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Essential
Vocabulary
for the

• More than 1,000 words from the Academic Word List

and common campus vocabulary
• Strategies, reading texts, exercises, dialogues, and more

70 minutes of recordings on MP3 audio disk

McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

be found in the TOEFL ® test reading and listening (lecture) sections. (The TOEFL ® test
reading section features three readings of about 700 words and the listening section
features four academic lectures to listen to. The TOEFL ® test writing section includes
shorter 200- to 300-word texts and lectures to respond to.)
The AWL words in the following readings are indicated in bold type. Other useful
words are underlined. Do not consult a dictionary as you do the exercises; rather, try
to use the strategies in Chapter 3 to determirw the meaning from context or eliminate
words that you know are wrong.

��m , The audio icon indicates that you can also listen to recordings of these readings.

Reading 1:
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity

In 1905, German-born physicist Albert Einstein published his "special theory of

relativity," which forced scientists to revise long-held notions related to mass
and energy, and gave the world its most recognizable equation.
For centuries, scientists considered mass and energy to be distinct and
unrelated concepts. Einstein's theory, however, revealed that these building
blocks of the physical world were actually the same thing, just in different
forms. Einstein demonstrated that mass (m) and energy (E) are equal,
as long as they are multiplied by the speed of light (c) times itself (2). The
mathematical result was the now famous equation E = mc2 •
The simplicity of Einstein's short equation would seem to contradict its
inherent complexity and far-reaching implications into space, time, energy,
and mass. Put simply, E = mc2 means that if a tiny amount of mass is multiplied
by the speed of light squared, it can be converted into huge amounts of
energy-with dramatic results. The consequences of this "simple" conversion
can be seen in an atomic bomb's massive power or in the Big Bang theory of
the origins of the universe.
Einstein's theory of relativity has held up for a century. Numerous
experiments have been conducted over the past hundred years to test
Einstein's ideas, and all have confirmed that the speed of light is constant,
regardless of the observer's motion.
 How to use vocabulary from the Academic Word List

Reading 2:
The effects of meteorite impacts
on biological evolution

Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorites have collided with Earth.
There is increasing scientific evidence that these collisions have had
significant effects in the field of biological evolution. Since the Earth is a
target in a cosmic shooting gallery, impacts of this nature continue to pose a
natural hazard to life on Earth.
If a meteorite impact is sufficient in magnitude, it can cause an ecological
catastrophe. The best-documented case occurred 65 million years ago at
the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history when a meteorite in
excess of a trillion tons and at least 10 kilometers in diameter crashed into the
Earth. This break in geological history is marked by a mass extinction, when as
many as half the species on the planet perished. While a dozen or more mass
extinctions have since been recorded, the Cretaceous mass extinction has
always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the
dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished,
only to disappear suddenly and mysteriously.
According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions may be
attributed to such impacts. Such a perspective fundamentally alters our
view of biological evolution. The standard criterion for the survival of a
species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly
changing environments. Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a
species to survive random global ecological catastrophes.
• • McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 3:
The United States voting system

Critics say that current voting systems in the United States are inefficient and
responsible for the inaccurate counting of votes. Miscounts can be especially
damaging if an election is closely contested. Instead of conventional
ballot systems, critics would like to see the wide�pread implementation of
computerized voting systems.
In traditional voting, frequent errors can occur by sheer accident. Voters
usually have to locate and indicate their choice of candidate by marking
an X on a large sheet of paper, or ballot, containing a list of many names.
People with poor eyesight can easily mark the wrong name. Conversely,
computerized voting machines employ easy-to-use touch-screen technology.
To cast a vote, a voter needs only to touch the candidate's name on the screen
to record a vote. Voters can even have the computer magnify the name for
easier viewing.
Another major problem with old voting systems is that they rely heavily
on people to tally the votes. Officials must often count ballots and record
votes individually. Since they have to deal with thousands of ballots, mistakes
are inevitable. If an error is detected, a time-consuming and expensive
recount has to take place. In contrast, computerized systems remove the
incidence of human error, since all the vote counting is done quickly and
automatically.
Finally some people maintain that installing voting technology
nationwide is too risky. However, without giving it a thought, governments
and individuals alike trust complex computer technology to be perfectly
accurate in daily banking transactions as well as in the communication
of highly sensitive information. So, why not entrust computers with our
elections?
 How to use vocabulary from the Academic Word List

Reading 4:
The legacy of the Chernobyl
nuclear disaster

On April 26, 1986, the worst nuclear accident in history occurred at the
Chernobyl nuclear power plant outside Pripyat, Ukraine, when a powerful
explosion released four hundred times the amounts of radiation that
fell in the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima at the end of World War II.
Although a relatively small number of people died in the blast, the long-term
repercussions on humans and the environment will be felt for centuries.
Shortly after 1 :00 a.m., a steam explosion during a routine test in the
plant's No. 4 reactor triggered a second explosion and ignited a massive fire.
Unaware of lethal radiation levels, firefighters, rescue workers, and cleanup
crews arrived without protective clothing. As a result, 28 of the 31 reported
deaths wer� a direct result of radiation exposure.
The Soviet government was slow to warn the public about hazardous
radiation in the air. Thirty-six hours after the explosion, 45,000 residents
(mostly from Pripyat) were evacuated from a 10-kilometer area around the
plant. Two days later, more than 100,000 other citizens were evacuated from
an established 30-kilometer "exclusion zone."
In the years following the disaster, the effects of radiation have been
devastating. Many babies in Belarus were born with multiple holes in their
hearts-a condition known as "Chernobyl heart." The number of thyroid
cancer cases in victims younger than 14 at the time of the explosion exceeds
the national average. Many of the 600,000 "liquidators" who helped clean
up over the years have reported numerous health problems. Their children's
health has been affected as well.
The accident contaminated farmlands and endangered water supplies
in much of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Initially animals were exposed to
harmful radiation, but later, in the absence of humans in the 30-km exclusion
zone, their populations recovered and flourished.
Today, reactor No. 4 is still encased in an aging concrete sarcophagus.
Despite radiation warnings, some residents have returned to the 30-km zone.
But no one is permitted to live in the more strictly enforced 10-km zone where
radiation levels prohibit human habitation for the next 100 to 200 years.
• • McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 5:
The stock market crash of 1929

