Steel Stresses in

Partially Prestressed
Concrete Members
Walter H. Dilger
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada

K. M. Suri
Graduate Student
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada

P artially prestressed concrete mem-

bers are usually analyzed for crack
control by procedures similar to those
for reinforced concrete. The criteria to
insure that cracks in partially pre-
stressed members do not exceed allow-
able limits should be based on a rational
cracked section analysis.
One way to control crack width is to
Iimit the incremental stress in steel after
decompression. This approach is ree-
omrnended by Bachmann,' Bruggel-
ing;l Moustafa,3 Inomata' and others.
Statistical analysis conducted on avail-
able test datas reinforces this opinion by
suggesting a consistent but nonlinear
relation between the stress in steel and
the maximum crack width.
Many other methods can be used to
achieve crack control such as limiting
the crack width predicted by an equa-
tion to a desired value. Naaman $ sum-
marizes five such equations applicable
to partially prestressed members in
which all but one formula use the
change of stress in the reinforcement as
the main variable. The results of
Naaman and Siriaksorn 7 and Tadros5
also confirm that the steel stresses are
good indicators of crack width and that
their determination is necessary for a
satisfactory crack control design of par-
tially prestressed members.
The calculation of the exact value of
the steel stress is complicated by the
following factors; first, the cracked sec-
tion is subjected to an axial force and a
bending moment; second, the creep and
the shrinkage of concrete cause redis-
tribution of stresses by transferring
compression from the concrete to the
reinforcement,
Tadrose proposed a rational method
and furnished the necessary equations
for calculating the cracked section prop-
erties and for determining the incre-

88
 Design aids in the form of tables and selected charts are
presented which expedite the calculation of the steel stresses
beyond decompression in cracked partially prestressed con-
crete members. These incremental stresses are required for
crack control in such members, In addition, a simple equation
is given and compared with the result of the rigorous analysis.
Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the applica-
tion of the proposed method.

mental stresses in the prestressed and
nonprestressed steel. He extended the
concept of decompression, developed
by Nilson," to take into account the non-
linear effects introduced by time-
dependent phenomena. He also pre-
sented design aids in the form of design
tables and a computer program to make
the cracked section analysis a routine
matter in the design office.
The tables are a useful design tool,
but the computational effort involved to
determine the cracked section prop-
erties is substantial. For example, cal-
culation of the neutral axis depth, cen-
troidal depth, and the cracked moment
of inertia of a T-beam may require up to
45 linear interpolations to arrive at the
final values. Additional calculations
such as computation of the area of the
cracked transformed section are needed
to find the stress in the reinforcement.
In the design of partially prestressed
members, where it is necessary to try
different areas of reinforcement and re-
peatedly check the stresses, the method
of using tables may become cumber-
some. A design aid that enables a direct
determination of the stresses without
calculating the section properties is
much more convenient. Especially in
structures where the deflection is not
critical but the crack width is, elimina-
tion of the calculation of section prop-
erties will considerably simplify the
service load analysis.
In this paper two methods to directly
calculate the stress in the steel are pro-
duced. In the first method, the steel
stress is calculated based on the as-
sumptions that the prestressed steel and
nonprestressed steel are located close to
each other and that the decompression
force acts at the level of the prestressed
steel. A design table is presented from
which the steel stress at the level of the
combined centroid of both steels can be
obtained.
In addition, selected charts that can be
used by the designer to determine the
steel stress and neutral axis depth in
partially prestressed rectangular and
T-sections are given. A simple proce-
dure is suggested for the calculation of
decompression force which involves
computing the compressive force in
the concrete, neglecting small forces
that occur in the tendons and the
nonprestressed steel due to elastic
strains.
The second method advocates the use
of an approximate formula to determine
the steel stress. The value of the stress
obtained by the second method is
shown to he of acceptable accuracy and
is almost always conservative.
DECOMPRESSION FORCE
The reference point for calculating
the incremental steel stress corresponds
to zero stress throughout the concrete
section. This state of stress is achieved

PCI JOURNAL'MayJune 1986ҟ 89

by applying the (fictitious) decompres-
sion force P to the concrete section (Fig.
1) given by:
P=Pe +AP,+P,+OP, (1)
where
Pe = effective force in prestressed
steel (after all losses)
cce
4P=
= Ei Ava
force to be applied on tendons
to eliminate concrete stress
f, at level of the tendon un-
der dead load and effective
pre stre s s
Pd = force in nonprestressed steel
due to time-dependent strain
in nonprestressed steel
P= J E8A8e
force to be applied on nonpre-
stressed steel to eliminate
concrete stress ff,r at the level
of the nonprestressed steel
under dead load and effective
prestress
If more than one level of nonpre-
stressed steel is present:
A P, = I PB.s
where the subscript j denotes the
number of levels of nonprestressed
steel. The forces A Pp and A Ps are nor-
mally small and may be neglected (as
shown in the examples).
The effective prestress is calculated
by the equations:
P[ = Pf + A f,, A,, (2)
and
_ nf, 40, + E8„ Es +fre
O fLa —
1 +n WY+Px)(1 +e 2 1r2 )(1 +084,)
(3)
where
P j = initial prestressing force before
time-dependent losses
= concrete compressive stress at
PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1986ҟ
level of tendons due to sus-
tained load and initial prestress-
ing force P,
= creep coefficient
e , = free shrinkage
= intrinsic relaxation of prestress-
ing steel
Pp = Ava/Ac
Pa = Anr/Ak
e = eccentricity of tendons
r4 = Ic/A,
A, = area of concrete cross section
IC = moment of inertia of concrete
section
Since the relaxation loss is consid-
erably reduced by the creep and the
shrinkage of concrete, the intrinsic losst'
f„^ may he replaced by a reduced value
The coefficient a T is determined from
Fig. Al (Appendix A) using parameters
>3 =f lf. andfl =Afslf .
The stress fp,i is the initial stress
applied to the tendon, f,,,, is the tensile
strength and A f, is the loss of prestress
due to creep and shrinkage only and is
given by the relation:
ҟ
nft 0f + €,,,E e
= 1 +n (p,+P')(i +e glrg )(1 +0.8)
(4)
The factor 0.8 in the denominator is
the so-called aging coe$icient 12 which
can be assumed equal to 0.8 for practical
creep calculations. The value 0 fs also is
the time-dependent stress in the non-
prestressed steel, if f is taken as the
concrete compressive stress at the level
of nonprestressed steel due to P i and the
sustained load.
The time-dependent force in the non-
prestressed steel is given by:
Pr = Ana O fa (5)
and the total reduction of compression
acting on the concrete by:
AP = O fp, A vv + X f8A,,, (6)
Since the stress at the level of the ten-
91
ҟ

don, f, is normally compression and es n a reduction of tension in the tendon and

and fre are always negative, both A fr„ an increase in compression in the non-
and Af, are always negative, resulting in prestressed steel,

r b

I
fct

ht
ycr
Crackedҟ c kd
d d dp5 cerntroid
ecr
JAMS
axisҟ fpa/n
__ __ _ 1/
- ------------- -- -- Prestressed ^P ^c fa /n
Centroid ofҟ °ҟ steel
bath steelsNonprestressed
w_J
ҟ steel

Fig. 2. Stresses after cracking in a prestressed section.

rr.,
I, 00
90ҟ neutral axis depthҟ0. 90
BCҟ 0 80
70-ҟ 0 70
SO-ҟ 0 60
50-ҟ 0 50
40-
ҟ 0. 40

30ҟ
I Oϗ steelҟ 0. 30
stress
ҟ
25- 0. 25
ҟ
20- ҟ 0- 20
09
.N
p =0.0
15-
ҟ 0.8ҟ 0. 15
0.3ҟ
0.7ҟ 0.

l0ҟ 0.5
=ҟ bҟ 0.7 0. m
.8
ht Q I =b w,/b = 0.l0
0.9
a 2 =h f /a =0.10
I APS +A ҟ
ns 1.0
^Ibw
5 05
0.002ҟ
0.004 0.006ҟ
0.01ҟ 0.02ҟ
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
np

Fig. 3. Design chart for calculating steel stress and neutral axis depth in a partially
prestressed T-section (log-log scale).

