Earth Materials and Processes: 

EXOGENIC & ENDOGENIC

PROCESSES
Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:

1.       Describe how rocks undergo, weathering, erosion, mass wasting and

sedimentation.

2.       Describe where the Earth internal heat come from.

3.       Describe what happens how magma is formed. (magmatism)

4.       Describe what happens when after magma is formed. (plutonism and

volcanism)

5.       Describe the changes in mineral components & texture of rocks due to

changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism).

WEATHERING
The action of the weather conditions in
altering the color, texture, composition,
or form of exposed objects causes the 
physical disintegration and chemical
decomposition of earth materials like
rock  at or near the  earth’s surface.
BIOLOGICAL
WEATHERING
is the weakening and subsequent
disintegration of rocks by plants,
animals and microbes.

CHEMICAL
WEATHERING 
is the decomposition of rocks due
to chemical reactions occuring
between the minerals in rocks 
and the environment.

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

 (MECHANICAL WEATHERING) 
It refers to the breakdown of
rocks without a change in its
composition.
 CAUSES OF BIOLOGICAL
WEATHERING OF ROCKS

01Organic activity from lichen and algae.

02 Rock disintegration by plant growth.
03 Burrowing and tunneling of microorganism.
04 Secretion of acids.
PROCESSES  THAT BRING
CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF
ROCKS
HYDRATION/ HYDROLYSIS It is a process when
molecules of some substance in rocks  chemically
combine with water molecules

CARBONATION It is a process when carbon dioxide

may bond with other substances. It is also results in
sinkholes which cause the formation of stalactites and
stalagmites.
OXIDATION This occurs when oxygen combines
with another substance like minerals in rocks, yielding
compounds called oxides.

PROCESSES THAT CAN CAUSE 

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

01Thermal and Pressure Change

02 Wind and Waves
03 Freeze and Thaw
04 Organic Activity
EROSION
It involves the movement of the weathered
rock (soil, sand or pebbles ) from their site of
weathering by the agents of erosion such as
wind, moving water, ice and gravity.

 Transport by water.
 Transport by wind.
Types of Slope Mass Movement
CREEP A slow movement of rock and soil down a slope,
usually around 1 mm to 10 m a year . The creep is usually the
result of overburdening and increased pressure of the rocks
and soil in the slope. Creeps usually occur on large slope
with a gradual to moderate incline.

Slide Slides are a more rapid movement of rock and soil

down a slope. Usually occurring relatively quickly. Slides are
the cause of multiple factors including erosion, lubrication of
the soil and rocks in a slope and the giving way of the slope
when under pressure. 

Types of Slope Mass Movement

Flow A flow is a torrent of water flowing down a slope with
enough force to carry rocks and sediment down the slope.
Larger stronger flows have enough force to carry boulders
and large quantities of soil and sediment down a slope.
Lesser flows may just carry soil and fine pebbles and gravel.
Flows may also carve gullies and grooves into the slope as
the water moves down the slope. 

FALL A fall is usually made up of moderate to large rocks

and occurs often after the edge of a steep slope crumbles
due to heavy rainfall or erosion. In a fall the rocks free fall or
tumble down the slope. Rocks that fall can vary in size from
rocks as large as cars to small rocks and pebbles 
 EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Geological phenomena and processes that originate
externally to the earth’s surface
MAGMA

is a mixture of molten rock, minerals & gases.

It originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper
portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere. The
asthenosphere which is between 100 to 350 kilometers deep is so
hot that most of the rock is melted.The melt flows very slowly
because it is under intense pressure. Magma reaches temperature
between 600  - 140 degrees Celsius. It behaves like a solid
(plasticity) because of the great pressure of layers above it. Magma is capable of
intrusion, extrusion and can be expelled violently as tephra to form pyroclastic
rock. Environments of magma formation and compositions are correlated. These
environments include subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid- ocean ridges
and hot spots.
 LAVA

when magma emerges on the surface of the

earth.
Lava spilling over or erupting from craters is usually bubbly, a
sign that gases are escaping. The escape of gases immensely
lowers the temperature, decreases the volume and changes the
composition of lava as compared to magma. Gas gives magma
its explosive character. When gases cannot escape readily,
eruption is more explosive. The composition of the gases in
magma is mostly water vapor,  some carbon dioxide, minor amounts of sulfur,
chlorine and fluorine gases.