The financial exuberance and prosperity of the late 1920s came to an abrupt
halt on Thursday, October 24, 1929-dubbed "Black Thursday"-when the
stock market lost 23 percent of its value. The crash devastated the global
economy and sent much of the world spiraling into an economic depression.
Following World War I, increased industrial and agricultural production
propelled dramatic economic growth in the United States. Wages increased
and American consumers purchased homes, automobiles, household
appliances, and stock on credit. Between 1920 and 1929, the stock market was
considered a sure bet, and inexperienced working-class American investors
staked their life savings or borrowed heavily from banks in hopes of making a
killing on the booming market.
The combination of wild spending and easily obtainable credit was a
recipe for disaster. Banks obliged eager investors who were caught up in
the borrowing and buying frenzy but who failed to recognize-or even
consider-that the bubble would ever burst. Stock values for some companies
inflated by as much as 450 percent, but when irrational market values were
realized, share prices plummeted as investors panicked and pulled out of the
market. On October 24 the market buckled, and on October 29, 1929-known
now as "Black Tuesday"-it collapsed.
By the end of 1929 investors had lost $100 billion in assets. The crash left
many families in financial ruin, and Black Tuesday is generally considered the
beginning of the Great Depression. Not only was investor confidence shaken,
but consumer demand for goods also declined, production decreased, and
unemployment in the United States jumped from just 3 percent in 1929 to
25 percent by 1933. It wasn't until after the United States entered World War II
in late 1941 that the economy finally began to stabilize.
• • McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 6:
AIDS in America

On July 3, 1981, the New York Times reported that a rare form of skin cancer
had mysteriously appeared in forty-one homosexual men in New York City
and San Francisco. Although very little was known about the disease at
the time, the article was one of the first to spotlight the now-global AIDS
epidemic.
In the fall of 1981, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) declared the
unknown disease an epidemic. A year later, the CDC linked the disease to
blood and gave it the name Acquired 1m·mune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Even though the CDC had assumed early on that AIDS was transmitted
through sexual activity, the actual cause and transmission route remained
undetermined until 1984, when Dr. Robert Gallo at the National Cancer
Institute and Dr. Luc Montagnier at the lnstitut Pasteur in Paris, France,
a·nnounced they had co-discovered the virus that caused AIDS. The following
year, the name Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was coined.
By 1983, intravenous drug users, Haitians, hemophiliacs, and women who
had AIDS-infected partners were considered at high risk of contracting the
disease. Because gay men were the first to exhibit symptoms, media reports
often referred to AIDS as "Gay Cancer" or Gay-Related Immunodeficiency
Disease, and these biased reports precipitated a social backlash against
homosexuals.
Despite national media attention, public concern, and thousands of deaths
around the world, including that of popular actor Rock Hudson in 1985, the
U.S. government did little to make HIV/AIDS a national and global health
priority. President Ronald Reagan did not mention AIDS publicly until 1987,
and Republican Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina cut federal funding for
 How to use vocabulary from the Academic Word List

AIDS educational materials that "promote or encourage, directly or indirectly,

homosexual activities." The so-called "no promo homo" amendment
required materials to remove any mention of anal intercourse, which by that
time was known to be a primary way in which HIV/AIDS was transmitted.
According to the AIDS.gov website, approximately 1.2 million adults and
adolescents in the United States were living with HIV at the end of 2008.
Thanks to improved funding for education, fewer Americans are dying of
AIDS. In parts of the world, however, the epidemic is severe. More than 25
million of the estimated 39.4 million people in the world who have HIV live
in sub-Saharan Africa.

EXERCISE 8-16

Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the word from Reading 6.

1. link a. transport b. suggest c. connect

2. assume a. accept b. conclude c. adopt

3. transmit a. send b. transfer c. carry

4. exhibit a. demonstrate b. display c. describe

5. biased a. false b. ridiculous c. prejudiced

6. priority a. preference b. main concern c. issue

7. promote a. further b. upgrade c. publicize

8. amendment a. adaptation b. change c. prohibition

9. require a. acquire b. desire c. need

10. primary a. predominant b. first c. elementary

McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 7: The Lewis and Clark

expedition of 1803-1806

When Thomas Jefferson became president of the United States in 1801,

about two thirds of the American population was confined to an area within
50 miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Two years into his presidency, and interested
primarily in the port of New Orleans, Jefferson agreed to acquire the entire
820,000-square-mile Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte. On
April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was signed; at a cost of $15 million,
Jefferson's deal doubled the size of the United States.
In a confidential letter to Congress, Jefferson requested funds for an
exploratory expedition from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. With
the approved $2,500 as financing, Jefferson chose his private secretary,
Captain Meriwether Lewis, and Lewis's friend, Lieutenant William Clark,
to head up what was called the Corps of Discovery.
With few reliable maps of the region in existence, the journey of the
Corps of Discovery would prove to be an ambitious undertaking beset with
hardship. On May 14, 1804, Lewis and Clark set out with a team of thirty-three
members trained in botany, zoology, outdoor survival, and other scientific
skills in search of a passage between the Mississippi and the Pacific.
Their mission included instructions to collect data on the Native
American population, indigenous plant and animal life, minerals, rivers,
lakes, and trade possibilities. By November 1805 their journey had taken
them 8,000 miles up the Missouri River, over the Continental Divide, and
along the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Trapper and guide Toussaint
Charbonneau assisted the expedition and his Shoshone wife, Sacagawea,
interpreted, providing valuable advice on edible and medicinal native
plants. Despite hunger, sickness, and the hardships of a difficult terrain,
the expedition returned amid fanfare to St. Louis on September 23, 1806.
Not only did Clark's detailed maps lay the groundwork for futu�e
migration westward, but the expedition fulfilled Manifest Destiny, a popular
ideology at the time that Anglo Americans would expand their civilization
across the North American continent.
1 : McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 8:
Alan Turing and the test for
artificial intelligence

Although the term was coined by American visionary and computer scientist
John McCarthy, artificial intelligence was pioneered by British mathematician,
logician, and cryptographer Alan Turing, a preeminent thinker who was well
ahead of his time.
Turing earned degrees at Cambridge and Princeton in mathematics and
mathematical logic, and in 1936 he conceived the "Turing Machine," an
abstract information-processing mathematical model that foreshadowed
digital computers. During World War II, Turing was a member of the top-secret
code-breaking team at England's Bletchley Park, where he and his comrades
were able to create a machine that could decode Germany's "Enigma"
machine. In 1945, he designed the Automatic Computing Engine, which was
too expensive to build at the time. In the 1950s, he turned his intellect to
theories of artificial intelligence, and in order to provide empirical evidence
to support his ideas, he devised the first test to determine if machines could
think. The Turing Test was an adaptation of a Victorian game called the
imitation game, in which an interrogator asks two secluded participants
questions and guesses from their written answers which is the man and which
the woman.
In the Turing Test, a computer takes the place of the male contestant. If the
interrogator cannot differentiate between the human and the computer, it
could be concluded that the computer was thinking. So far computers have
performed badly in the Turing Test; however, their inability to fool people
does not preclude the possibility that one day machines will be able to think
independently and creatively.
In 1952, Turing, who was openly gay, was prevented from pursuing
his progress in computers after he was convicted of "gross indecency" and
stripped of his British government security clearance. On June 7, 1954, he
committed suicide by eating an apple dipped in cyanide. Despite his untimely
death, his far-reaching ideas continue to have an impact on the development
of intelligent machines to this day.
 How to use vocabulary from the Academic Word List

