CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the large-scale use of commercial stoves and commercial charcoal has led

to a good quality of cooking. Charcoal is a certain kind of half burnt wood, it is a light black

residue consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other

volatile constituents from animal vegetation substances it is viewed as an advanced fuel,

because of its clean-burning nature and the fact it can be stored for long periods of time

without degradation. Wood fuels play a significant role in the energy requirements of many

developing countries. This is especially the case in Sub-Saharan Africa, where dependence is

increasing due to growing urban populations, and limited accessibility to alternative fuels. In

this region, charcoal is the predominant fuel accounting for over half of the energy

requirements (WEC, 2004).

Considering that fact that cooking stove and commercial charcoal are efficient and

commonly used in many households, there are significant social and environmental impacts

associated with the consumption of wood charcoal including: forest degradation, loss of

biodiversity and environmental services, as well as health issues. In this case, the main

objective now is to find solution to match demand and supply of commercial stoves and

charcoal. The need for developing alternative charcoal is a must.

Agricultural waste is an ideal source of charcoal. When one harvests any crop, one

generally harvests only grain, fruits, coffee, pods and tubers. A small part of it is used as

fodder for cattle but the rest is just wasted. The produced charcoal is cheap, healthy,

environment-friendly and economical. This is one way of helping those families who can’t

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |1

afford to buy expensive stoves and commercially produced charcoal. This study aims to

provide an alternative charcoal using agricultural wastes that is cheaper and cleaner in

burning.

Related Literature

This chapter expenses some research information and related facts gathered by the

researcher with regards to the study. The authors and websites of this vital information were

noted and acknowledge respectively.

Agricultural Waste

Agricultural waste is a waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It

includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughter houses; harvest

waste; fertilizer run-off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and

silt drained from fields (Glossary of Environment statistics, studies in Method, series F, no.

67, United Nations, New York, 1997).

According to Zhang et al. (2011) Agricultural waste have become an increasing

concern in recent years, as they may cause significant environmental problems; however,

they may also be used for several beneficial purposes, as feed stock for energy production,

and for chemical recovery and chemical or dye adsorption. This review is divided into the

following four sections: agricultural waste characterization, waste reuse and recycling, waste

treatment, and waste management and minimization.

A study conducted by Nagle (2011) showed that fruit residuals have high energy

content. Results showed a mean waste-moisture content of 35% - 75% wb, ash contents of

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |2

2.2 - 7.1 wt. % db and a high volatile-matter content of 67 - 73 wt. % db, with heating values

found to range between 18.3 - 19.3 MJ/kg. Faraco (2011) determined that residues from

cereal crops, olive tree, tomato and provided abundant lignocellulosic waste, which can be

considered as potential raw material for large-scale ethanol production.

Biomass Briquette

Biomass briquette are made from agricultural waste and are replacement for fossil

fuels such as oil or coal and can be used to heat boilers in manufacturing plants, and have

applications in developing countries. Biomass briquettes are a renewable source of energy

and avoid adding fossil carbon to the atmosphere.

Several companies in India have switched from furnace oil to biomass briquettes to

save costs on boiler fuels. The use of biomass briquettes is predominant in the southern parts

of India, where coal and furnace oil are being replaced by biomass briquettes. Several units

in Maharashtra (India) are also using biomass briquettes as boiler fuel. Use of biomass

briquettes can earn Carbon Credits for reducing emissions in the atmosphere. Lanxess India

and a few other large companies are supposedly using biomass briquettes also provide more

calorific value/kg and save around 30 - 40 percent of boiler fuel costs. A popular biomass

briquette emerging in developed countries takes a waste produce such as sawdust,

compresses it and then extrudes it to make a reconstituted log that can replace firewood. It is

a similar process to forming a wood pellet but on a larger scale. There are no binders

involved in this process. The natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of wood together

to form a solid. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient than burning firewood.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |3

 Biomass briquettes are bio-fuel substitute to coal and charcoal. Briquettes are mostly

used in the developing world, where cooking fuels are not as easily available. There has been

a move to the use of briquettes in the developed world, where they are used to heat industrial

boilers in order to produce electricity from steam. The briquettes are confided with coal in

order to create the heat supplied to the boiler

Charcoal

Charcoal is a light black residue consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained

by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal vegetation substances.

