Q/ define collecting a blood sample ?

1- Collecting blood samples is crucial to the

understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease.

Q/ Write three popular methods of blood collection?

1-Arterial sampling
2-Venipuncture sampling
3-Fingerstick sampling or ( capillary method )

Q/ define Arterial sampling ?

1-This form of blood collection most commonly takes

place within a hospital environment.

Note: used to 1-identification of metabolic 2-respiratory

3-mixed acid-base disorders

Q/ define Venipuncture sampling ?

1-is the most common way to collect blood from adult
patients.
Note:median cubital vein is close to the skin and doesn’t
have many large nerves positioned close by .

Q/ write Venipuncture sampling risks?

1-there are also risks related to the storage , transportation

, and potential loss or contamination of the blood samples
once they are collected

Q/define Fingerstick sampling ?

1-involves taking a very small amount of blood from the
patient , usually from the end of a finger.

Q/write benefits of fingerstick sampling ?

1-the loss of less blood and the ability to carry out testing
at home, as a phlebotomist is not required for the
procedure.
Q/define Compound microscope?

1-is an instrument that is used to view magnified images

of small objects on a glass slide.

Q/write characteristics of a compound microscope?

1-two or more convex lenses

2-typical magnification range between 40x and 1000x
3-one objective is used at a time
4-two-dimensional images
5-Available in monocular, binocular and trinocular
configurations

Q/enumerate parts of Compound microscope?

1-Eyepiece
2-monocular or binocular head
3-arm
4-nosepiece
5-Base
6-Objective lenses
7-Stage or platform
8-specimen or slide
9-Stage clips or mechanical stage
10-Aperture – disc or lris diaphragm
11–Abbe condenser
12-coarse and fine adjustment controls
13-Stage height adjustment
14-mirror
15-illumination
16-Bottom lens or field Diaphragm

Q/Write equipments of estimation of hemoglobin content?

1-sahli apparatus ( haemoglobinometer ) consist of :

A-Central graduated tube
B-two standard tubes

2-special pipette : of 0.02 capacity

3-N/10 Hcl solution & Distilled water
4-Dropper & glass rods

Normal valus:
1-Adult male:14–16gm % ( average 15gm%)
2-adult female 12-15gm % (average 13hm%)
3-Newly born infant : 18gm%
4-children: 12 gm %
Clinical significance of hb estimation :
-diagnose of :
1-Anaemia ( if Hb . Is less than normal values )
2-polycythaemia ( if Hb . Is more than normal
values)

-Calculation of some blood indices as:

1-Mean corpuscular Hb. ( MCH )
2-Mean corpuscular Hb. Concentration ( MCHC )

Q/What is ESR test ?

Measures the rate at which red blood cells settle down at
the bottom of test tube that contains anticoagulated blood.

Q/write benefits of ESR ?

1- Easy to perform
2- Widely available and inexpensive
3- Used for many years to help detect inflammation

Q/write methods of ESR mesuring ?

1-westergren method ( most widely used )
2-wintrobe method
Q/Why Is ESR test done ?

1- To determine presence of an inflammatory reaction in

the body in response to infections, 1- injury 2- cancer
3-autoimmune diseases.

2-To monitor the progression of the inflammatory

disease and evaluate its response to the treatment.

3-it’s a non specific test and it does not help in the

diagnosis of an inflammatory reaction ( can’t used for
specific diagnoses )

Q/write Requirements of ESR ?

1-Westergren pipette
2-Westergren Stand
3-Anticoagulant ( used in this method is 3.8 tri-
sodium citrate solution )

Q/write normal ranges OF ESR?

1- Adult females 0-20mm/hr
2- Adult male 0-15mm/hr
3- Children (<10year) 0-10mm/hr