Reading 9:
The legacy of William Shakespeare

Almost four hundred years after his death, William Shakespeare's dramas still
draw crowds, and details about his life continue to reinforce the reputation
of the world's most renowned playwright. Shakespeare's exact birth date is
unknown, but it is believed to be April 23, 1564, as it is close to his baptismal
date, April 26. His supposed birth date coincides with the date of his death,
which is also April 23.
Few official documents apart from sundry property records, court
documents, tax records, and a will exist to substantiate the details of
Shakespeare's life. Born and raised at Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he
presumably attended Stratford Grammar School. Church records show that in
November 1582, at age 18, he married Anne Hathaway. By 1594, Shakespeare
was an actor, published poet, and playwright, and beginning in 1599, he
became part owner of the Globe Theatre. Because the few known facts about
his life are so prosaic, speculation about "the real Shakespeare" abounds with
an almost cultlike fervor.
While details of his life are sparse, the brilliance of Shakespeare's work
goes unchallenged. Shakespeare's canon currently comprises thirty-eight
plays written between 1590 and 1612 and consists of histories, comedies,
tragedies, and romances. Shakespeare contributed thousands of words to the
English language (fanged, birthplace, arch-villain) and expanded the dramatic
possibilities of blank verse, making it mimic the rhythm of speech even as he
elevated speech to poetry. He heightened the psychological realism of his
characters, making their struggles endlessly adaptable to theater in different
times and places.
Shakespeare discoveries, though rare, continue to make news. In June 2012,
archaeologists finally located the foundation of the lost Curtain Theatre in
London, where Henry Vand Romeo and Juliet would have first been staged.
One wonders if Shakespeare foresaw his legacy when he composed these
lines in Julius Caesar: "How many ages hence/Shall this our lofty scene be
acted over/In states unborn and accents yet unknown!"?
 How to use vocabulary from the Academic Word List

Reading 10:
The Panama Canal opens

On August 14, 1914, th,e first ship passed completely through the man-made
Panama Canal. Eliminating roughly 8,000 miles from the only alternate
route around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, the SO-mile
canal created a direct shipping route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
through the Isthmus of Panama in Central America.
Between 1904 and 1914, engineers and workers excavated 211 million
cubic yards of earth and rock from hills, dense jungles, and swamps;
constructed the world's largest dam and man-made lake; and built three sets
of double locks, the largest concrete pour in the world at that time. The largest
American engineering project up to that date is designated one of the Seven
Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
In the late 1800s, Colombia had sold the rights to build a canal across
the province of Panama to a succession of French interests. The French
began digging in 1882, but, lacking the technology and tools, the project
terminated in bankruptcy. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, the U.S.
Congress sought,:: a shorter route to move ships from the West Coast to Cuba
and agreed to buy the Panamanian rights from the French in 1902. Colombia
rejected the treaty in 1903, and a group of Panamanians, anticipating the
loss of a lucrative prospect, declared their independence from Colombia. The
United States hastily ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, recognizing the
independent Republic of Panama. In return the United States procured the
use and control of the 10-mile-wide Panama Canal Zone in perpetuity.
Over the next 10 years, construction of the canal would cost $380 million
and 5,600 lives. Just as water filled the canal during the final three weeks in
preparation for the 1914 grand opening ceremonies, World War I broke out.
The steamship 55 Ancon made the first complete passage through the canal
to little fanfare.

*Sought is the irregular past form and past participle of the verb seek.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

The academic words in the following readings are indicated in bold type. Do not
consult a dictionary as you do the exercises; rather, try to use the strategies in Chapter 3 to
determine the meaning from context or eliminate words that you know are wrong.

. Reading 1:
Sigmund Freud

Recognized as the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud continues

to have a profound and lasting influence on contemporary humanity and
culture. During his lifetime his work.was debated, as it still is, and often
rejected in scientific and medical circles as selfish, speculative, and flawed.
However, his central theories about sexuality, repressed emotions, the
power of dreams, and the autonomy of the human mind have become
tenets of the self in modern society.
Freud studied medicine at the University of Vienna during a period when
Vienna was vibrant, romantic, and alive with political intrigue and opposing
scientific thought. This contentious climate helped shape Freud's thought
and contributed significantly to his life's work. Freud received his medical
degree in 1881, and after studying in Paris under neurologist Jean-Martin
Charcot, he returned to Vienna where he collaborated with Dr. Josef Breuer
on a paper called On the Physical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena (1893).
Their research promoted the treatment of hysteria by hypnosis, which would
help patients discharge unresolved emotional energy. Poorly received by
the scientific community, the paper signalled the first stirrings of modern
psychoanalysis.
In 1902, Freud became an associate professor at the University of Vienna
and published some of his most famous work. Interpretation of Dreams
presented his views about repressed memories surfacing in the volatile
subconscious. Psychopathology of Everyday Life introduced the now-famous
concept of a Freudian slip, or the way in which menial events and occurrences
can reveal the inner workings of our minds. Later, Three Essays on the Theory of
Sexuality tied the development of the human sex drive to childhood.
' McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 2: The race for space

On October 4, 1957, the U.S.S.R. successfully launched Sputnik 7 from the

Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, making it the first country to orbit
a man-made satellite around the Earth. Although the launch was the first
of many milestones to emanate from the burgeoning space programs in
the United States and Soviet Union, the event had a major impact on the
political climate between the two countries.
At the time, the two superpowers were engaged in a "cold war" of
competing political ideologies-communism in the Soviet Union, and
democracy in the United States. The U.S.S.R. used its victory in space to assert
communism's supremacy over the democratic system. Meanwhile, many
Americans feared the Soviet Union could utilize its satellite technology to
spy on the United States or its rockets to spearhead a nuclear attack. The
possibility that tensions could explode into full-scale nuclear war became a
major international concern.
The United States' first success after an embarrassing failure to launch its
Vanguard rocket in December 1957 came on January 31, 1958, with the launch
of its satellite, Explorer 7. In that same year, the United States escalated its
space program with increased funding for the establishment of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. In May 1961, President John F. Kennedy
upped the ante with a challenge to land a man on the moon before the end
of the decade. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 77 landed American astronauts Neil
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon's surface.
Whether the lunar landing signaled the end of the space race is
debatable. It's generally agreed, however, that the race which began with
Sputnik I provided some brighter moments in an otherwise tense cold war
climate, as both countries pushed each other's space programs to new
heights.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 3:
The 1906 San Francisco
earthquake and fire

Shortly before sunrise at 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, a massive earthquake
rocked San Francisco, California, for nearly a minute. For stunned San
Franciscans, a 72-hour ordeal yvas just beginning.
As the shaking subsided, broken gas lines fueled thirty fires across the
city. Blazes raged out 9f control for the next three days, incinerating the
central business district and reducing five hundred city blocks-almost
five square miles-to smoldering ruins. Troops were called in to help keep
order and assist firefighters. Citizens were forced to evacuate at bayonet point,
and looters were shot on sight.
Residents crowded into parks and military installations, where makeshift
accommodations were set up. For months, soldiers and Red Cross workers
distributed food and supplies to survivors. Remarkably, the enforcement of
sanitation measures averted widespread outbreaks of disease amongst the
population.
Altogether the earthquake and ensuing fires destroyed 28,000 buildings,
killed 3,000 people, and left 250,000 homeless. At the time, property losses
were assessed at $250 million. Outside of San Francisco, communities all along
the San Andreas Fault suffered damage. Estimated at anywhere between 7.7
and 8.3 on the Richter Scale, the earthquake is notable for its unprecedented
range, which stretched from southern Oregon all the way south to Los
Angeles and as far east a_s central Nevada. The rupture extended roughly
290 miles with displacements as wide as twenty feet.
The 1906 earthquake marked the beginning of American seismic research
and preparedness. A landmark state-sponsored study published in 1908
showed the importance of seismic observation and engineering construction
standards.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 4:
Don Quixote de la Mancha