Charcoal has been used since the earliest times for art and medicines but by far its most

important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Prior to the industrial revolution charcoal was

occasionally used as a cooking fuel. “Charcoal Briquettes” widely used for outdoor grilling

and barbeques in backyards and on camping trips. Like many other sources of carbon,

charcoal can be used to produce various syngas, a typically used as fuel, including

automotive propulsion or as a chemical feedstock. In times of scarce petroleum, automobiles

and even buses have been converted to burn wood gas.

In the study conducted by Arnold, Kohlin and Persson (2006), the last fourty years

have shown marked differences in the assessment of wood fuels in developing countries. In

the 1970s’ the growing dependence upon wood fuels by developing nations was recognized,

and it was predicted that deforestation would have devastating environmental and social

impacts for the rural poor.

However, in 1980s’ there was little evidence of the wood fuel shortages predicted by

Girard (200). Assessments revealed that a significant proportion of wood fuel was coming

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |4

from land cleared for agriculture, originally overlooked in previous studies. Despite this

improved outlook, evidence was available of localized shortages in vulnerable forests,

especially those surrounding urban centres (SEI, 2002).

Theoretical Framework

This study anchors on the theory of carbon-neutral fuel. It is energy systems have no

net green gas emissions. One class is synthetic fuel (including methane, gasoline, diesel fuel,

jet fuel, or ammonia) produce from renewable, sustainable or nuclear energy used to

hydrogenate carbon dioxide directly captured from the air (DAC), recycled from power plant

flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in sea water.

Agricultural waste briquette are in theory of carbon-neutral because the carbon

dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the

bio fuel is burned.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine if agricultural waste briquette can be used as charcoal.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the burning rate of agricultural waste briquette?

2. How rigid and compact is agricultural waste briquette?

3. What is the ignition time of agricultural waste briquette?

Significance of the Study

This study will have a socio-economic benefit and will provide significant

information to the following sectors:

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |5

 For the household. It will help families to afford a cheaper agricultural waste

briquette.

For the community. It will provide alternative income in creating agricultural waste

briquette. For the wood charcoal manufacturers, the information on this research can be used

as basics for considering agricultural wastes as material in making briquettes.

For the LGU-Cotabato City (local government unit). It will give them awareness

in using agricultural waste briquettes as an alternative source of making charcoal.

Definition of Terms

For the purposes of aiding clarity to the approach taken in this paper, the following

definitions of key concepts are used:

Agricultural waste – refers to grains and dry leaves that were used in making agricultural

waste briquette.

Briquette – is made of compressive charcoal, typically made from sawdust and other woody

product with binder and additives.

Charcoal – refers to the hard-black material that is made by burning wood with a small

amount of air.

Biomass – refers to the plant material waste such as grains and dry leaves used as a source of

fuel.

Ignition time – how briquette was well ignited and had entered its steady state burn pace.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |6

 CHAPTER II

METHOD

This chapter presents the research design and the research method used in the study.

It covers a description of the variables, the instruments and procedure that we used. The

method gives the general procedure of the data gathering.

Design

This study uses the experimental design. Experimental design is used in this study

because it undergoes experimentations and the variables are tested. The controlled variable in

this study are temperature, agricultural waste, and environment.

Setting

The laboratory apparatus needed in the study is taken at Science Laboratory of

Cotabato City National High School Main – Campus. The agricultural wastes samples were

taken at 10th street R.H.5 Cotabato City.

Materials

This section presents the raw materials laboratory equipment and necessary materials

used in the study.

Image Name Specification Functions

Agricultural Waste 1 sack contained of The raw material

dry leaves and that will be used in
grains. making agricultural
waste briquette.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |7

 Cassava starch ½ kilogram of It is used as a
cassava starch binder to bind
pulverized
Agricultural waste
compact.
Molder Cylindrical shape It is used to
and it is made of compact the
aluminum or a thin pulverized
coated steel. agricultural waste.

