Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Zia ul haq
1. Domestic policy
2. Foreign policy
President : 1977-1988
Martial law : 1977-1985
Domestic policies:
1. Islamisation
2. Economic
3. Constitutional
4. Political
Successes of islamisation.
1. Zia was able to successfully postpone the elections
2. His popularity amongst the religious elements grew rapidly
Failures of islamisation
Political reforms
1. Settling down the rebellion in Balochistan
2. Banning federal security force (FSF)
3. Tackling Bhuttos execution
Successes:
Failures:
Successes:
1. Pakistan’s GNP growth rate reached to 6.2% which was the highest in
the world
Failures:
Constitutional reforms:
(#1) Under article 48 the following changes were made to the
constitution:
1. Article 48 gave automatic validity to any decisions taken by the
president. All his actions, even if they violated human rights,
were deemed to be legal.
2. All military decisions and actions since 1977 were legal and not
open to enquiry or later prosecution.
3. No decision taken under martial law could be changed without
the presidents consent.
(#2) Zia also passed the eighth amendment, Article 58 (2b) which stated
that the president would have the power to:
Success:
1. Zia won the referendum and was confirmed as the president for the
next 5 years.
Failure:
1. But in reality the referendum was an embarrassing failure with huge
numbers of Pakistanis following the MRD advice not to vote.
1985 elections
(8th amendment)
1. Zia still won a good majority. So with an election result that most
people accepted, and a defeat for the MRD, it was a success for Zia.
2. Following the elections, general Zia chose Mohammad Khan Junejo
as Prime minister who set about organising a political party and
calling it Muslim league to link with the memory of Quaid-e-Azam.
3. On 30th December 1985, martial law was finally lifted and political
parties could once again organise and campaign.
Failure:
1. But the power was still in the hands of the president due to the 8th
amendment.
Foreign policy
1. Afghan miracle
2. Relations with Muslim countries
3. Relations with India
Afghan Miracle
(Soviet invasion of Afghanistan)
● 1977
○ There was a Soviet back coup in Afghanistan in which the whole
● 1979
friendly and gave him benefits for helping them with Afghanistan. It is
because of this that this topic is called “Afghan miracle” (it was a
miracle for Pakistan.)
○ Initially Americans offered Pakistan 400 million dollars. Zia called
Successes :
1. Pakistan was receiving unconditional economic and military support
from the west.
2. Zia was able to develop Pakistan’s army into an effective one which
enabled Pakistan to be a leading supplier of military assistance to
other Muslim countries. Karachi became the best naval port in the
region
3. Pakistan also started selling weapons and military equipment to other
Muslim countries
4. Zia’s foreign policing was also proving to be successful. Due to
Afghan miracle, his stranding in the west was quite good and his
good relation with Middle Eastern countries led more than 50,000
Pakistanis are working there and generating remittances of 4 billion
dollars per annum.
5. Due to western aid, Zia was able to inject capital in the economy due
to which economic growth rate reached to 6.2% which was highest in
the world.
6. The western aid also helped Pakistan to fund its nuclear program
Dismissal of Junejo
As a result of the ojhri camp disaster, hundreds of civil ads were killed with
thousands more injured. Prime minister Junejo announced an immediate
inquiry into the explosion and promised that whoever was to blame was to
be brought to justice - even if it meant the dismissal of important army
commanders.
This was a threat to Zia and the top leaders of the Army as it was doubted
that the head of army and ISI was involved in this incident. This was too
much for the army and for Zia. Junejo appeared to be gaining far too much
influence. Consequently on 29th may 1988 Zia used his powers under the
8th amendment to dismiss Junejo, dissolve the National Assembly and
impose martial law.
Almost immediately after takeoff, radio contact with the plane was lost.
Villagers are Dhok Kamal watched in horror as the plane lurched up and
down in the sky before plunging into the ground.