"In a certain corner of La Mancha, the name of which I do not choose to

remember, there lately lived one of those country gentlemen, who adorn
their halls with a rusty lance and worm-eaten target, and ride forth on the
skeleton of a horse, to course with a sort of a starved greyhound."
So begins the first modern novel, Don Quixote de la Mancha, by Miguel
de Cervantes. Born near Madrid, Spain, in 1547, Cervantes was a courageous
soldier, government clerk, and literary figure who endured five years of
incarceration at the hands of Barbary pirates. At first glimpse the novel he
wrote seems to satirize books of chivalry, but on deeper inspection, one
comes to appreciate it as a comic masterpiece.
Don Quixote de la Mancha is a parody of the romances of the time that
featured knights and damsels in distress and served as a platform for larger
themes regarding the nature of art and reality and the tension between
them. Published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, this massive text chronicles
the escapades of Don Quixote, a scraggly lord of the manor so besotted
with books of chivalry that he ventures out into the world to seek his own
adventures. He deludes himself into thinking prostitutes are ladies in waiting,
that seedy inns are noble castles, and that windmills are evil giants. Along the
way, he picks up one of literature's first sidekicks, Sancho Panza, a simple soul
who recognizes Quixote's delusions but tags along as his squire anyway. The
lengthy novel became a worldwide success in Cervantes's time and paved the
way for the picaresque novels of the eighteenth century, such as Tom Jones.
, McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading S:
Haiti's independence

During the eighteenth century, Haiti-or Saint-Domingue as it was known

at the time-was France's most lucrative colony. More than 500,000 slaves
were imported from western Africa to work thousands of coffee, sugar,
cocoa, and tobacco plantations.
The French Revolution of 1789 spurred revolutionary fever in Haiti as
well. Slaves outnumbered wealthy plantation owners ten to one, and the
brutality they had been enduring at the hands of the white colonists set the
stage for a violent conflict. In August 1791, a slave named Boukman led an
uprising during which slaves burned plantations to the ground and used any
weapon at their disposal to indiscriminately kill whites. After only three weeks,
infighting between different slave factions weakened their position and
enabled white slave owners to regroup and retaliate.
During the conflict, Pierre Toussaint, a savvy military leader, organized
and strengthened 55,000 former slaves to defeat both France and Britain
by 1798. In 1800 rebel forces liberated the entire island from French rule.
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was not about to relinquish control over Saint­
Domingue, however, and deployed 20,000 men to reestablish French rule.
In January 1802 French soldiers arrived, and in May Toussaint surrendered.
Although France assured Toussaint peaceful retirement after the war, he was
betrayed, captured, and imprisoned. He died in April 1803.
Two of Toussaint's lieutenants-Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri
Christophe-resumed the fight and defeated Napoleon's forces on
November 18, 1803. On New Year's Day 1804, Dessalines declared the
country's independence, making Haiti the first black-governed republic in
the western hemisphere.
After a bloody twelve-year revolt, Haiti was in shambles. Most of
the plantations had been destroyed, and the United States, Spain, and
Britain, which still practiced slavery, did little to foster the young nation's
development. In October 1804 Dessalines crowned himself Jacques I, Emperor
of Haiti, but in October 1806 Haitians resisted Dessalines's despotic governing
sty\e, and he was assassinated in October 1806.
 How to use advanced vocabulary in an academic context

Despite its post-independence hardships, Haiti inspired uprisings abroad.

In the United States, slave rebellions led in 1831 by Nat Turner and in 1859 by
white abolitionist John Brown demonstrated that the struggle to end slavery
was not insurmountable.

EXERCISE 9-13

Match the vocabulary from Reading 5 with the word that is closest in meaning.

1. lucrative a. crusader

2. faction b. tyrannical

3. retaliate c. unconquerable

4. relinquish d. group

5. resume e. stimulate

6. foster f. renounce

7. despotic g. fight back

8. inspire h. promote

9. abolitionist i. continue

10. insurmountable j. profitable

EXERCISE 9-14

Complete each of the following sentences with the appropriate word in bold
type from Reading 5. Be sure to use the correct form of each verb and to
pluralize nouns if necessary.

1. Nelson Mandela ___________ black South Africans to

overcome their suffering during the apartheid regime.

2. When the army moved into the capital, the rebels

___________ control and fled into the mountains.

� 1 McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 6:
Booker T. Washington and
the Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington was an influential educator, thinker, orator, and

civil rights crusader in a time of great change for the United States and
tremendous hardship for black Americans. Born into a Virginia slave
settlement in 1856, Washington moved with his family after emancipation
to West Virginia, where they labored in the salt mines.
Longing for an education, Washington set out on foot at the age of sixteen
for the Hampton Institute, a preparatory school for former slaves located
hundreds of miles away in Virginia. The resourceful Washington funded his
education with a janitor's wages and impressed his teachers with his curiosity
and intellectual drive. After completing his studies in 1875, Washington
worked briefly as a schoolteacher in West Virginia but soon returned to
Hampton Institute as a full-fledged faculty member.
In 1881, Hampton founder Samuel Chapman Armstrong asked Washington
to head up a newly founded black school with no staff, a ramshackle
classroom building, and on a few thousand dollars in funding at Tuskegee,
Alabama, for the practical training of blacks in trades and professions.
The Tuskegee Institute benefited financially from Washington's skills as a
speechmaker and energetic fund-raiser, and in addition to developing its
curriculum, Washington established an agriculture school headed by George
Washington Carver.
At Tuskegee students were urged to become educators themselves
and spread knowledge to the disenfranchised. Vocational trades and
farming were emphasized, and Washington insisted on physical and moral
cleanliness. He believed the promotion and support of job skills and strong
character would bring economic and social progress more rapidly than
the push for higher education. Although his theories and opinions were at
times contentious, Washington provided a role model to African Americans
struggling against the racial antagonism of the era, and he remained a
tireless advocate for economic progress and social equality.
 How to use advanced vocabulary in an academic context

Washington was president of Tuskegee Institute from 1881 until his death
in 1915, when he was buried on its campus. "He lifted the veil of ignorance
from his people," his inscription reads, "and pointed the way to progress
through education and industry." Beginning as the greatest challenge of
Booker T. Washington's remarkable life, Tuskegee became his legacy and an
enduring tribute to his vision, perseverance, and passion for education.

EXERCISE 9-16

Match the vocabulary from Reading 6 with the word that is closest in meaning.