92
 DESIGN TABLE FOR
STRESS COMPUTATION
With the decompression force P
known, the steel stress under service
moment M, is equal to n times the con-
crete stress at the level of the steel (Fig.
2), where n is the modular ratio given by
Eg/Ec .With the assumption that the de-
compression force can be applied at the
level of prestressed steel, the steel stress
after decompression at the combined
centroidal depth of:
A.
d,. + A.. dnr
d=
A ve + An,
can be written as:
(des - ycr)
f=nP + M, + P (d - ycr)J
L Arrҟ I,,
(8)
In E' q. (8), ifcr, A. and Ic , are the cen-
troidal depth, transformed area and
moment of inertia of the cracked section
which can be determined knowing the
depth of the neutral axis. A second as-
sumption, namely d p8 = d, is made to
simplify Eq. (8) and to reduce the
number of variables from which the
(7) steel stress can be determined,
Hence, Eq. (8) may be written as:

!d R
1 +—" (1 - ycr/d)
= n ^ l Fdps bd + 11R (1
fs bd2 Md A
/d)
— Ycr l/ 9)
crҟ Icrlbd3

100 •00
90 90
neutral axis depth 0 80
80
70 0 •70
60 0 60
50 0 •50

40 0 .40

30 0 .30
25 0 25
p =0.0
20 1.0ҟ 0 20
steelҟ
stress
0.9 c 15
15
.5
0.7 0.7
t 5 Cz
P-O,O
RECTANGULAR SECTIONҟ 09
.0
5 0.05
0.002 0.004 0 006 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.15
np

Fig. 4. Design chart for calculating steel stress and neutral axis depth in a partially
prestressed rectangular section (log-log scale).

PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1986ϗ 93

Table 1. Steel stress after decompression at the effective depth d.

(coefficient from Table) x

Stress in steel after decompression = n xa
100 ^ b i^

d =
A. d°" +A–`-
a1 = bIb a$ = hf ld hf
A p, + A„,

np (Am+A _Pd. _ ^Vf, Q • +A

r)s
bd F
.^ p M, ^— ps
a bd' —►^ i^

ai 0 0.I0 0,20 0.50 1.0

P r, 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
np
0-30 0.05 0,10 0.15 0.20 0.30 1.0

0.005 20484 20655 20655 20655 20655 20502 20655 20655 20655 20655 20532 20655
20653 20655 20655 20596 20655 20655 20655 20655 20654
0.010 10281 10423 10459 10459 10459 10309 10425 10459 10459 10459 10351 10430 10459
10459 10459 104)6 10443 10459 10451 10459 10459
b-020 5177 5248 5307 5321 5321 5211 5250 5308 5321 5321 5252 5263 5310
5321 5321 5300 5292. 5315 5321 5321 5321
0.030 3474 3507 3559 3591 3593 3508 3517 .3562 3591 3593 3546
3533 3567 3591 3593 3583 3565 3578 3592 3593 3593
0.0 0.040 2622 2637 2679 2712 2723 2555 2649 2683 2712 2723 2689
2667 2689 2714 2723 2719 2698 2705 2718 2723 2723
0.060 1706 1766 1794 1821 1846 1797 1779 1799 182.3 1846 1826 1797 1808
0.080 1827 1846 1847 1827 1827 1835 1846 1846
1336 1330 1350 1372 1402 1364 1343 1356 1374 1402 1390 1361
1365 1379 1402 I407 1388 1385 1390 1403 1403
0.100 1076 1063 1083 1101 1130 1102 1081 1089 1104 1130 1126
1098 1099 1109 1131 1140 1123 1119 1122 1133 1135
0.150 727 717 725 738 762 749 729 732 741 762 769 745 742 748 764 779 765 761 761 769 791)
0.005 14518 14762 14774 14774 14774 14551 14762 14774 14774 14774 14604 14764
14774 14774 14774 14698 14768 14774 14774 14774 14773
0.010 7310 7455 7540 7540 7540 7355 7462 7540 7540 7540 7415 7475 7540
7540 7540 7496 7505 7540 7540 7540 7540
0.020 3705 3757 3834 3878 3875 3753 3770 3837 3874 3875 3805 3793
3842 3874 3875 3859 3836 3857 3875 3875 3875
0.030 2500 2518 2573 2618 2635 2545 2534 2579 2619 2635 2591
2559 2588 2621 2635 2630 2602 2611 2627 2635 2635
41.3 0.040 1894 1897 1939 1978 2008 1937 1914 1945 1980 2008 1978 1940 1957
1984 2008 2008 1981 1349 1995 21108 2008
0.060 1284 1275 1300 1330 1370 1321 1292 1309 1334 1321 1356 1317 1322 1340 1371
0.080 1378 1353 1349 1386 .1372 1373
975 962 980 1003 1041 1009 980 989 1007 1042 1039 1003 1003 1015 1043 1057 1035 1029 1032 1046 1051
0.100 788 774 787 805 840 818 791 796 810 841 846 813 810 819 843 861 841 835 837 849 854
0.150 534 522 529 .541 566 559 536 537 546 568 582 555 .551 555 571 594 579 573 572 579 597
v
0.005 10557 10838 10900 10900 10900 10611 10841 10900 10900 10900 10691 10850 10900 109110 L0900 10851 10871 10900 10900 10900 10900
5583 5571 5615 5625 5625 5624
0 5413 5495 5606 5625 5625 5491 5519 5608 5625 5625
C-
0.010 5349 5482 5605 5625 5625
C 0.020 2738 2772 2854 2930 2930 2800 2792 2860 2913 2930 2864 2826 2.872 29 917 2930 2920 2884 2898 2923 2930 2930
1864 1918 2011 2011 1917 1887 1928 1974 2011 1971 1921 1943 1979 2011 2011 1975 1971) 1993 2011 2011
Z 0.030 1961
1521 1543 1543
0.5 0.040 1417 1408 1447 1542 1542 1469 1432 1458 1495 1542 1516 1465 1475 1502 1542 1548 1514 1511
0.060 967 950 973 1054 1054 1011 973 985 1009 1055 1051 1004 1004 1020 1056 1173 1045 1038 1042 1060 1066
777 741 747 764 803 811 769 765 775 805 830 805 798 799 812 821
K 0.080 737 720 735 801 801
626 621 627 652 680 659 651 657 6161 672
0.100 597 580 591 647 647 633 600 603 616 648 664
CD 0.150 407 392 398 437 437 435 410 409 417 439 '{61 432 425 428 444 474 458 451 449 455 482
CD