VISCOSITY (FLUIDITY)
is the resistance to flow. Viscosity depends primarily on the
composition and temperature of the magma. Magma with
higher silica content has higher viscosity. Viscosity
increases with increasing silica concentration in the magma.
Magma with low temperature has higher viscosity than those 
with high temperature. Viscosity decreases with increasing
temperature of the magma. Viscosity is a significant property
in determining the eruptive behavior of magma

MAGMA ESCAPE ROUTES

INTRUSION when  magma cools and hardens in the rock
layer. It is any formation of intrusive igneous rock; rock
formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the
crust  of the planet.
EXTRUSION when lava that hardens on the surface. It
consists of extrusive rock; rock formed above the surface of
the crust.

TEPHRA (VOLCANIC ASH) magma when it solidifies in

the air forms volcanic rock and as it falls to earth forms a
pyroclastic rock and that includes pumice.

MAGMA CHAMBER

A large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of

the earth.

FISSURES ( VENTS )
The  cracks or opening of a volcano, through
which lava and other materials are emitted .

CALDERA
A large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly
after the emptying of a magma chamber/
reservoir in a volcanic eruption.
DIFFERENT WAYS TO GENERATE
MAGMA

DECOMPRESSION MELTING
involves the upward movement of the Earth’s mantle.It often occurs at
divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates move away from each
other and it also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rocks that
rise from the Earth’s high pressure core to a lower pressure crust.

HOTSPOTS (HOT SPOTS)

Volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that
is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.

FLUX MELTING occurs when water or carbon dioxide is added to

rocks. It occurs with the oceanic plate, magma rises and creates
volcanoes. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a
solid  structure and occurs around subduction zones.

TRANSFER OF HEAT happens at convergent

boundaries, where tectonic plates collide with each other.
This process of heat transfer creates magma.

TYPES OF MAGMA
FELSIC MAGMA Molten rock (magma) with a high
concentration of silica, sodium and potassium. It has the highest gas
content and viscosity. It is commonly found at convergent plate
boundaries where transfer of heat & flux melting could create large
volcanoes.
MAFIC MAGMA Liquid rock containing a high level of
magnesium and iron. It  has a low gas content and low viscosity,
has high average temperature which contributes to its low
viscosity.

ULTRAMAFIC MAGMA Hottest and fastest flowing magma

INTERMEDIATE (ANDESITIC) MAGMA Liquefied rock

with a silica content higher than mafic magma but lower than felsic
magma.This results in a higher gas content and higher viscosity. It is
commonly converted into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent
plate boundaries.

KINDS OF STRESS THAT

ROCKS EXPERIENCE
DIFFERENTIAL STRESS

IN MANY CASES,ROCK MAY EXPERIENCE AN ADDITIONAL UNEQUAL STRESS DUE TO

TECTONIC FORCES. 

THREE BASIC KINDS:                                                                                                                                                                         

A) TENSIONAL STRESS ( STRETCHING ) - THIS IS WHEN ROCK IS STRETCH APART PULLED APART.WHERE CRUST
PLATES DIVERGE,ROCKS ARE PULLED APART.                                                                                                                            
B) COMPRESSIONAL STRESS ( SQUEEZING ). THIS IS WHEN ROCK IS PRESSED,SQUEEZED OR PUSHED TOGETHER.
WHERE CRUSTAL PLATES COLLIDE,ROCKS ARE COMPRESSED OR PUSHED.

SHEAR STRESS  WHICH RESULTS IN SLIPPAGE AND TRANSLATION. ROCK IS BEING PULLED IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS

LITHOSTATIC (GEOSTATIC ) STRESS ROCK BENEATH THE

EARTH'S SURFACE EXPERIENCES EQUAL PRESSURE EXERTED ON
IT FROM ALL DIRECTION BECAUSE THE WEIGHT OF THE
OVERLYING ROCK.
 STRAIN-ROCK DEFORMATION
IN RESPONSE TO STRESS
BRITTLE DEFORMATION OR FRACTURE Deeper than
10-20 kilometers the enormous lithostatic stress makes it nearly impossible to
produce fracture but the high temperature makes rock softer, less brittle, more
malleable. This occurs in the lower continental crust and in the mantle.