Mallets Wooden mallets It is used to

pulverize the
heated Agricultural
waste.

Cylindrical shape It is used to heat

and it is made of the agricultural
Carbonizing drum aluminum or a thin waste.
coated steel.

Procedure

The agricultural waste was harvested, chopped into small pieces to enhance its

workability and compactness. It was sun dried for 3 days. The dried agricultural waste were

placed in carbonizing drum and heated for 25-30 minutes. After thirty (30) minutes of

heating, the dried agricultural waste was grounded into powder. A binder was prepared from

cassava starch solution and mixed with the agricultural waste powder. The mixture material

was loaded into the cylindrical molder and thickness, the agricultural waste briquette was

removed from the molder and sun-dried for 2 to 3 days.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |8

 Agricultural Waste

Manual harvests, Chop, and Dry

Carbonization

Binding Agent

Agricultural Briquettes

Figure 1.1: Procedure Flowchart

Limitations of the Study

This study will only be limited to produce agricultural waste as briquette. Agricultural

wastes such as grain and dry leaves are used in producing briquettes. Procedure and scientific

processing are done using different procedure done by the wood charcoal manufacturers.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal |9

 CHAPTER III

RESULTS

This section of the study discusses the experimentation, results and recommendations.

Table 1.1 Burning rate of the agricultural waste briquette.

Sample Product Mass of the Product Burning Rate per Minutes

5 mins. 10 mins. 15 mins.

Agricultural Waste Briquette Initial Weight (Q1) 10g 10g 10g

Final Weight (Q2) 9.2g 7.8g 6.7g

Agricultural Waste Briquette

5 minutes: BR = Q1-Q2 10 minutes: BR = Q1-Q2 10 minutes: BR = Q1-Q2

= 10g - 9.2g =10g - 7.8g =10g - 6.7g

BR = 0.8g BR = 2.2g BR = 3.3g

Table 1.1 shows the burning rate per minutes of the agricultural waste briquette, this

means that the agricultural waste briquette loss 0.87g from 10 grams of its original weight

10g in 5 minutes, then 2.2g in 10 minutes and 3.3g in 15 minutes. The higher the mass loss

means the faster burning rate; this also means that agricultural waste briquette proved its

potential and effectiveness to be used as an alternative charcoal.

Table 1.2 Rigidity and Compactness of agricultural waste.

Sample Product Rigidity Compactness

Agricultural Waste Briquette Firm Hardly packed

Table 1.2 shows that agricultural waste briquette is firm in terms of its rigidity and

hardly packed in terms of its compactness.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 10

 Table 1.3 Ignition time of agricultural waste briquette.

Sample Product Ignition Time

Agricultural Waste Briquette 2 minutes

Table 1.3 shows that the ignition time of agricultural waste briquette is 2 minutes.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 11

 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

The researchers conducted an actual tests and experimentations in agricultural waste

briquette. It was tested in terms of its burning rate per minutes such as 5 mins, 10 mins and

15 mins. After experimentations and tests conducted in this research study; the burning rate,

ignition time, rigidity and compactness was ascertain and determined. Agricultural waste

briquette loss 0.87g from 10 grams of its original weight in 5 minutes, then 2.2g in 10

minutes and 3.3g in 15 minutes. Agricultural waste briquette is firm in terms of its rigidity

and hardly packed in terms of its compactness and the ignition time is 2 minutes. Agricultural

waste briquette proved its potential and effectiveness to be used as an alternative charcoal.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on agricultural waste briquette used as charcoal. Agricultural

waste briquette is only limited for 45-50 minutes cooking period and can be breakable if

stored for a long period of time.