0.005 6642 6923 7108 7113 7113 6740 6940 7109 7113 7113 6845 6969 7109 7113 7113 7027 7037 7110 7113 7113 7112
0.010 3426 3520 3674 3758 3762 3524 3549 3681 3758 3762 3629 3596 3693 3758 3762 3732 3685 3723 3760 3762 3761
0.020 1797 1798 1879 1957 2016 1880 1833 1893 1962 2016 1958 1884 1916 1970 2016 2016 1963 1967 11190 2010 2015
0,030 1238 1219 1268 1327 1404 1311 1254 1285 1334 1404 1375 1302 1312 1346 1405 1416 1370 1369 1376 1406 1408
0.7 0.040 952 926 960 1005 1079 1016 961 978 1014 1080 1073 1005 1005 1029 1082 1105 1065 1055 1061 1087 1095
0.060 656 631 650 680 739 710 662 667 689 741 757 701 693 706 745 781 749 738 739 756 770
0.080 504 480 493 515 562 550 508 509 525 565 590 543 534 541 571 611 585 574 573 585 602
0.100 410 389 398 415 454 451 414 413 425 458 487 446 436 441 464 506 483 473 471 479 492
0.150 280 264 269 280 308 312 285 283 289 311 342 311 302 304 318 358 341 333 330 334 362

0.005 4734 4979 5235 5288 5288 4873 5011 5239 5288 5288 5032 5065 5245 5286 5288 5212 5178 5263 5288 5288 5288
0.010 2500 2552 2714 2836 2869 2624 2598 2727 2838 2869 2746 2666 2752 2842 2869 2851 2782 2808 2853 2869 2869
0.020 1344 1321 1397 1481 1579 1442 1369 1418 1490 1579 1530 1834 1453 1505 1579 1587 1526) 1521) 1540 1579 1580
0.030 938 904 947 1007 1103 1021 949 971 1018 1104 1093 1007 1007 1037 1106 1134 1083 1071 1079 1112 1121
0.8 0.040 726 691 721 765 848 799 733 744 778 851 861 786 779 798 856 895 851 838 841 864) 881
0.060 505 474 490 519 582 5434 511 .512 532 585 615 555 544 553 592 642 608 595 594 609 629
0.080 389 363 373 394 443 440 395 393 407 448 484 434 422 427 456 507 480 467 465 475 496
0.100 317 294 302 319 359 362 323 320 331 363 401 358 347 350 372 422 399 388 385 392 413
0.150 218 201 205 218 243 252 224 221 226 248 284 252 248 243 267 302 285 276 273 276 304

0.005 2922 3065 3372 3550 3564 3125 3134 3387 3551 3564 3326 3238 3416 3553 3564 3513 3419 3485 3557 3564 3564
0.010 1625 1611 1765 1919 2024 1784 1686 1794 1927 2029 1926 1787 1842 1943 2029 2028 1934 1939 1982 2029 2029
0.020 811 860 923 1011 1147 1029 927 958 1027 1148 1128 1010 1010 1054 1151 1185 1115 1099 1112 1158 1169
0.030 648 698 634 692 803 745 657 668 710 806 825 728 716 739 813 848 812 794 797 829 850
0.9 0.040 507 463 485 528 619 591 515 518 547 624 660 577 562 576 632 696 650 632 631 654 679
0.060 356 321 334 361 426 423 365 362 379 432 480 416 400 406 443 509 474 459 455 463 496
0.080 276 247 256 276 325 332 28.5 280 292 332 381 329 315 317 343 407 379 365 361 369 396
225 202 208 223 264 274 234 230 238 270 318 274 261 261 282 342 31(1 306 302 307 320
0.100
185 138 142 152 180 192 163 155 165 186 226 195 184 184 196 248 230 221 217 219 248
0.150
(C1)n. un rtezi yuge/
rn

Table 1 (cont.). Steel stress after decompression at the effective depth d

frorn Table) x n x u b
Stress in steel after decompression = (coefficient
100
d ``,.c4,a+A,. „p
ai =b. /b az = +f
A„+A, r r

np (A,^+A-)F. Pd, _ M, • Aҟ
+Af15
bd E, p M$ a bdz —I b[.-._

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.0

cr, 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 1.0
,ip

0.005 1364 1292 1559 1850 2048 1643 1448 162.3 1867 2048 1879 1636 1720 1898 2048 2046 1889 1895 1969 2048 2048
0.010 848 748 857 1020 1258 1049 874 924 1049 1260 1209 1016 I017 1096 1262 1303 1190 1167 1191 1220 1281
0.020 512 433 474 553 719 653 526 531 585 725 765 631 608 635 731 822 748 721 723 765 798
0.030 374 311 334 386 507 488 398 384 41? 515 579 474 450 462 531 625 567 549 540 565 603
1.0 0.040 297 245 261 249 393 394 311 305 327 402 472 385 362 369 4141 512 465 444 439 436 494
0.060 211 173 183 207 272 287 226 218 232 282 351 285 266 267 299 385 350 333 327 335 371
0.080 165 135 141 160 200 228 178 172 181 219 2B2 229 212 212 235 312 284 270 264 269 302
0.100 135 110 115 130 170 189 148 142 149 179 237 192 178 177 195 265 241 229 224 227 257
0.150 94 76 79 89 116 113 104 99 104 124 171 139 128 126 138 195 198 168 164 165 196
 Substituting p = Pdpx /M, and a = Ml
bd 2 , the following expression is ob-
tained:
1+p(1–ycr/d)
n a p A.,. + Irrlhd3 ^1 – tlerld)
(10)
All the parameters on the right-hand
side of Eq. (10) can be expressed in
terms of p, n p, a l and as, where a,
ba,'b and a$ = h/d. The value f l(n a) is
given for different parameters in Table 1
and is presented as design charts in Fig.
3 forT-sections with a, = a, = 0.1 and in
Fig. 4 for rectangular sections where a,
= a, = 1.0. Also given in these figures is
the neutral axis depth coefficient k =
cld. Charts for other values of a, and a,
are available upon request from PCI
Headquarters.
General Case
When the prestressed steel and non-
prestressed steel are not located close to
each other, Table 1 can still be used to
obtain the steel stress at the effective
depth d. But the maximum stress in
steel, which is of interest for crack con-
trol, occurs at the level of nonpre-
stressed steel, often located close to the
tension fiber.
Also, it may be of importance in de-
sign to determine the exact stress in the
prestressed steel. In that case, the stress
at the levels of the two types of steel can
be interpolated from f, as:
d1 –c
lug-} i d-c (11)
and
(12)
= d+ – c
where c denotes the depth of the neutral
axis.
In order to facilitate the calculation of
the concrete compressive stresses at the
extreme fiber after cracking, Table 2 has
PCI JOURNAUMay-June 1986ҟ
been developed.
The concrete stress at the top fiber can
be expressed in nondimensional form
as:
f, bd + 1 + p (1 – &e./d)
=1' Y r (13)
a A.,. Irrlbd•3
where p and a are defined as above. Eq.
(13) is a function of p, n p, a, and a E and
Table 2 gives the value offf la for all the
practical values of these parameters.
Knowing the concrete stress in the top
fiber the stress in various layers of steel
may be determined as:
f. = nff (d,, – c)Ic (14)
f,,,=nfr(d,.–c)lc (15)
In beams with multiple layers of steel,
and in cases where the simplifying as-
sumptions made to establish the design
diagrams are not applicable, the de-
signer may wish to adopt a more de-
tailed procedure of calculating the stress-
es. In Appendix B, the equations for
determining k, ycr , Afl., 7,,, are given to-
gether with an analytical solution to
compute the neutral axis depth by a
hand-held calculator.
APPROXIMATE FORMULA
FOR STEEL STRESS
The increase in steel stress beyond
decompression may be calculated as the
stress corresponding to the difference
between the moment due to service
loads M, and the decompression mo-
mentM dC according to the formula:
– Ma'
(16)
(Anr +Ans)d
in whichM, is the moment that reduces
the compressive stress on the tensile
face of the member to zero. It should be
emphasized that the decompression
moment Md , does not correspond to the
decompression of the whole section.
97
Table 2. Stress in concrete at the top fiber of a cracked prestressed section.