,. emancipation a. encourage
2. resourceful b. hostility
3. full-fledged C. liberation
4. urge d. inheritance
s. disenfranchised e. lettering
6. contentious f. ingenious
7. antagonism g. determination
8. inscription h. controversial
9. legacy i. complete

10. perseverance j. deprived of citizens' rights

EXERCISE 9-17

Complete each of the following sentences with the appropriate word in bold
type from Reading 6. Be sure to use the correct form of each verb and to
pluralize nouns if necessary.

1. The ___________ on the tombstone reads, "But many that

are first shall be last and the last shall be first."
2. The regional conflict has erupted into a/an ___________ war.
' ' McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 7:
1964 and Beatlemania

1964 was the signature year for the Beatles-John Lennon, Paul McCartney,
George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. The band had become a sensation in
England the previous year, sending young pop fans into hysterics on the
strength of irresistible early singles like "Twist and Shout" and "Please
Please Me." On February 7, 1964, the band arrived at John F. Kennedy Airport
in New York City and took America by storm during their now-legendary
performance on television's popular "Ed Sullivan Show" two days later. A
whirlwind American tour took them 22,000 miles in twenty-nine days. The
Beatles propelled themselves to worldwide stardom and acted as catalysts
for the eventual British Invasion.
Meet the Beatles!, the quartet's second U.S. album, was released January
20, 1964, and hit number one on the Billboard chart on February 15, where it
remained for eleven weeks. In a music industry first, it was supplanted by The
Beatles' Second Album. The Fab Four were suddenly everywhere, and the world
would never be the same.
The Beatles also became movie stars in 1964. More than just an
opportunistic marketing gimmick, A Hard Day's Night was a madcap comic
spree that showcased the group's quirky sense of humor in addition to the
musical segments. A Hard Day's Night and its accompanying soundtrack
were an immediate hit. The band continued to cause a public relations stir
throughout the year, becoming darlings of not only screaming teenage girls,
but also the media. From newsreels to television appearances across America,
the Beatles were fresh kids whose music drew equally from rock and roll and
rhythm and blues, and added a scintillating layer of innovative songwriting
that defined the look and feel of a new pop music form.
The Beatles went on to release "I Feel Fine" in 1964, plus EPs (extended
plays) like Four by the Beatles, and they closed out the year with the release of
Beatles for Sale, their fourth studio album. It featured the single "Eight Days a
Week," ballads like the Paul McCartney composition "I'll Follow the Sun," and
cover songs too, since the band barely had enough material of their own to
keep the world sated. The world had never seen anything like the Beatles
before 1964, and there's a good chance no other band will ever attain that
level of success in one year again.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 8:
The storming of the Bastille

The storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, signaled the beginning
of the French Revolution and the end of absolute monarchy in France.
Originally built in the fourteenth century as a fortress to defend Paris, the
Bastille evolved into a prison for enemies of state-real or imagined. Under
Louis XIV, a lettre de cachet signed by the king was all that was required
for someone to be sent to the Bastille, making it a potent symbol of royal
tyranny. By 1789, the prison was already slated to be closed and housed
only seven prisoners: four forgers, two insanity cases, and a dissolute
aristocrat sent there by hi-s family.
In June 1789, facing a financial crisis and food shortages, King Louis XVI
had convened the Estates-General to raise taxes. As it splintered into warring
factions, the Third Estate (the commoners, who were also France's taxpayers)
formed a National Assembly and, on June 20, 1789, made its Tennis Court
Oath, pledging to write a new constitution. While Louis XVI accepted the
assembly, he also surrounded Paris with troops and dismissed Jacques Necker,
his finance minister, who was sympathetic to reform. Many in Paris saw these
actions as signs that Louis XVI was planning to impose his authority by force.
Looking for gunpowder to supply 28,000 muskets taken on July 13 from
the Hotel des lnvalides, a mob of around 1,000 approached the Bastille on
the morning of July 14 and deman�ed arms, gunpowder, and the release of
its prisoners. The Bastille was guarded by only 84 pensioners and 30 Swiss
guards, so its governor, the Marquis de Launay, began negotiations with the
mob. But confusion ensued when part of the crowd in an interior courtyard
was fired upon by the Bastille's defenders. The enraged mob escalated its
attack, de Launay capitulated, and the demolition of the Bastille began. On
August 26, 1789, the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights
of Man and of the Citizens, which defined the principles of liberty that would
inspire the French Revolution.
The anniversary of the storming of the Bastille is now a national holiday
in France. Bastille Day is often celebrated with military parades, dances,
communal meals, and fireworks.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 9: The Civil

Rights Act of 1964

On July 2, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law the Civil Rights
Act of 1964. It was the most rigorous civil rights bill in U.S. history, providing
for nondiscrimination in voting, the workplace, public schools, public
accommodations, and federally funded programs. It ordered businesses that
serve the general public, including hotels, restaurants, theaters, and stores,
to serve everyone regardless of race, color, religion, or national origin.
The act outlawed discrimination by employers or unions based on
the same criteria, with the addition of gender, and established the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce fair labor practices
and to compensate victims. It authorized a cutoff of federal funds for any
establishment that failed to comply. Most controversially, and most potently,
Article Ill of the act authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits on behalf
of individuals deprived of rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law,
thereby protecting voters and peaceful protestors from police brutality.
In the wake of peaceful civil rights protests and violent retaliation in
Birmingham, Alabama, President John F. Kennedy first called for a civil rights
bill during his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11, 1963. The president
garnered increasing support among the public and in Congress. Another
impetus was the August 28, 1963, March on Washington for Jobs and
Freedom-the largest civil rights rally ever held and one that featured Martin
Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
After Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963, President Johnson
kept up Kennedy's momentum, telling Congress the best way to honor the
late president would be through passage of the bill. With increased public
support, the bill quickly passed the House of Representatives. But it took
some legal maneuvering to navigate it through the Senate, despite the
opposition of the "southern bloc" of eighteen southern senators-most
vocally Strom Thurmond-who filibustered for more than fifty-four days. With
a compromise bill that diluted the government's power to regulate private
business, the Senate eventually got seventy-one supporters and for the first
time in history had enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill.
, McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Reading 10:
"The Star-Spangled Banner"

The national anthem of the United States started as a poem, hastily

scribbled by a lawyer and sung to the �une of a bawdy drinking song.
During the War of 1812, Georgetown lawyer Francis Scott Key was
granted permission by President James Madison to negotiate the release
of a prominent doctor captured by the British army. In September 1814,
accompanied by U.S. Prisoner Exchange Officer John S. Skinner, Key
embarked on the HMS Minden, an American vessel, to locate the British
fleet in Chesapeake Bay. While dining aboard Britain's HMS Tonnant, they
negotiated the American's release. They were not permitted, however,
to return immediately to shore because they had learned of the fleet's
impending attack on Baltimore.
While detained on HMS Minden at the back of the British fleet, Key
witnessed the bombarding of Fort McHenry throughout the day of
September 13 and all through the night, as British warship HMS Erebus
provided the "rockets' red glare" and HMS Meteor launched "bombs bursting
in air." In the darkness, Key had no idea of the fate of vulnerable Fort
McHenry, but at daybreak on September 14, the smoke dissipated and Key
was overjoyed to see the U.S. flag still there. Key feverishly scrawled a poem
he titled "The Defense of Ft. McHenry." The poem was subsequently printed
in Baltimore newspapers, and it was suggested that it be sung to the tune of
a popular drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven," composed by British
teenager John Stafford Smith in the 1760s.
Key's patriotic lyrics were first published under the title "The Star-
Spangled Banner" by a Baltimore music store. In 1889 it was made the official
tune of flag raisings by the secretary of the navy, and in 1916 President
Woodrow Wilson ordered it to be played at military occasions. It was not until
1931, however, that Congress adopted it as the first official national anthem.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

• A tour of the library

• The first major assignment
• Final exams

Dialogue 1:
Application and acceptance

Cara: Hi, Mom, I'm home..