IMPLICATION

The agricultural waste briquette has various applications in charcoal production of the

modern world. It is used as an alternative charcoal that can potentially displace fossil fuel

(reduce emission) and can prevent and provide as an alternative forest degradation, loss of

biodiversity charcoal in many households who cannot afford to buy expensive stoves and

commercially produced charcoal. The first charcoal was first invented and patented by

Ellsworth B. A Zuwoyer pf Pennsylvania in 1897 and was produced by the Zuwoyer Fuel

Company the process was further popularized by Henry Ford; wo used wood and saw dust by

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 12

products from automobile fabrication as a feed stock (Hugh, 2018). The first scientific study

of the absorptive properties of charcoal was made by the Swedish scientist Cave Willhelm

Scheele in the late 18th century (Harris, 1999).

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 13

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY

This section contains the summary of results, recommendations, and conclusion. The

following results were evident:

Based on the scientific conduct and process of this research agricultural waste

briquette has the potential ability to be used as an alternative source of charcoal. The

agricultural waste briquette has right quality, long burning period, non-smoking and odor

free. This study greatly helped us in our environment, provided alternative income and

created employment opportunities.

Conclusion

After actual tests and experimentation in this study, agricultural waste briquettes have

higher and fast burning rate, firm and hardly packed, and have long burning period. The

researchers therefore conclude that agricultural waste briquettes are a good source of

alternative charcoal.

Recommendation

To provide a more effective agricultural waste briquette, the following are necessary:

1. The researchers should conduct further studies to find out more processes to create a new

product out of agricultural waste.

2. Wood charcoal manufacturers should consider agricultural waste briquette as a new

material in producing commercial charcoal.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 14

3. There should be machines or complete equipment in making the process of agricultural

waste briquettes.

4. There should be enough space for the manufacturers in making agricultural waste

briquettes.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 15

 REFERENCES

Books

Bortman, M.P.B, and Cunningham, M.A. (2003). Environment Encyclopedia. Vol. 1, 3rd
edition

Bun ton W. (2006) Crops and production. New York: Science Publishing Ltd.

Fourest, E. and Roux, C.J. (1992) Applied Biotechnology. 37 (4): 238 – 403.

Mead, M.N. (2010) Briquetting: How the processing of briquetting? Technology 118 (2):
A529 – A534.

Websites

Acheampong, M.A, Pereira, J.P.C, Meulepas, R.J.W, and Lens, P.N.L. (2011) Biosorption of
Cu(II) onto agricultural materials from tropical regions. Charcoal Briquette from
https://madehow.com?volume-4?charcoal-briquette.html

ECO fuels (2009) biomass fuel briquette production, environmental conservation and income
generation for sustainable development from
https://www.legacyfound.org/?gclid=COTHmrPBoreCFULapQodJF4Ai

Water Environment Federation (2012) Water Environment Research, volume 84, number 10
from https://www.researchgate.net

Thesis

Andrade M. J. A. (2016). Ecological Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)

Briquettes as an Alternative Source of Fuel.

Herd A. R. C. (2007). Exploring the Socio-Economic Role of Charcoal and the Potential for
Sustainable Production in the Chicale Regulado, Mozambique.

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 16

 Appendix A
Making the Write ups

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 17

 Appendix B

Making the Product

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 18

 Appendix C

CURRICULUM VITAE

COTABATO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- MAIN CAMPUS

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

CURRICULUM VITAE

MELINE FORTON MOLDIN

20 JUNE 2001
Rosales Street RH6 Cotabato City

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Sero Central School

March 2013

Junior High School: Lipata National Highschool

April 2017

Senior High School: Cotabato City National High School-Main Campus

Track: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
April 2019

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 19

Trainings and Seminars Attended

Peace forum on BOL

EM Manor convention Hall, Cotabato City
October2018

Division Journalism Training and Seminar

Sero Central Elementary School

October 2018

Science Investigatory Project Workshop

Science Laboratory, CCNHS-Main campus

Division Science fair and exhibit

Cotabato city State Polytechnic College Gymnasium
September 2017
English Feature Writing
Notre Dame Village National Highschool
Gender and Development Seminar
CCNHS-Main campus Gymnasium2017