(coefficient from Table)

Stress in concrete at the top fiber = x
100
hf
d = AP" r1 y" + A°` rf T' a, =bulb ^2 = h1/d
Ap, + A,,,
np = (A,. +A " )E, Pd, M, • A
bd E, M, bd2 -►I bk--

0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.0

p np 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 1.0

0.005 2581 2171 2173 2171 2171 2543 2171 2171 2171 2171 2476 2171 2171 2171 2171 2328 2171 2171 2171 2171 2171
0.010 2263 1642 1586 1588 1588 2180 1638 1588 1588 1588 2050 1631 1588 1588 1588 1805 1612 1588 1588 1588 1588
0.020 2053 1360 1194 1176 1176 1920 1344 1193 1176 1176 1729 1316 1191 1176 1176 1417 1250 1185 1176 1176 1176
0.030 1959 1258 105.3 997 995 1796 1232 1049 997 99.5 1576 1188 1041 997 995 1239 1092 1021 996 995 995
0.0 0.040 1901 1203 980 903 887 1719 1169 973 902 887 1480 1113 960 900 887 1130 997 927 894 887 887
0.060 1831 1143 905 8055 760 1624 1097 892 802 7641 1363 1024 869 796 760 999 885 818 780 760 760
0.080 1789 1109 865 755 687 1567 1056 848 759 687 1292 972 818 740 687 920 817 753 715 686 685
0.100 1762 1088 840 724 642 1528 1028 819 717 641 1243 935 785 704 640 867 771 7111 672 638 634
0.150 1720 1056 804 681 530 1470 986 778 671 579 1168 881 734 65i 576 784 699 644 606 567 556

0.005 2403 1869 1859 1859 1859 2344 1868 1859 1859 1859 2247 1867 1859 1859 1859 2050 1864 1859 1839 1859 1859
0.010 2150 148.3 1371 1371 1371 2043 1474 1371 1371 1371 1883 1458 1371 1371 1371 1603 1419 1371 1371 1371 1371
0.020 1973 1273 1076 1028 1027 1816 1249 1072 1028 1027 1602 1208 1066 1027 1027 1270 1119 1049 1027 1027 1027
0.030 1892 1195 972 893 875 1708 1160 964 891 875 1468 1103 950 889 875 1118 986 916 883 875 875
0.3 0.040 1842 1152 917 823 785 1641 1109 906 820 785 1385 1040 886 815 785 1025 906 838 802 785 785
0.060 1784 1105 860 750 682 1561 1050 843 745 682 1286 966 813 735 681 915 811 748 728 681 679
0.080 1750 1078 8.30 713 627 1514 1016 808 705 626 1226 922 772 691 625 849 754 694 657 622 617
0.100 1728 1061 810 689 593 1482 994 786 680 592 1186 892 744 662 590 804 716 658 621 583 575
0.150 1695 1036 783 657 547 1435 960 753 644 544 1124 847 703 620 539 735 656 603 567 527 510
C) 0.005 2273 1664 1618 1618 1618 2193 1661 1618 1618 1618 2068 1655 1618 1618 1618 1830 1633 1618 1618 1618 1618
0.010 2062 1374 1218 1205 1205 1933 1359 1217 1205 1205 1743 1333 1215 1205 1205 1444 1273 1211 1205 1205 1205
O 924 914 1501 1127 97; 923 914 1157 1019 949 919 914 914
C 0.020 1909 1212 995 925 914 1733 1180 989
0.030 I839 1150 915 822 786 1639 1107 904 819 786 1384 1038 884 815 786 1026 906 837 802 786 786
z 735 710 710
0.5 0.040 1798 1116 874 76.8 710 1582 1065 858 764 710 1313 985 832 756 710 947 837 773
C 0.060 1749 1077 829 713 629 1514 1016 808 705 629 1228 922 772 691 628 852 756 696 658 624 620
0.080 1721 1056 805 684 587 1475 988 780 674 585 1178 885 738 656 583 796 708 651 614 576 567
0.100 1703 1042 790 666 561 1448 969 762 654 559 1144 860 715 632 555 758 675 621 584 545 531
L
0.150 1678 1022 769 641 524 1410 941 736 625 521 1093 823 681 598 514 700 625 574 539 498 476
m
0.005 2122 1454 1337 1336 1336 2010 1444 1337 1336 1336 1847 1427 1337 1336 1336 1566 1385 1336 1336 1336 1336
0.010 1956 1259 1063 1015 1014 1797 1234 1059 1015 1014 1584 1193 1052 1015 1014 1256 1104 1036 1015 1014 1014
0.020 1834 1145 912 820 786 1634 1102 901 818 786 1382 1034 88I 813 786 1026 904 836 802 786 786
0.030 1779 1100 857 750 687 L560 1047 840 745 687 1289 964 812 736 687 923 814 750 713 687 686
11.7 0.040 1747 1075 828 713 633 1515 1014 807 706 633 1233 922 772 693 632 859 760 699 662 629 626
0.060 1711 1047 796 674 576 1463 977 770 664 575 1166 873 727 645 572 784 696 639 602 565 555
0.080 1691 1032 779 654 546 1433 956 749 641 544 1126 845 701 618 539 740 [358 603 567 528 513
0.100 1678 1022 769 641 527 1413 942 736 626 524 1100 826 683 600 518 710 632 580 544 504 485
0.150 1670 1008 754 623 502 1384 922 717 606 497 1061 797 658 575 488 664 592 543 509 467 441

