical and efficient alternatives
HISTORY OF
MODERN
BIOFUELS
In WW II, the demand
of biofuels increased.
Various new
applications (like the
use of gasoline with
alcohol from
potatoes) was
developed.
After war, the cheap
oil dominated the
market again.
HISTORY OF
MODERN BIOFUELS
OPEC crisis hit the world in early
1970s; the world started to
consider the biofuels and other
alternative energy sources more
seriously
Increasing oil prices, concerns
about limited oil reserves and
increasing environmental
awareness draw more attention to
biofuels and other renewable
energy sources in recent years.
ref:
http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/10/history-of-
biofuels/
Heat content of green wood is estimated to be 2580 Btu/pound.
Convert this to GJ/ton.