Mom: A letter came for you this morning. From Regent Roads. Hi there, Hye-Jin.
Nice to see you.
Hye-Jin: Hi, Mrs. Campbell.
Cara: I'm scared to open it. What if I didn't get accepted? (pause) Yes! I've been
offered admission. I can't believe it!
Hye-Jin: Congratulations, Cara! That's awesome!
Cara: So it says here that I have to send an authorized Notice of Acceptance to
the Registrar's Office and pay the tuition fees before the deadline. Once
the tuition and acceptance have been processed, they'll send me an e-mail
confirmation.
Hye-Jin: How exciting! Then you c�n start classes!
Cara: Well, first I need to register online and get a student ID. Then I'll have to
see if there's still a seat in the classes I want to enroll in.
Hye-Jin: Can you choose your classes?
Cara: All first- and second-year Environmental Studies classes are required, but
after that I can choose the electives that correspond to the area I want to
major in.
Mom: What about you, Hye-Jin? Have you heard anything yet?
Hye-Jin: Actually I still haven't applied. I'm waiting for my TOEFL® test results,
and to get accepted I need a score of 88 or better on the Internet test.
Cara: I bet you aced it.
Hye-Jin: Even if I did, I don't have a lot of time left. Besides, it's very hard to
decide where to apply. All the really good colleges and universities have very
strict admission requirements.
 How to use campus vocabulary fl
Mom: What are you thinking of studying?
Hye-Jin: Well, I'd like to get a degree in hotel management and tourism.
Cara: You should apply to Regent Roads, too. They have a great undergraduate
program, and after getting your B.A. you can go on to graduate studies.
Hye-Jin: I heard that the faculty there is excellent, and it's a smaller campus.
Cara: So let's get going on this. After I write my reply, we can fill out your
application form.

EXERCISE 10-1

Complete the sentences with the appropriate word in bold type from Dialogue 1.

If you want to attend a university, what steps do you have to take?

First you have to (1.) ___________ to a university and
fill out a/an (2.) -----------· Then you send everything,
including your documentation, to the (3.) -----------· If you
meet the (4.) ___________, the university will send you a/an
(5.) -----------· When you accept, you have to pay the
(6.) __________ before the (7.) __________
After the university processes your payment and acceptance, you will receive
a/an (8.) __________
Before classes start, you have to (9.) ___________
online in a/an (10.) ___________ program and
(11.) ___________ in the required classes. The classes you
have to take are called (12.) ___________, and the classes you
can choose to take are (13.) ___________
After you have completed your three- or four-year university program, you

will receive a/an (14.) ___________, also called a/an

(15.) _________. lf you (16.) _________
your studies, you will have an excellent chance of landing a good job.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Dialogue 2: Orientation

Sarah: Good morning, freshmen, and welcome to Regent Roads University. My

name is Sarah, and I'm the Student Services Co-coordinator. Today I'm going
to get you started on your first day of college. Now, as you can see on your
program, today is Orientation Day. Anyone know what orientation is?
Student: Doesn't it have something to do with directions?
Sarah: Yes, you could say that. How many of you know your way around
campus? Nobody? Well, this morning we're going to put you in groups and
one of our sophomores will take you on a short tour of the most important
sites and services 0n campus. These include the Student Union building,
transit exchange, the library, the administration building (called "admin"
for short), the cafeteria, the bookstore, the recreation center, and the
Learning Technologies Center. Does anyone have any questions?
Student: What's the administration building?
Sarah: That's where you'll find the Registrar's and Records Offices, the Post
Office and bank, Campus Security and first aid, scholarships and
bursaries, and other business offices. All right? The last stop on our tour is
the Learning Technologies Center where you can use the computer lab and
business center to make photocopies, print, scan, and send documents. The
LTC is also where you will be taking a language placement test so make sure
you have your Student I.D. and password handy.
Student: I already have a TOEFL® test score, so do I have to take another test?
Sarah: Yes, it's mandatory. But don't worry, it's really just a formality so that we
have something on record-especially for reading and writing, since you're
all foreign students. OK? Now, just a short review of your academic schedule
before we start the tour. As you know, the university runs on a two-semester
academic year with a two-week Christmas break. Each semester runs fifteen
weeks with one week of final exams. Since all of you registered online, you
should have a class schedule, and if you don't, you should come and see me
afterwards. You will also be organized into cohorts.
 How to use campus vocabulary £&
Student: Is that like a group?
Sarah: Yes, since there are so many of you, you will be divided up into cohorts of
thirty students, and you will take all your classes together as one group. So,
if there are no more questions, we can begin with the tour. Group 1 will stay
here, and I ask you to have your passports and student visas ready. Also we
will need to see your evidence of medical insurance. OK, is everyone ready?
Then, let's go.

EXERCISE 10-3

Complete the dialogue using the appropriate vocabulary in bold type from
Dialogue 2.

A: Excuse me, are you new to campus?

B: Actually, I'm a/an (1.) -----------· This is my second year.

How can I help you?
A: Well, I'm a/an (2.) ___________ and this is my first time here.
We had (3.) this morning, but there was so
much information that I feel a little lost.
B: What are you looking for?

A: Where can I get a bus pass?