0.005 2031 1345 1188 1173 1173 1898 1329 1187 1173 1173 1712 1302 1185 1173 1173 1409 1240 1180 1173 1173 1173
0.010 1891 1198 983 916 906 1716 1165 977 915 906 1487 1113 966 914 906 1147 1007 938 911 906 906
0.020 1790 1109 869 767 716 1578 1058 854 763 716 1316 981 829 756 716 964 839 774 738 716 716
0.030 1746 1073 826 713 637 1516 1013 806 706 637 1237 923 772 694 636 865 763 702 665 634 631
0.8 0.040 1720 1053 804 685 595 1479 986 780 675 594 1189 888 740 659 592 812 718 659 622 587 581
0.060 1601 1031 779 654 569 1436 956 750 642 547 1132 847 702 620 543 748 663 608 572 533 520
0.080 1675 1019 766 638 526 1411 939 733 624 522 1099 823 681 598 517 710 631 578 342 503 485
0.100 1665 1011 758 629 511 1395 928 723 6I2 507 1077 807 667 584 500 684 609 .558 523 482 460
0,150 1650 1000 746 615 490 1371 912 707 595 485 1044 783 645 563 475 645 575 527 493 451 423

0.005 1922 1231 1038 993 991 1763 1205 1034 993 991 1533 1163 1028 993 991 1203 1077 1011 992 991 991
0.010 1818 1131 902 816 788 1623 1089 89I 814 788 1378 1023 873 810 788 1028 900 833 801 788 788
0.020 1743 1069 824 714 645 1517 1010 805 707 644 1243 923 773 696 644 876 769 707 670 643 641
0.030 1710 1044 795 676 587 1469 977 770 666 586 1181 878 730 650 584 805 710 650 613 580 574
0.9 0.040 1691 1030 779 656 556 1441 957 751 644 554 1143 851 705 624 551 762 673 616 580 543 533
0.060 1670 1014 762 634 522 1407 935 729 619 520 1098 820 677 594 514 711 629 576 540 501 484
0.080 1659 1006 752 623 505 1388 922 7I7 606 501 1072 801 660 577 494 680 603 552 517 476 455
0.100 1651 1000 746 616 494 1376 914 709 597 489 1054 788 649 566 481 658 585 536 501 460 435
0.150 1611 993 738 606 479 1358 902 698 585 472 1027 770 633 550 462 626 537 510 477 435 404
lcont. on next page)
0
0

Table 2 (cont.). Stress in concrete at the top fiber of a cracked prestressed section.

(coefficient from Table) a 1-- b^. -

Stress in concrete at the top fiber =
100 hf
A, dra + A, d,,, h
d= n, = b.1b aY = hf/d
^nr+A,,
_ (A 9 , + A,,,) E, Pd,,, M. • A ps + A ns
°A bd E, = az bd2 -.-I bW} ^

n, 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.0

p npҟ
ae 0.05 0-10ҟ
0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.05 0.10 0-15 020 0.30 0.05 0.19 0.15 0.20 (1..30 !.0
0.005 1792 1106 884 809 791 1605 1066 875 807 79.1 1371 1006 864) 805 791 1031 894 827 799 791 791
0.010 1735 1059 818 715 663 1520 1004 801 710 663 1259 924 774 702 663 900 783 7Th 684 663 662
0.020 1692 1027 777 659 573 1452 959 752 849 572 1168 861 713 633 571 795 6% 63.5 599 567 562
0.030 1673 1013 762 637 537 1421 938 732 625 535 1124 831 686 604 532 743 553 596 560 527 514
1.0 0.040 1662 1006 753 626 517 1401 926 720 641 514 1096 813 670 587 509 712 627 572 536 498 484
0.060 1649 997 743 614 495 1388 912 707 596 491 1063 791 650 568 484 672 59.5 543 508 468 443
0.080 1642 992 738 607 484 1379 904 700 588 479 1043 778 639 556 470 648 575 525 490 450 425
0.100 1638 989 735 603 477 1366 899 695 583 471 1030 769 632 549 461 632 561 513 479 437 410
0.150 1632 985 730 597 467 1345 891 688 575 460 1010 756 620 538 448 606 540 494 460 419 385
 50ҟ
,.
Yt
lY

Y RECTANGULAR SECTION
111

40ҟ ; E i 1
by Eq . (10)
^i 4
t Y % l^ ----- - by Eq. (16)
l 15 `
30ҟ
yl i `^ҟ̀
5 ^

na + '

20 \ \\\\ \\\

10

0 0.05 010 015

np
Fig. 5 Comparison of stresses obtained by rigorous and approximate formulas
for a rectangular section.

Eq. (16) is a slightl y different form of
the well-known equation 13•'s used in the
design of partially prestressed members,
the difference being that the term jd in
the denominator is replaced by d. This
modification essentially makes the equ-
ation less conservative and more accu-
rate in predicting the stresses in par-
tially prestressed members.
Note that Eq. (16) is currently used in
the new Canadian Code (CAN3-A23.3
M84) to estimate the stress increase
in prestressed members due to crack-
ing. The advantages of the equation are
that it eliminates the complicated cal-
culations required to estimate the de-
compression force P and it facilitates a
quick determination of the service load
stresses.
Assuming that f, is measured as the
stress increment after zero concrete
stress at depth d (not at the bottom fiber)
has been reached, Eq. (16) can be ex-
pressed in nondimensional form as fol-
lows:
For a T-section
^l pe I1 + 1, ^ (17)
na np[ d 1 A^ e 2 1J
For a rectangular section
—(1- 2p13] (18)
na rap
In Eqs. (17) and (18) p is defined as
pp d!Me , where Pe is the effective pre-
stress after all losses andA, andIt are the
uncracked transformed area and the
moment of inertia of the section, re-
spectively.
In Fig. 5 a comparison is made be-
tween the stress obtained by the ap-
proximate formula and by Eq. (10) for
rectangular sections. It can be observed

PCI JOURNALJMay-June 1986 ϗ 101

 50 1I
^ r ^ T - SECTION
I
1 1 I
l 4

l 1
40
I1 \
a1 = bw/b=0.05
I
r ^ \ a2=hf
^^
^
^` bw Aps * Ans
1 y'

^^ -- by Eq. (16 )
by Eq. (10)
fs \ \\`^ p = 0
na 20
i ^^ \^ 013 \\`.

