 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠J ‫א‬FE‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   
    
 ‫א‬       
   
  ‫א‬   FW
 ٢٥W‫א‬E
   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ _
 ‫א‬_
 ‫א‬
 W١‫א‬
 _‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KK_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Jgneous or Primany Rocks E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،EMagma‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KLava‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  W‫א‬‫א‬
 W_
،__
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W_
_ _
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Sedimentry rocks ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬FWeathering‫א‬
 _
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ _‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬_
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E ‫א‬F٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬2
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 Metamorphic Rocks ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K
 J W
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
Lava ‫اﻟﻼﻓﺎ‬ Magma ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‬

 ‫ﺻﺨﻮر ﺑﺮآﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬



‫ﺻﺨﻮرﻣﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮر رﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬




 E١F




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  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Weathering‫א‬

:‫א‬
 W
WEF‫ א‬-‫أ‬
J  ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬  
،J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Mechanical Weathering ‫א‬

 W
 KEF‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬



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  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ،  ٪٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٦
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

Chemical Weathering ‫א‬‫א‬

،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٨J ٢٧W‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K،
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 
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CaCO3‫א‬
 ‫א‬  HCl 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fe2 O3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
  E‫א‬F‫א‬   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٣
J  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EH+F ‫א‬،‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEOH-F‫א‬EH+F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EH+F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،H2CO3

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHCO3-F‫א‬‫א‬
 Ca++،Na+ ،Mg++

 W‫א‬ J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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


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  ‫א‬
 ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W Parent Material‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WResidual Soils‫א‬ J ١
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WTransported materials‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?3
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Soil Formation Factors ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺖ وﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮر‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Climate‫א‬ -١
 Organisms‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 Relief or Topography‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
 ParentMaterial‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
 Time‫ א‬-٥
J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬EKKK،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WJ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WJ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬

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  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4
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،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ١
 J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬
KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٤
J E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٥
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٥J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬phF‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 W٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 K‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 K‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
   EF‫א‬‫א‬٣
   EF‫א‬٤
   EF‫א‬٥
‫א‬  EF‫א‬٦
 ‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬٧
K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٣
 K‫א‬ EF–٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF–٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF–٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬EF–٩


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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J Shoval‫א‬J TrowelsJ Trourel
J J ‫א‬ ‫א‬J J ‫א‬
J TapemeasureJ J 
 
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J J J Campass

،‫א‬‫א‬،١{٥C١C١‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
J ٥٠،٥٠J ٣٠،٣٠J ١٥ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥–٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١FK‫א‬J ٤
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  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K٣٠–١٥‫א‬١٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬J ١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٢‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

- ٢٤ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Soil augers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 E٣FSoil tube‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ١٥‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬
 Soil auger‫א‬٢J ١
 ‫א‬K١٥٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ،‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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W‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J  ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KJ EF‫א‬
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

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 


 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬‫א‬J J ١
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬WJ ٤
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  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K،W‫א‬J ٦
 WJ J J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K ١٠٠‫א‬W
 WJ ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EpHF‫א‬J ١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flame Photometer‫א‬J ١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Spectro-colorimeter‫א‬J ١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Atomic Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬5
K‫א‬

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J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 K،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  KKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKK‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 KJ ٦

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
F ،F ‫א‬F ،F E‫א‬F ،F
، ، E‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،
E ، E ، E
E E‫א‬ 









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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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
 Physical PnoperliesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬W‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ESoil textureF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢،٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -


٠{٠٢–٢‫א‬ESandF‫א‬‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
–٠{٠٢‫א‬ESiltF‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩FKEClayF‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬،٠{٠٠٢



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 KE١٠٠٠Z١F

 KE١٠FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬EFJ ١
،‫א‬‫א‬ESandySoilF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EESandy Loamy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ELoamy SandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

- ٣٥ -

،‫א‬‫א‬ELoam SoilF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KESilty SoilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESilty LoamF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬،EClayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬


- ٣٦ -

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   
٢٠٠٠‫أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ٢ ‫أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ Gravel

٢٠٠٠-٢٠٠  ٠{٢J ٢ Coarse Sand 

 ٢٠٠J ٢٠ ٠{٠٢–٠{٢ Fine Sand

 ٢٠J ٢ ٠{٠٠٢–٠{٠٢ Silt

 ٢  ٠{٠٠٢‫א‬ Clay 



 Soil Structure‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬



- ٣٧ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷرﺿﻲ‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷرﺿﻲ ﺑﺨﻮاص اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬١١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EGranularFEFJ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EBlockyFEFJ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬


 EPloryFJ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E١٢F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬









- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬


 Soil densiry ‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
‫ك‬ ‫א‬
= ‫ث‬ = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ح‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Real Density of Soil ‫א‬‫ א‬:‫أوﻻ‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣L‫א‬‫א‬
‫ك‬  ‫א‬
‫= ح‬‫ث ق‬ = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ق‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z،‫א‬Z،‫א‬‫א‬ZW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٣١‫א‬
 EZFK٣L٢{٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٧٥–٢{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٦٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