B: You have to go to the (4.) -----------· Anytime you

need help that's the best place to go. It's right over there, behind the
(5.) ___________ where all the buses stop and leave from.
A: Thanks. And where can I find the (6.) __________ ? I have

to go there to show someone proof of (7.) ___________

in case I get sick, and I need to find out where I can get my
(8.) -----------· My government gives us money to study

overseas.
B: That's cool! Hey, I'm going that way so you can come with me.
 How to use campus vocabulary e
Dialogue 3:
The first day of class-Part 1

Pat: Good morning, class, and welcome to Introduction to Academic Writing 101.
I'm Pat Duncan, your instructor. Now, before I introduce the course outline,
course materials, and syllabus, which you will see on the overhead, I'd
like to outline some basic rules which, if you follow them, will help you to
succeed in this class. First, please turn your cell phones off and put them
away. Cell phone use in class is prohibited. Yes?
Student: What if there's an important call?
Pat: Is this class not important?
Student: I guess so.
Pat: Then you know what to do. Now, if you have a laptop or tablet, you may
use it to take notes or work on assignments in class, which doesn't include
surfing the Internet, checking Facebook and e-mail, or watching videos
on YouTube. ls that clear? Okay. Attendance. I expect your attendance to
be regular and punctual, and you are to behave respectfully, attentively,
professionally, and appropriately in class at all times. Yes?
Student: What if I get sick or there's an accident or emergency?
Pat: In the case of illness or emergencies, you are required to submit
documentation to the Registrar's Office.
Student: Do you mean like a doctor's note?
Pat: That's correct, or an official excuse signed by a person of authority. In
addition to regular, punctual attendance, you are asked not to walk in and
out of class or be disruptive in any way. You are responsible for meeting the
requirements of this class. That means you should know what work has been
covered and assigned in class, and when assignments have to be submitted.
Deadlines for papers and exam dates are non-negotiable, as are grades.
Who can explain "non-negotiable"?
1 McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Student: You can't, li�e, make a deal, right?

Pat: Well put. With grades there are no deals. A D is a D and an F is an F.
Remember, if you do the work, you will get the grades. If, however, you're
having problems completing assignments on time or understanding course
material, you can arrange to see me during office hours, which are 3:00
to 4:30 Monday to Thursday, but you cannot come crying that this mark is
unfair and you deserve a better grade. Also don't expect me to give you an
extension on deadlines because you cannot manage your time, and if you
miss a test, you will not be allowed to write a' makeup test. Another thing
is participation. In this class I expect you to ask and answer questions, take
part in discussions, work and interact with your classmates. Participation
will count one third of your in-class work grade, which makes up 15 percent
of your final grade. Now, if there are no questions, I'll proceed to the course
outline.
 How to use campus vocabulary aa
Dialogue 4:
The first day of class-Part 2

Pat: The course outline is here on the overhead and on the handout, which I
will now circulate. Everyone please take a copy and pass the rest on. Please
notice that my name, office number and hours, e-mail address, and
phone number are listed at the top. Please use the last two with discretion.
As the course title indicates, the central focus of this class is on academic
or research writing. What's the difference between writing and academic
writing?
Student: We have to use formal language, not slang or everyday English. And
you can't just write your opinion about something. You have to back it up
with evidence.
Pat: That's correct. What kind of evidence?
Student: Well, examples, facts, statistics. Stuff like that.
Pat: And where do you get the evidence?
Student: Off the Internet?
Pat: Although the Internet's very convenient, you'll need to find credible sources
from books, journals, scholarly publications, academic papers, and so on. You
will be required to include a number of citations in your work and provide a
reference list of all sources.
Student: What's a citation?
Pat: A citation refers to any words that you quote, paraphrase, or summarize
from external sources; in other words, anything that doesn't come from you.
That's where the university library will be of use. Now, the course consists
of fourteen weeks of instruction and one week of final exams, and the
content is divided into six sections: grammar and syntax; APA formatting;
paraphrase and summary writing; organizational structure including thesis
statement, counterarguments, and refutation; rhetorical devices; and
finally critical thinking. For the course there are two required textbooks:
Strategies for Academic Writing and Contemporary Issues, plus a recommended
dictionary, which you can buy at the campus bookstore. There will be two
term papers, one major research paper, and all other assignments are
listed, including how much they count toward your final mark.
McGraw-Hill1 Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Pat: This brings me to another point that differentiates academic writing.

Academic writing conforms to what is called either APA or MLA style. At
Regent Roads we use APA style, and that means papers must conform
to specific formatting conventions; for instance they must be double­
spaced, use a standard 12-point font with 1-inch margins on all sides of the
document, running heads, and so on. You must include a title page with
the title of your paper, the course name, your name and student I.D., and the
due date.
Finally, I want to talk about two obstacles that will definitely stand in
the way of your success: plagiarism and procrastination. First: plagiarism,
for those of you who've never heard of it, is copying someone else's work
and claiming it as your own. Plagiarism is a capital offense and will earn you
an automatic fail, and it will go on your academic record. So don't even try
it because, believe me, you will get caught. Anyone know what it means to
procrastinate?
Student: Isn't it when you don't do your homework until tomorrow or the· next
day?
Pat: And the next, and the next. Any procrastinators in the room? Yes, I thought
so. So, always make sure that you practice good time management,
and hand in your assignments when they are due. Besides their being
on the course schedule and on MOODLE* for all to see, I will always give
assignments well ahead of the due date. The only time you won't be given
advance notice is for pop quizzes, which will be short and related to
lectures.

*MOODLE is a course-management system that can be used by universities and colleges to create and
manage online learning sites.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Dialogue 5: Campus life

Cara: Hi, Ashley. Long time no see. How's everything going?

Ashley: Oh, I've been pretty busy.
Cara: Yeah, the first few weeks are pretty hectic.
Ashley: I have a full schedule: Academic Writing, Critical Reasoning and Analysis,
History of Ideas, Earth and Ecology, and North American Studies plus five
hours of academic advisory every week.
Cara: Sounds like a heavy load!
Ashley: It is! And I need 120 credits to complete my degree.
Cara: Look, don't worry. You can do it! What about your professors? How do
you like them so far?
Ashley: They're good. I mean some are tougher than others. Like our Writing
professor for example. Some students say he's a real slave driver.
Cara: And he probably has tenure.
Ashley: What's tenure?
Cara: That means he has a permanent appointment and cannot be fired. So I
guess you're stuck with him.
Ashley: I'm sure I'll learn a lot from him, though. What about your classes? What
are you taking this semester?
Cara: Well, I have to complete two years of undergrad classes before I can.
transfer into Environmental Studies. It's a very comprehensive program of
study, and I'm hoping to major in Environmental Law with a minor in ocean
management.
Ashley: Wow, that sounds challenging! I still haven't decided if I want to major in
global tourism or hotel management, but first I have to make it through this
year. Do you have any electives this term?
Cara: No, not until next term. The first- and second-year courses are all
mandatory.
 How to use campus vocabulary Qa

Ashley: I see.
Cara: Doing anything fun? Been to any social functions or joined any clubs?
Ashley: I really haven't had time. Besides, my homestay family lives across town
so I have to get up early to catch the bus, and I don't get home until late, and
then I have to hit the books.
Cara: I know what you mean. I have a big group project coming up, and at the
end of next month we have midterms already. So much for social life!
Ashley: Do you know if there are any sororities or fraternities on this campus?
Cara: No,- Regent Roads is too small and too young, but there are athletic clubs
if you're into sports. You can also become a class rep and get involved in the
student union.
Ashley: Right now I think I'd better concentrate on my studies.
Cara: Look, I've got some time before my next class, so why don't we grab a
snack at the cafeteria and head over to one of the study lounges in the LTC.
Maybe we'll run into some friends and I can introduce you !
Ashley: Sure, thanks. That'd be great!
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Dialogu·e 6: A tour of the library