P = 1.0 •^ y

•
q 004
np

Fig. 6. Comparison of stresses obtained by rigorous and approximate formulas

for a T-section.

that for np values less than 0.05 and p DESIGN EXAMPLES

values greater than 0.7, Eq. (16) is rather
conservative. This means the stress ob- Two examples are presented to illus-
tained by Eq. (16) will be considerably trate the use of the design charts in cal-
higher than the actual stress in the culating the steel stress and the maxi-
reinforcement. For all other values of p mum crack width in partially pre-
and tip values, the formula gives the stressed concrete members.
In Example 1 the decompression
stresses within 10 percent of the more
exact value calculated according to Eq. force and the stresses obtained by the
(10). proposed method are compared with
For T-sections, the accuracy of the those obtained by the computer program
stress obtained by Eq. (16) is also de- given in Reference 8.
pendent on the section geometry, i.e., Example 2 deals with the crack con-
the values of a, and a2 . Fig. 6 gives a trol at the support section of a two-span
comparison between the stresses ob- continuous beam, where secondary
tained by Eq. (10) and Eq. (16), respec- moments due to prestressing play an
tively, for a T-section with a, = 0.05 and important role in service moment and
as = 0.05. It can be observed that for p stress calculations.
less than 0.7 and np greater than 0.02,
Eq. (16) gives the values of stress within EXAMPLE 1
10 percent of the more exact value cal- A simple beam of 22 m (72 ft) span
culated according to Eq. (10). with an untopped double tee 8DT24

102
cross section (shown in Fig. 7) is pre- Section Properties:
stressed with ten 13 mm ( 1/2 in.) strands h = 2438 mm (96 in,)
and reinforced with two 25 mm (#8) = 241 mm (9.5 in.)
deformed bars, A. = 510 mm' bar. The d,,,, = 521 mm (20.50 in.)
initial prestressing force is 1249 kN d, = 565 mm (22.25 in,)
(280.7 kips). A, = 259000 mm' (401 in.2)
Other data (same as Example 2 of Ref. 1, = 873 x 109 mm° (20985 in.')
8) are as follows: e = 347 mm (13.65 in.)

Material Properties: Service Moments:

Concrete: f = 35 MPa (5 ksi) M D = 437 kN-m (3870 kip-in.)
E, = 28270 MPa (4100 ksi) ML = 211 kN-m (1866 kip-in.)
Prestressing steel: M, = 648 kN-m (5736 kip-in.)
= 1860 MPa (270 ksi)
Nonprestressed steel: Decompression Force:
fp = 400 MPa (60 ksi) The initial concrete stresses at the
Modulus of elasticity of steel: steel level are:
E, = 196500 MPa (28500 ksi) = -5.94 MPa (0.86 ksi)
Creep coefficient: di g = 1.25 fm = - 5.75 MPa (0.83 ksi)
Free shrinkage strain: € h = - 225 x 10-e Time-dependent stress (Ioss) in pre-
Intrinsic relaxation: stressed steel due to creep and shrink-
f,.,. = - 148 MPa (-21.5 ksi) age only:

-5.94x6.95x1.25-225x10-6x196500
A .`ux =
1 + 6.95(0.00382 + 0.0039) 1 + l z (1 + 0.8 x 1.25)
L)
_ _ 94.6
= -63.5 MPa
1.49
With $ = 0.68 and Il = 0.05 from Appendix A, a r - 0.84.

Hence, the reduced relaxation equals: A Pp = 6 kN (1.3 kips)

-148x0.84 = -124 MPa (18.1 ksi) and A P, = 3 kN (0.7 kips)
4 fu -63.5 - 1.49 = 147 MPa
124 It is apparent that A Pp and A P. are
1.49 (21.3 ksi) small and hence they are neglected in
The time-dependent stress in nonpre- the following calculations:
stressed steel using Eq. (4) is calculated Decompression force
to be: P = 1103 - 66 = 1037 kN
Af, = -64.3 MPa
Parameters to Findf
Pe = 1249 - 147 x 990
= 1103 kN (248 kips) 521 x 990 +565x1020
P8 = - 64.3 x 1020 d 2010
= -66 kN (15 kips) = 544 mm (21.4 in.)
The concrete stresses at the steel level _ 1037x521
due to Pe and M, are: =0834
p 648000
fc _ - 0.86 MPa (0.13 ksi)
f^K = - 0.45 MPa (0,07 ksi) n __ 2010 x 695
= 0.0105
Hence: F 2438 x 544

PCI JOURNALIMay-June 1986ϗ 103

ҟ

10 - 13 mm (1/2 in.) STRANDS

174 (6.85 in.)

k
352 (13.65 in.) 2-25 mm (#8)
DEFORMED BAR
89 (3.5 in.)
I 38 (1.5 in. )

22m (72 fi)

LONGITUDINAL SECTION WITH CABLE PROFILE

2438 (96 in.)ҟ 196 (7.7 in }

7
146 (5.75 in.) ҟ 3.8 MPGҟ - 5.6 MPG 10.6 MPa
50 (2 in.)ҟ
—.{ҟ t—ҟ ('0.55ksi)ҟ(-0.81ksi) (-1.53 ksi

565 ( 22.5 in.)ҟNEUTRAL AXISҟ 121 MPa

52I_(20.5 in)ҟ
^^ҟ
{17.7ksi?
-
1219ҟ 6.1MPoҟ 138 MPa
-005MPa
(48 in.)ҟ
95 (3, 75 in.) ϗ 20.1 ksi
(-0.88ksi) (-0.007ksi) STRESSES UNDER
STRESSES UNDER STRESSES UNDER SERVICE MOMENT
CROSS - SECTIONҟ Pi ANDҟ Pe AND MD
SELF WEIGHT
Fig. 7. Details of the simple beam in Example 1.
0C
I
z
n

900E1
m
CD

16000ҟ 18000

(a) SPAN

2500
80ҟ
^ҟ 264ҟ
----- I _
_100
900ҟ 6ҟ 561

250ҟ 75

(b) CROSS SECTIONҟ (c) CABLE-PROFILE

Fig. 8. Details of the continuous beam considered in Example 2.

0U1
 a, = b, Ib = 0.099 I3 mm (½ in.) strands; f,,,, =1860 MPa;
a2 = hf ld = 0.093 fp„ = 1674 MPa; f , = 1100 MPa
Nonprestressed steel:
With these parameters, from Fig. 3 or
Table 1: f, = 400 MPa; IOM deformed bars
f,lna = 20.8 (A, = 100 mm2/bar)
8x10 ° E, = 195000 MPa, q> t = 1.5 and Egh
fa =20.8x6.95x 64 = –225 x 10 -6
2438 x 544E
= 130 MPa (18.9 ksi) Section Properties:
The stresses at the level of prestressed A, = 402500 mm'
steel and nonprestressed steel can be yr = 264 mm
obtained as follows: yb =636mm

k = 0.36 (Fig. 3 or Appendix B) 1,. = 2.524 x 1010 mm4

c =0.36x544=196 mm S t =95.6x108mrn3
So =39.6x1011mrm3
521-196
130 x
= The beam is designed in such a way
544 – 196 that the decompression moment equals
= 121 MPa (17.7 ksi) the permanent load moment. At the
565 – 196 support section the design details are:
ib = 130 x
f
544 – 196 Apr = 495 mms (five – 13 mm strands)
= 138 MPa (20.1 ksi) d,, = 800 mm and P, = 544 kN
These values are comparable with f,,, A„s = 900 mm' (nine – 10 mm bars)
= 17.5 ksi and f„ = 20.6 ksi obtained by d. =850 mm
the computer program in Ref. 8.
Calculation of Service Moment:
The concrete stress at the top fiber can
be found as: MD = –422 kN-m; ML = –281 kN-m
Primary moment at support = 89 kN-m
fla = –11.78 (from Table 2) Total moment at support due to pre-
8x108
1r=- 11.78x 2638
64
x5442
stressing = 302 kN-m
Secondary moment = 302 – 89 = 213
_ –10.58 MPa (-1.53 ksi)
kN-,n
Almost the same value (-1.57 ksi) is The effect of cracking on the second-
obtained using the computer program in ary moment is neglected and the full
Ref. 8. secondary moment is considered in cal-
culating the moment present under ser-
EXAMPLE 2
vice conditions.
A two-span cast-in-place post-ten-
M = –422 – 281 + 213 = –490 kN-,n
sioned T-beam is subjected to a dead
load of 15 kN/m (including self weight) The stresses in the concrete at the top
and a live load of 10 kN/m. The span, and bottom fibers under initial prestress
cross section and cable profile of the and dead load moment (including sec-
continuous beam are shown in Fig. 8. ondary moment) are found to be –0.1
Other data are given as follows: MPa and –4.38 MPa, respectively, and
the stresses at the level of the pre-
Material Properties: stressed and nonprestressed steel are:
Concrete: f1,; = –0.575 MPa; fC,^ = –0.337 MPa
f = 25 MPa; f f = 35 MPa Calculation of Decompression Force:
E,; = 2500 MPa, E, = 29580 M Pa The time-dependent stress (loss) in
Prestressing steel: prestressed steel without relaxation is:

106
 f °„ _ -0.575 x 6.59 x 1.5 - 225 x 10-11 x 195000
1+6.59(0.00122+0.0022)(1. 62709 1(1 +0.8x1.5)

=- 49.5=-46.3MPa
1.07

Intrinsic relaxation for fy,j = 1100 850--349) =160 MPa

MPa is -61 MPa. f,
= 155 (832-349
From Appendix A, for,6 = 0,6 and 1]. _
0.042, a, = 0.79.
Time-dependent stress with relaxation:
fa
The use of an approximate formula
yields = 186 MPa, which is 15 percent
more than the actual stress.
=-46.3-61x(1.79
D Calculation of Crack Width:
= -91.3 MPa To estimate the crack width for the
Time-dependent stress in nonprestressed beam, equations suggested in Ref. 5 are
steel using Eq. (4): used. According to Table 7 of Ref. 5
(Appendix D), the modified Gergely-
il f, = - 44 MPa Lutz equation for deformed bar-strand
Pe =544-5x99x91.3_499kN reinforcement is:
1000
-44x900 = -40kN w„^,r = 0.0137f (d A)' a
P, _ Thus:
1000
Neglecting A P° and A P., the decom- tv = 0.0137 x 0.16 x (950 x 21400)'
pression force is calculated to be: = 0.22 mm
P=499-40 This crack width is acceptable in
= 459 kN practice in most structures.

Parameters to Determinef s:
SUMMARY AND
d 495 x 800 + 900 x 850
=2 mm CONCLUSIONS
1395
_ 459 x 832 = 0.78 1. Design charts that can be used to
p 490,000 determine the steel stress without in-
np = 659 x 1395 = 0.044 termediate calculation of section prop-
250 x 832 erties are presented. It is shown that the
From Fig. 4, for rectangular sections: stresses obtained by the charts are of ac-
ceptable accuracy and can be directly
felna=8.3,k=0.42 used in a crack width equation to deter-
Steel stress: mine the maximum crack width.
2. A simple method is suggested for
f,-8.3x6.59x 490x109 calculating the decompression force in
250 x 8321
= 155 MPa concrete. The forces in the tendons and
nonprestressed steel due to elastic
Neutral axis depth: strains under effective prestress and
c = 0.42 x 832 = 349 mm permanent load moment are shown to
Maximum stress at the level of nonpre- be small and may be neglected in cal-
stressed steel: culating the decompression force.

PCI JOURNALJMay-June 1986ϗ 107

 3. The feasibility of using an approx-
imate formula for stress calculation in
partially prestressed members is exam-
ined. It is found that for beams with a
high reinforcement ratio and low degree
of prestress, the formula accurately es-
timates the steel stress and that the for-
REFERENCES
1. Bachmann, H., "Design of Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Structures Based on
Swiss Experiences," PCI JOURNAL,
V. 29, No. 4, July-August 1984, pp. 84-
105.
2. Bruggeling, A. S. C.,"Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Structures — A Design
Challenge," PCI JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 2.,
March-April 1985, pp. 140-171.
3. Moustafa, S. E., "Design of Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Flexural Members,"
PCI JOURNAL, V. 22, No. 3, May-June
1977, pp. 13-29.
4- Inomata, S., "A Design Procedure for
Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams
Based on Strength and Serviceability,"
PCI JOURNAL, V. 27, No.5, Septem-
ber-October 1982, pp. 100-116.
5. Suri, K. M., Dilger, W. H., "Crack Con-
trol of Partially Prestressed Members,"
to be published in the ACI Journal,
V. 83, No. 5, September-October 1986
issue.
6. Naaman, A. E., "Partially Prestressed
Concrete: Review and Recommenda-
tions," PCI JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 6, No-
vember-December 1985, pp. 30-71.
7. Naaman, A. E., Siriaksorn, A., "Service-
ability Based Design of Partially Pre-
stressed Beams," PCI JOURNAL, V. 24,
Nos. 2 and 3, March-April and May-June
1979, pp. 64-89 and 40-60.
8. Tadros, M. K., "Expedient Service Load
Analysis of Cracked Prestressed Con-
crete Sections," PCI JOURNAL, V. 27,
No. 6, November-December 1982, pp.
86-111; and discussion by Bachmann, H.,
Bruggeling, A. S. G., and Nilson, A. H.,
PCI JOURNAL, V. 28, No.6, Novem-
her-December 1983, pp. 137-158.
108
mula gives better results for T-sections
than for rectangular sections. It is con-
cluded that the simple formula can
be used in design for a quick but con-
servative estimate of the steel stress
in partially prestressed concrete mem-
bers.
9. Nilson, A. H., "Flexural Stresses after
Cracking in Partially Prestressed
Beams," PCI JOURNAL, V. 21, No.4,
July-August 1976, pp. 72-81.
10. Magura, D. 1)., Sozen, M. A., and Seiss,
C. P., "A Study of Stress Relaxation in
Prestressed Reinforcement," PCI
JOURNAL, V.9, No.2, April 1964, pp.
13-57.
11. Dilger, W. H., "Creep Analysis of Pre-
stressed Concrete Members Using
Creep-Transformed Section Properties,"
PCI JOURNAL, V. 27, No. 1, January-
February 1982, pp. 98-118.
12. Baaant, Z., "Prediction of Concrete
Creep Using Age-Adjusted Effective
Modulus Method," ACI Journal, V. 69,
1972, pp. 212-217.
13. Kryzencius, S., "Partially Prestressed
Concrete, A Review of Design Data and
Requirements," Report SRR-83-06, On-
tario Ministry of Transportation and
Communications, R & D Branch, On-
tario, Canada, 1983, pp. 71.
14. Leonhardt, F., "Lectures on Concrete
Structures," V. 1, 4, 5 and 6, Springer
Verlag (1978) (in German).
15. Huber, A., "Practical Design of Partially
Prestressed Concrete Beams," Concrete
International, V. 5, No. 4, April 1983, pp.
49-54.
16. Peterson, D. N., Tadros, M. K., "Simpli-
fied Flexural Design of Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Members," PCI
JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 3, May-June 1985,
pp. 50-69.
17. Korn, Granino, and Korn, Theresa (Edi-
tors), Mathematical Handbook for Sci-
entists and Engineers, McGraw Hill,
New York, N.Y., 1968.
 APPENDIX A — COEFFICIENTS FOR
PREDICTING MAXIMUM CRACK WIDTH

Table Al. Suggested Values for Coefficient k, (Ref. 5).