ELASTIC DEFORMATION For small differential

stresses, less than the yield strength, rock deforms like
spring. It changes in shape by a very small amount in
response to the stress.

DUCTILE DEFORMATION Near the Earth’s surface rock

behaves in its familiar brittle fashion. If a differential stress is applied
that is greater than the rock’s yield strength, the rock fractures.
FRACTURE is an irreversible strain wherein the rock breaks.

JOINTS

fractures in rocks that show little or no

movement at all.
Breaks of natural origin in the continuity of either a layer or body
of rock that lacks any visible or measurable movement parallel to
the surface of the fracture. The orientation of the joints can be
described as strike and dip.

TYPES OF FAULTS :
BRITTLE DEFORMATION OR FRACTURE occurs
when brittle rocks are stretched- tectonic tensional  forces are
 involved and the movement of blocks of rock is mainly in the
vertical direction ( sinking and rising)

DIP- SLIP  (NORMAL) FAULT occur when brittle rocks are pushed
( tectonic forces are compressional)

REVERSE ( THRUST) FAULTS occurs when brittle rocks

are sheared ( the opposing tectonic forces are at right angles to
compression and tension directions) and the movement of
blocks of rock is chiefly in the horizontal direction. 

DUCTILE DEFORMATION

Rocks buried deep within the Earth’s crust

behave differently when subjected to differential
stress

When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead

of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may
bend or fold and the resulting structures are
called FOLDS.Folds are promoted by high temperature and
pressure at great depth.

KINDS OF FOLDS:
SYNCLINES simplest types of folds occur when the
horizontal layers are bent upward so that the two limbs of the
fold are still horizontal.

MONOCLINES fold structures formed when the originally rock layers have
been folded upward and the two limbs of the fold dip away  from the hinge of the
fold. It form  mountains, hills or ridges with the sycline may form valleys.
ANTICLINES fold structures when the original rock layers
have been folded download and the two limbs of the fold dip
inward toward the hinge of the fold.
Lesson 5 Activity 1: Summarize the concepts Exogenic Process using
Concept Map and choose from words on the box below.

Lesson 5 Activity 2: Endogenic Process Concept Map

Summarize the concepts Endogenic  Process using Concept Map and

choose from words on the box below.
Andesitic magma Anticlines Continental Building Forces of Tension mafic magma
Monoclines     Strike-Slip Fault SUDDEN MOVEMENTS     ultramafic magma
   
Upward
ACTIVITY 3: Challenge Yourself: Answer the ff.
question briefly at least 2 sentences. 
1.What is the role of stress in the formation of
foliation?

2.   Why do the continents fit roughly along their

coastlines?

3.   What are the three major factors controlling

the viscosity of magma/lava.
JUSTICE CECILIA MUNOZ PALMA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
AMLAC VILLE SUBD. PAYATAS B, QUEZON CIT
 EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES:

MINERALS AND
ROCKS
ILDA R. RANADAT-III

EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES:

MINERALS AND
ROCKS
EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES:

MINERALS AND
ROCKS
EARTH MATERIALS & PROCESSES:

MINERALS AND ROCKS

OBJECTIVES: The students should
be able to
1. identify and differentiate the common rock -
forming minerals using their  physical and chemical
properties
2. classify rocks into  igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic
3. describe the origin and environment of formation
of the three types of rocks
4.  explain and Give the importance of the rock 
cycle

PETROLOGY
The branch of science concerned with the origin, small-scale
structure and composition of rocks.

 The scientific study of rocks that deals with their

composition, texture,structure,their occurrence and
distribution, their origin in relation to physicochemical

conditions and geologic processes.

TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Or Magmatic rock, It is formed through the cooling and
solidification of magma or lava. As hot, molten rock rises to the
surface, it undergoes changes in temperature and pressure that
cause it to cool, solidify and crystallize.

2 Types of IGNEOUS ROCKS

01 PLUTONIC - INTRUSIVE ROCKS 

Formed when magma cools and solidifies
underground. The examples are granite as one of the
important rocks in the crust and gabbro is the black
granite.

02 VOLCANIC- EXTRUSIVE ROCKS

Formed when magma reaches the Earth’s surface

from a volcano and cools quickly and have small
crystals. Examples are  andesite, basalt, obsidian,
pumice, rhyolite and scoria.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and
subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the
floor of oceans or other bodies  of water at the earth’s surface.
This  sediment is formed when weathering and erosion break
down a rock into loose material in a source area. The common
examples are  conglomerate,  sandstones, shale and limestone. 