Brendan: Welcome to Regent Roads Library. My name i� Brendan, and I'm one of
the librarians here. Since this is where you will be spending a lot of time, I'm
going to show you how to use the library resources.
We're open from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. every day except holidays. When
you come into the library, the first thing you see is the Help Desk over here,
where you can check out books, renew or return them, reserve a book, pay
a fine, and, of course, ask for assistance. You can also do all of this from any
of the computer terminals at different locations or online from your home
or your cell phone, Blackberry, etc. Now, your student 1.0. card is also your
library card, so make sure you have it with you when you come in.
In addition to books, e-books, reference books, scholarly journals,
periodicals, CDs, DVDs, and videos, the library has a collaborative study
space where you can work in groups as w�II as carrels and individual study
rooms. These rooms can be booked online. There is a computer lab on each
floor, and everyone has access to them at all times. There are also print/scan/
copy machines located throughout the library.
Now, how do you locate and check out material? All materials are
catalogued alphabetically according to author, title, or subject matter, and
they are-assigned a call number, which consists of a series of numbers that
correspond to a subject area such as 303, for example, and the first letters
of the author's last name in capitals. In the stacks materials are organized
in sections according to subject matter and call numbers. So fiction is in
one se,ction, books about politics in another, and so on. For instance the
call number for the book The Limits-to Growth is HC59.L54 1972. Electronic
resources have no call numbers.
To search for a title, you can use one of the terminals to do a basic,
advanced, course reserve, or new books search. A course reserve is for
materials that a professor has the library reserve for students in a particular
class, but let's start with a basic search. Most of the time you will probably
 How to use campus vocabulary e
search by subject matter if you don't have a specific title. Let's say you're
doing a paper on racial discrimination so we'll enter that in the search bar,
and in the drop-down menu beside it, we'll click on subject. Under Limit to
we can choose all material, 2013 and after if we want only recent material,
English language materials, and videos, so let's select all material. When you
see something you're interested in, jot down the call number and go to the
stacks to retrieve it.
You can also refine your search according to content type, subject
terms, and publication date, especially if you're looking for abstracts,
dissertations, archival information, government documents, and
academic research by using Summon, which is a search system that includes
all records from our library and our digital service, so there's everything
there at your disposal.
All right. Books can be signed out for 30 days at a time, but the only limit
to how many you can take out is how many you can carry. If you still need
the book after it's due, you can renew it as long as no one has put a request
on the book. You can renew it at the Help Desk or online. All you have to do
is go into My Library, click on the title, and renew. Voila! If you forget to print
out a receipt, don't worry. You will receive an e-mail reminder a couple of
days before the material's due.
Speaking of due, we charge fines for overdue books, so it's good to keep
track of what you have on loan because a fine of between $1 and $10 a day
for reserve items can get expensive. If a book that you need is already out,
you can put in a request again at the Help Desk or online.
McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Dialogue 7:
The first major assigninent

Cara: Hey, you're looking a little stressed out? What's up?

Ashley: Well, we just got our first big assignment in North American Studies.
A 1,500-word research paper on gay marriage, genetic databases, illegal
immigration, women in the military, or the legalization of marijuana.
Cara: Wow, those are serious topics! When's it due?
Ashley: The final paper has to be turned in in six weeks, but first we have to put
together a research plan by the end of the week. Then we have to write a
detailed outline, including the sources we're using, and a first draft. And it's
worth 15 percent of our final grade.
Cara: That's a lot!
Ashley: Yeah! And it's a lot of work. The prof gave us four pages of instructions
and a research worksheet to fill out. Besides using our course material, we
have to include three citations from the course material or external sources
and present three arguments for or against, plus counterarguments and
refutation. And a conclusion, of course, and reference list of all sources. And
we have to use rhetorical devices.
Cara: It sounds like you'll be hanging out in the library.
Ashley: More like moving in. And on top of the research paper I have to
catch up on my reading for Earth and Ecology, and in Writing we have to
summarize a two-page article on world hunger and write a comment for
Monday. How are your classes going?
Cara: They're just as grueling. We have a group presentation coming up next
week-on some aspect of global warming. My group's going to talk about
the impact on wild salmon stocks, so we've had to gather a lot of statistics.
We're meeting this afternoon to start putting our PowerPoint together.
Ashley: Sounds interesting.
Cara: We also have to lead a class discussion after the presentation. Say, have
you heard anything yet about your' midterms?
Ashley: As if I didn't have enough on my plate already without midterms!
• 1 McGraw-Hill Education Essential Vocabulary for the TOEFL® Test

Dialogue 8: Final exams

Cara: I can't believe we'll be writing finals next week.

Ashley: Me either. Are you ready?
Cara: As ready as I'll ever be, I guess. This week we've been having mostly
review sessions and finishing up projects, so I haven't had time to study
yet. I'll probably end up burning the midnight oil or pulling a couple of
all-nighters.
Ashley: I hate crammjng, but sometimes you can't help it.
Cara: Have you seen the university exam protocol?
Ashley: Yes, it's pretty strict. No cell phones or electronic devices. You can't even
wear a hat.
Cara: And you can't bring any personal belongings into the room, either. I guess
they want to eliminate every opportunity for students to cheat, but there
are still those who think they can get away with it. Regardless, academic
misconduct just doesn't pay.
Ashley: What happens if the invigilator catches you cheating?
Cara: It's an automatic zero for the course and it stays on your record. No one
would want that on their transcript when an employer asks to see one,
would they?
Ashley: That's for sure. It'd be a disaster.
Cara: Of course there's a hearing before a disciplinary committee to
determine a penalty or punitive measures.
Ashley: Like what?
Cara: They could have to rewrite the exam, or worse, you could face expulsion.
Last year a couple of students got kicked out and that was the end of their
academic careers.
Ashley: What happens if you miss the final for some reason?
Cara: Because you slept in?
Ashley: For inst�mc�.
Cara: You need a more legitimate reason than that. If you miss an exam, you get
an incomplete on your record. However, there are special provisions. Last
year a friend of mine got a deferral because of a death in the family.
 How to use campus vocabulary fl

Ashley: That's too bad. Say, how soon do we get our final grades?
Cara: Results are released and posted outside the Registrar's Office two weeks
later.
Ashley: You mean everybody gets to see your grades!
Cara: No, they just post Pass or Fail. You can access your actual marks on
MOODLE.
Ashley: I hope my marks will be good enough to apply for a scholarship.
Cara: I bet you'll make the honor roll.
Ashley: I don't know about that. All I want is 120 credits and a grade point
average above 3.0 so that I can graduate in three years and qualify to apply
to grad school!
Cara: Speaking of graduation, you'll have to come with me to the
commencement ceremonies. My boyfriend's convocating.
Ashley: Wow! Then what's he going to do? Look for a job?
Cara: No, he's applied to graduate studies. He wants to get his master's.
Ashley: Graduate school! Wow! That means he'll have to write a thesis.
Cara: I'll be glad when I have my bachelor's degree in my hands, but who knows
how I'll feel by then?