٦APParent Density of Soil ‫א‬‫ א‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ك‬  ‫א‬
‫= ح‬‫ث ظ‬ = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي‬
‫ظ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z،‫א‬Z،‫א‬‫א‬Z‫ث ظ‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٣–١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬١{٨–١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤–١{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6
- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEHF‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
١
  ٢٠٠= × E‫א‬F١٠٠٠=‫א‬
١٠٠
 E١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٠٠٠×٢٠٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL





- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬


 Soil Porosity‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥٢‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠٪٥٢
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٥ -

‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي ـــ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
١٠٠× =‫א‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي‬
E‫ث ظ‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫ث ق‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ث ق ـــ‬
١٠٠× ‫ثظ‬ =٪‫א‬
‫ثق‬
 E١F
‫א‬‫א‬٣٧{٣‫א‬‫א‬٣١٤{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
٧٫٣ ‫ ــــ‬١٤٫٦
٪٥٠=١٠٠× =٪‫א‬
١٤٫٦
 E٢F
٣L١{١‫א‬٣L٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
١٫١ ‫ ــــ‬٢٫٦
٪٥٠=١٠٠× =٪‫א‬
٢٫٦
 E٣F
،١٣٠‫א‬٣١٠٠،٣L٢{٦‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٠
١٠٠ =‫ث ظ‬

١٫٣ ‫ ــــ‬٢٫٦
٪٥٠=١٠٠C =٪‫א‬
٢٫٦


- ٤٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٤٧ -


 Soil Temperture‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
˚٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K˚٣٧{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˚٥٤{٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬ K˚ ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦٥F٥٥٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ٤٩ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٠ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K˚٣٥٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥١ -

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -

 W‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٠
 W‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٥٤ -
  

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

 ‫؟‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

 ٣٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٣L٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٤
 K٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 W‫א‬٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬


- ٥٥ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬،٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

- ٥٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Chemical Pnopenties of soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬ J 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
pH J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
١٠٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KE١٠٠٠‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEAdsorptionF •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٥٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬KE٠{٠٠٠١Z‫א‬F١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ٢

(‫א‬‫א‬) Clay minerals ‫א‬ -١
‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EpHF‫א‬
٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ 
 K‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7
- ٥٩ -

‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
( Soil Organic Mattar ‫א‬‫א‬‫ )א‬K‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬J ٢
٪٨٠J ٥٠٤٠J ٣٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٤
 K٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

- ٦٠ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

- ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٦
 K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٢ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F

Ion Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٣ -

 Cation J exchange capacity (CEC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H+ , F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECa++ , Mg++ , K+ , Na+
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢FKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E 100 ‫ ﺟﻢ‬/F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

5-1
J 
10-5  

15-5
 
30-15 
 
30 ‫اﻛﺛرﻣن‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
- ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠L٤٥٠J ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
EpHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 pH ‫א‬
 EpH= - Log [H]F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬EpH MeterF
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FpH‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٤١K
 EpH   ،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EOH-FEH+F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -

،٧pH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٧pH ‫א‬
 K٧pH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥‫א‬‫א‬FK٧
pH = ٧{٥–٥{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬،pH =٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF

- ٦٦ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦FKEpHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫ﻣﻠﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﻮم‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬E١٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬.pH=٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KpH=٧{٥J ٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬
 pH=٧{٥J ٥{٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pH=٤،pH=٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨ Factors affecting the Soil pH ‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WECo2F‫א‬J ١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٩‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬ ٨

- ٦٨ -

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 J W‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -

 Buffering action of soil‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pH‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬pH
‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥


- ٧٠ -




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K

- ٧١ -

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

 W‫א‬٥
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 W‫א‬٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

- ٧٢ -

K٨{٥–٥ EF
K‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K٧‫א‬pH‫א‬ EF
 KpH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬ EF
KpH =٧ – ٦ EF


- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E٢٠J ‫א‬FE‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٩FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬-‫ا‬
‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

W‫ א‬-٢
K‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬      
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 E،F‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٤
٩‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٢{٥،٨٠

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KJ ٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 9

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫ א‬-٦


 K‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬E٢٠F

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ א‬
‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

+ ‫ أﺣﻤﺎض‬+ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط اﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫دﺑﺎل‬ 

 Ammoni FicationW‫א‬J ٢
 ENH4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Nitrihcation‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KENo3F
 ‫א‬
 Denirri FicationW‫א‬J ٤

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENo3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KE٥٦٥J ٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Nitrogen Fixation ‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
‫א‬،ENH4F‫א‬EN2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٨٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J J  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٠١٥٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
W -‫أ‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬J ‫א‬
 Azotobacter‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 Clostridium‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬
FJ ‫א‬‫א‬–Rhizobium‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BradyrhizobiumE٢٢،٢١
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 11
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ERhizobium‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ERhizobium‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠J ٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Blue-gneen Algae‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬E٢٣F

 

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬J 
 J WW٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬W٧
W‫א‬‫א‬EFW٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬J EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬J EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF

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 ‫א‬  
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 ٢٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE٣F
 ٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 ٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
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 ٤٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
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 ٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E١٢F
 ٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
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 ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
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٦٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
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 
  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ١
 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ١J ١
 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١
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 ٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
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 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١J ٢
 ١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢J ٢
 ١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
 ١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢J ٢
 ١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢J ٢
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 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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