Type of Type of
Category prestressed steel nonprestressed steel k, (10-e)
1 Strand Deformed bar 13.7
2 Wire Deformed bar 20.3
3 Strand Strand 21.5
4 Wire Wire 37.2
5 Unbonded tendons Deformed bar 25.0

The Gergely-Lutz equation for pre- type of prestressed and nonpre-

dicting the maximum crack width of the stressed reinforcement given in
tensile face of a partially prestressed Table Al
beam is given as: f = stress in the reinforcement after
decompression (MPa)
w mar = k 1 fr (d5 A ) t 3 (Al) db = minimum cover (mm)
A = area of concrete in tension per
where
k, = coefficient that depends on the bar (mm2)

C9

0.E

Tj

0.4
W
0
0

0-a(
o9 0.75
0-7C
0.65
0. 55 0.6(
0 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 U_5

Fig. Al. Relaxation reduction coefficient ar as a function of / = ^fslfs;

for different values of St = f.jlfp,,.

PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1966 109

 APPENDIX B - CRACKED SECTION PROPERTIES
AND DETERMINATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH
Presented herein are formulas for
evaluating the cracked section prop-
erties of members and an analytic
method for determining the neutral axis
depth of a member. Given also, is an
example to show the calculation
method.
Cracked Section Properties
The cubic equation for determining
the neutral axis depth coefficient8 of a
member is given by:
1 ,. = [a2/12 + a2 (ycrld - a, /2Y + a, (k -
ap }x/12 + al (k - a,) (ycr/d — 02 /2 -
k/2) + rip (I — {icr )/d2 ] hd3 (B4)
Analytical Method for
Determining Neutral Axis Depth
The cubic equation [Eq. (B1)] can be
solved using Carden's method" as fol-
lows:
Calculate
s = -A2/3+B

k 3 +Ak 2 +Rk+C=0 (B1) t _2A3 - AB + C

(B5)
where
A = 3 (1 - p) T = ( /3)3 + (t/2)2

p (a) In general, T is positive resulting

in a real root and two conjugate complex
B- roots. The real root is given by:
0,P
2p + 2)]
k = 3 -t/2 + .YT + 3 ^j -t/2 - -p
C =— [6np+a4(1 - a,)(2a$ p
-a,p (B6)
3p + 3) ]
(b) If T is negative, the three real
and roots are best given by a trigonometric
E,(A. + Ana) solution of the equation:
np= E, bd
k, = 2 cos (H/3)
p = P d,,IM
k, = -2/3 cos (9/3 ± 600 ) (B7)
a, = blb and a, = hrld
With the depth of the neutral axis and
known, the properties of the cracked
transformed section can he determined COS 0 = 2s s
as follows: 2/27
Area:
The neutral axis depth coefficient is
Acr =bd[a; + a,(k -a,)+np] (B2) obtained by:

Centroidal depth: k=k,-(1-p)!p i=1,2,3 (B8)

ycr - dcc ^ + a l (k 2 a2 } + 2 n p
(B3) Numerical Example
2a2 +2a,(k-a,)+2np
To illustrate the procedure, the neu-
Cracked moment of inertia tral axis depth coefficient at the support

110
section of the beam in Example 2 can be = 2x0.13 — 0.1x0.338
—0338
obtained as: 27ҟ 3
a1 = 1.0;a2=1,0 = —0.35
p = 0.78; np = 0.044
T = 0.0305
A = 0.846
B = 0.338 k ='0.175+0.175+
C = —0.338 0.175 — 0.175 — 0.282
= 0.42
S = 0.862 + 0.338
3 Note that the same value of k = 0.42
= 0.10 is obtained using Fig. 4.

APPENDIX C - NOTATION
k = area of concrete cross section prestress and dead load at level
= area of cracked transformed sec- ofnonprestressed steel
tion = concrete cylinder strength
A, = area of uncracked transformed fҟ = initial concrete strength
section fPF, = initial stress in tendon after
A,,, = area of prestressed steel stressing
A, = area of nonprestressed steel = change in prestress
b = width of member A f, = time-dependent change in stress
= width of web in reinforcement
C
ϗ
= neutral axis depth fp, = stress in prestressed steel after
d = effective depth combined areas decompression
of prestressed and nonpre- = stress in nonprestressed steel
stressed steels after decompression
4 = minimum concrete cover over f, = stress in steel after decompres-
reinforcement sion at level d
d,,, = effective depth for prestressing f,, = intrinsic relaxation loss at time t
steel fn„ = tensile strength of tendon
d„ = effective depth for reinforcing = yield strength of tension steel
steel = yield strength of nonprestressed
e = eccentricity of tendon steel
e. = eccentricity of tendons in hf= flange thickness in T-section
cracked transformed section 1, = moment of inertia of concrete
E, = modulus of elasticity of concrete section
E, = modulus of elasticity of steel f = moment of inertia of cracked
(average of both steels) transformed section
fC
Ɂ = concrete stress I, = moment of inertia of uncracked
f'M = concrete stress under initial pre- transformed section
stress and sustained moment at k = neutral axis depth coefficient
level of prestressed steel MD = dead load moment
= concrete stress under initial pre- ML = live load moment
stress and sustained moment at MdC = decompression moment
level of nonprestressed steel M, = moment due to service loads
fc,e = concrete stress under effective n = modular ratio (E,IE,)
prestress and dead load at level p = Pd,,,IM,
of nonprestressed steel P = decompression force
= concrete stress under effective PE = prestressing force after transfer

PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1986ҟ 111

 Pe = effective prestress after all loss- Wm = maximum crack width
es yh = distance from uncracked cen-
P, = force in nonprestressed steel troid to bottom fiber
due to time-dependent effects y, = distance from uncracked cen-
0 P = change in concrete compressive ti-aid to top fiber
force (loss) yer = centroidal depth of cracked sec-
= force to be applied at pre- tion
stressed steel level for concrete a = M,Ibd2
decompression al = bIb
J P, = force to be applied at nonpre- % = h,/d
stressed steel level for concrete ar = relaxation reduction
decompression coefficient
r = radius of gyration /3 = fn^lf„u
Sb = section modulus with respect to €.p = initial strain in concrete at pre-
bottom fiber stressed steel level
St = section modulus with respect to b ra = initial strain in concrete at steel
top fiber level
s = coefficient in Carden's solution E.n = shrinkage strain
of cubic equation S2 = A f,lf,,,^
t = coefficient in Carden's solution dr = creep coefficient
of cubic equation p = (A,, + A)I(hd )
T = coefficient in Carden's solution pp =Ane /Ac
of cubic equation pR = A6/&

NOTE: Discussion of this paper is invited. Please submit

your comments to PCI Headquarters by January 1, 1987.

112