3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks

01 CLASTIC Sedimentary rocks are derived from mechanical

weathering which involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller ones at
the surface of the crust, accumulate as clasts, piled on
top of one another and lithified.

02 CHEMICAL Sedimentary rocks form when

dissolved minerals precipitate.
 03 ORGANICSedimentary rocks are formed by the
accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic
processes. These are rocks that may contain fossils of
plants and animals trapped in the sediments as the rock was
formed.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Arise from the transformation of existing rock types in a
process metamorphism, which means change in form. The
original rock  is subjected to heat and pressure, causing
profound physical or chemical change. 

2 Types of Metamorphic Rocks

01 Foliated Metamorphic  rocks formed within

the earth’s interior under extremely high temperature
and unequal pressure. Gneiss, phyllite,
schist,serpentine and slate are examples of foliated
metamorphic rocks.
02 Non-Foliated Metamorphic rocks such as
hornfels,marbles,quartzite and novaculite do not have a
layered or banded appearance. They show colored
bands that reflect very small impurities and identified on
the basis  of their composition.
 The rock cycle summarizes the transformational processes that
change rocks from one kind to another. It shows the entire
journey of rocks formed as they changed. It is an important aspect
of our dynamic Earth because it enable rocks to change to
different types of rock depending on their location and
circumstances so it helps rocks to recycle themselves so that the
new structure can be built as the earth surface changes from
plate tectonics. It helps us understand about the environment and
the formation of the earth. Different types of rocks give us
different mineral resources. Geologists know how to identify one
rock type from another. With this knowledge they can advise
mining companies where to search for specific mineral deposits
worth mining.
COMIC STRIP ROCK CYCLE
MINERALS
Naturally occurring, inorganic solids of one or
more elements that have a definite chemical
composition with an orderly internal
arrangement of atoms.
 Mineral Characteristics
CRYSTAL FORM – the arrangement of the
faces
of a crystal to form a particular shape.
− Common shapes are

ƒPrisms
ƒPyramids
ƒNeedles
ƒCubes
ƒSheets
Mineral Characteristics
Cleavage – minerals break along
planes of weakness defined by
atomic structure .
− Cleavage planes more likely to
occur across weak bonds
between ions
 Mineral Characteristics
HARDNESS - – minerals ranked by their
relative hardness using Mohs Hardness
Scale.
− Harder minerals can scratch softer
minerals
− Softer minerals more likely to break down
at Earth’s surface
 Mineral Characteristics
Color - minerals have characteristic colors
− Dark minerals (black, brown, dark green)
ƒ Olivine, amphibole, pyroxene, biotite
mica 
− Light minerals (white, gray, pink) ƒ
Quartz, feldspar, muscovite mica, calcite
 − Careful, some minerals have many
colors
 PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Color Minerals can have different colors depending on how they are
formed.

Luster It is the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal or

mineral.

Streak  It refers to the color displayed in finely powdered form left
behind when rubbed on a rough surface.

HardnessThis refers to the resistance of a mineral to scratching.  It

is a measure of the bonding strength between atoms.

Specific Gravity It refers to the mass of the mineral compared

to the mass of an equal volume of water . It is numerically equal to the
density  of a mineral in g/ cm3.  This is a useful way to identify a pure
mineral.
Cleavage or Fracture Cleavage is how smoothly the minerals
break.

INVESTIGATING MINERALS
THAT MAKE UP ROCKS
Minerals are naturally occuring homogeneous inorganic solid
substance ( either element or compound) having a definite chemical
composition and characteristic crystalline structure or shape, color and
hardness.

Rocks are mixtures of different minerals. 

Mineralogy Science which study about minerals.

Activity : Tying-Up
In a developing country like our, we need to equip our youth with
skills an immerse them in the actual hands-on experience to help
them become the 21st century learners. The simple project aims
to design a hollow block using simple materials that can easily be
obtained.

Task: Hollow Block Making

Requirements:

Prepare a write-up stating the following informations:

1. Materials used
 2. Procedure including the design of the mold, used
proportion volume of materials used.
3. Recommendations

Output:

The finished hollow block will undergo a compression strength

test reviews by the teacher.