Positions Held

The Fortress torch Feature writer

CCNHS-Main campus

2017-2018

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 20

Commendations and Awards

With High Honors

Lipata Cebu National High School
April 2017

3rd placer in Collaborative publishing DSPC

Notre dame of Cotabato, 2018

2nd placer in individual feature writing seminar workshop

Notre Dame of Cotabato, 2018
2nd placer Arnis sport
CCNHS-Main Campus 2017
1st Quarter with Honor
2nd Quarter with High Honor
3rd Quarter with Honor
CCNHS-Main campus
Grade 12 STEM Sincerity,2018

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 21

 COTABATO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- MAIN CAMPUS

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

CURRICULUM VITAE

MARIA JANNEL A. ANDRADE

21 November 2000
Pascual Subdivision, Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City
yashashreequinn@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Cotabato City Central Pilot School

March 2013

Junior High School: Cotabato City National High School Main- Campus
April 2017

Senior High School: Cotabato City National High School-Main Campus

Track: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
April 2019

Trainings and Seminars Attended

Division Journalism Training & Seminar

Sero Central School
October 2018

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 22

REPASSI
El Comedor, Cotabato City
October 2018
Editorial Cartooning Seminar
Notre Dame Village National High School
October 2017
Division Science Fair & Exhibit
Cotabato City State Polytechnic College
September 2017
GSP Kick-Off
October 2018
U4U Teen Trail
Notre Dame Village National High School

Positions Held

Barkada Kontra Droga President, CCNHS-Main Campus

2018- to date
The Fortress Torch Editor-in-Chief, CCNHS-Main Campus
2018- to date
Shakespearian Club Member, CCNHS-Main Campus
2017- to date

Commendations and Awards

Division Science Quiz Bee (1st Placer)
Notre Dame Village National High School
October 2018

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 23

Division Science Quiz Bee (1st Placer)
Notre Dame Village National High School
October 2017
DSPC Editorial Cartooning (1st Placer)
Notre Dame Cotabato
November 2017
Face Painting, ALNOR Convention Hall (1st Placer)
April 2018
Calligraphy, ALNOR Convention Hall (1st Placer)
May 2018
Intramurals Power Dance Competition (3dr Placer)
August 2018
Division POPQUIZ (1st Placer)
November 2018
Regional POPQUIZ (3dr Placer)
November 2018
Division Level Evaluation of Search for Outstanding BKD Implementer in Secondary School
207-2018 (Champion)
June 2018
Division Level Evaluation of Search for Outstanding BKD Implementer in Secondary School
207-2018 (2nd Placer)
August 2018
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Awardee (Champion) 2018
HIV- Best Poster Making Contest (2nd Placer) 2018
We Make Change For Woman Poster Making Contest (1st Placer)
March 2017

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 24

 COTABATO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- MAIN CAMPUS

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

CURRICULUM VITAE

NADJMUSSAHAR LAUBAN BANTO

30 JANUARY 2001
10th street R.H.5, Cotabato City
nadjbanto@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Sero Central Elementaryt School

March 2013

Junior High School: Cotabato City National High School Main- Campus
April 2017

Senior High School: Cotabato City National High School-Main Campus

Track: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
April 2019

Trainings and Seminars Attended

Science Investigatory Project Workshop

Science Laboratory, CCNHS - Main campus

Division Science Fair and Exhibit

Cotabato City State Polytechnic College Gymnasium

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 25

September 2017

Positions Held

Muslim Student Organization Member, CCNHS - Main Campus

2019- to date

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 26

 COTABATO CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- MAIN CAMPUS

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

CURRICULUM VITAE

JAMSHED M. SARIBO
08 JUNE 2001
MB Bagua, Manday street Cotabato City
jamshedsaribo08@gmail.com

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Cotabato City Central Pilot School

March 2013

Junior High School: Cotabato City National High School Main- Campus
April 2017

Senior High School: Cotabato City National High School-Main Campus

Track: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
April 2019

Trainings and Seminars Attended

Science Investigatory Project Workshop

Science Laboratory, CCNHS - Main campus

Division Science Fair and Exhibit

Cotabato City State Polytechnic College Gymnasium

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 27

September 2017

Positions Held

Muslim Student Organization Member, CCNHS - Main Campus

2020- to date

Agricultural Waste Briquette used as Charcoal | 28