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ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition: Added Enrichment Evaluation
ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition: Added Enrichment Evaluation
Grammar and Composition IV builds upon the grammar foundation established in previous years
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Grammar •• Colons:
•• Capitalization: •• Before a list of items
•• Proper nouns and words formed from proper nouns: •• To introduce a formally announced statement or quotation
•• Particular persons, places, things: •• Between:
•• Political and economic organizations and alliances hhIndependent clauses when second clause further explains first one
•• Words referring to Deity and Holy Scripture •• Chapter and verse of Bible reference
•• Words from proper nouns •• Hour and minute of time reference
•• Common noun or adjective when part of proper name •• After salutation of a business letter
•• Titles of persons, titles of works •• Italics:
•• First word of every sentence •• For titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, works of art,
•• Pronoun I and interjection O ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft
•• For words, letters, numbers referred to as such
•• First word of every line of poetry
•• For foreign words or phrases
•• Punctuation:
•• Hyphens:
•• End marks:
•• To divide a word at the end of line
•• Period for declarative sentences, abbreviations, indirect question,
and polite request •• In compound numbers
•• Question mark for interrogative sentences •• In fractions used as adjectives
•• Exclamation point for exclamatory sentences •• In prefixes before a proper noun or adjective
•• Commas: •• In compound adjectives before a noun
•• Before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent •• Quotation marks:
clauses •• In a direct quotation
•• To indicate: •• To enclose titles of short poems, songs, chapters, articles, and
•• Omissions or avoid possible misreading other parts of books or magazines
•• Nonessential elements in a sentence: •• To enclose a quoted passage of more than one paragraph: at the
••Appositive and appositive phrase beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph
•• Apostrophes:
••Participial phrase
•• To form:
••Adjective and adverb clauses
•• Possessive case of nouns
••Direct address
•• Individual possession within a group
••Well, yes, no, or why
•• Possessive case of indefinite pronouns
••Parenthetical expressions
•• To show omissions from words
•• To set off introductory phrases or clauses
•• With s to form plurals of letters, numbers, signs, and words used as
•• In dates and addresses
words
•• After salutations and closings of letters
•• Dashes:
•• Semicolons:
•• After a series of words or phrases giving details about a statement
•• Between independent clauses:
that follows
•• If not using coordinating conjunction
•• To indicate an abrupt change or break in a sentence
•• Joined by:
•• To set off parenthetical elements or confidential comments
••Transitional words
••Coordinating conjunction if clauses already contain commas
•• Between items in a series if the items contain commas
146
Grade 10
Mastering the vocabulary and spelling words in Vocabulary, Spelling, Poetry IV will greatly help
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Poetry IV over the course of the year. This memory work will not only help students lay a foundation for
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147
Grade 10
ENGLISH: Literature
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10
In previous years, students read mostly for enjoyment, but now they will learn about the makeup of
literature by studying a variety of literary terms and devices such as imagery and figurative language.
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While the first part of World Literature offers a background to the study of world literature, the second
Fourth Edition
of
part introduces works chronologically from the time of the ancient East to the Modern Age (twenti-
eth century). Students will read classics which reflect the thinking of each time period, such as Divine
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erson acts
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Comedy, Moby Dick, Paradise Lost, Aesop’s Fables, and Foxe’s Book of Martyrs.
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Art appreciation is also an important part of the literature study in English 10. As the author uses words
to paint visual images in our minds, the artist uses his brush to paint a story. World Literature includes
paintings, sculptures, and architecture that reflect the themes of each unit.
148
Grade 10
MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2
Algebra 2, building from a foundation of basic algebra, develops confidence in problem-solving
ALGEBRA 2
First Edition
strategies through application of in-depth algebraic skills. Students will gain thorough exposure
to algebraic techniques applied in many branches of mathematics. Concepts such as matrices,
linear programming, and hypothesis testing will pique student interest in mathematical applica-
tion. An increased understanding of algebraic concepts will result in thorough preparation for
further study in mathematics.
Algebra 2 builds from mathematical ideas to practical problem solving with applications in busi-
ness, science, sports, medicine, and statistics. Students will learn to analyze results and make
informed decisions for everyday life.
For this grade level, see also Geometry on p. 167.
Also available: Consumer Mathematics and Business Mathematics on Electives pp. 199-203.
Features: Evaluation:
•• Flexible pacing options in curriculum •• Word problem review •• Quizzes (50)
•• Review exercises for every section (83) •• Quarter reviews (2) •• Tests (8)
•• Mid-chapter reviews (12) •• Semester Review •• Quarter Exams (2)
•• Chapter reviews (12) •• Final Review •• Semester Exam
•• Final Exam
RED indicates first introduction of content.
hhRational inequalities
Equations and Inequalities
•• Equations in one variable Functions and The Cartesian Plane
•• Absolute value •• Two-variable linear equation
•• Literal •• Distance formula
•• Quadratic hhMidpoint formula
•• Zero Factor property •• Slope formula
•• Extracting the root •• Intercepts
•• Completing the square •• Graphing with slope and point
•• Quadratic formula •• Standard form
•• Discriminant •• Slope-intercept form
•• Rational •• Point-slope form
•• Cross-multiplication •• Parallel and Perpendicular lines
•• LCD •• Direct variation
•• Radical hhInverse variation
•• Inequalities •• Functions
hhInterval Notation hhVertical line test
•• Linear hhAlgebraic test
•• Compound •• Notation
•• Evaluation
•• Absolute Value
•• Domain
hhComplex numbers
hhRange
hhImaginary unit
hhTypes of functions
hhPowers of i
•• Quadratic
hhStandard form
•• Constant
hhArithmetic
•• Absolute value
hhQuadratic with complex solutions
Algebra 2 cont. p. 150
149
Grade 10
RED indicates first introduction of content.
MATHEMATICS: Algebra 2 cont.
•• Types of functions cont. hhExpanding logarithmic expressions
•• Radical hhCondensing logarithmic expressions
•• Rational hhChange of base formula
hhCombination of Functions hhSolving exponential and logarithmic equations
hhComposition of Functions hhInverse properties, exponentiation, taking logarithm of both sides
hhTranslational Graphing hhApplication of logarithms
hhParent function hhBacteria growth, Interest formula, Newton’s law of cooling, Sound
hhStandard graphing form level
hhRigid and Nonrigid Transformations
•• Parabola Vertex Formula
Trigonometry
•• Angle properties
System of Equations and Inequalities •• Classification of angles
•• Intersecting, parallel, and coincident lines •• Sum of angles
•• Substitution method, Elimination method •• Right triangle properties
hhParameter hhRight triangle setup
hhThree-variable linear systems hhSimilar polygons
hhElementary row-operations •• Trigonometric functions
•• Two-variable inequalities hhUsing calculator
hhIntersection hhReciprocal
World History and Cultures is written and taught from the Christian perspective. Basic to this
perspective is the conviction that God is the Creator of the universe and the Controller of history.
Because the focal point of history is the birth of Christ, World History and Cultures takes the view
that all history is either pointing toward the birth of Christ or looking back to it. Students study how
God used events before the birth of Christ to prepare the world for His coming. Then, after His birth,
they trace the impact of Christianity on the events of world history.
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11570301 The Christian perspective of World History and Cultures helps students see the sovereign hand of
God in history, as well as the consequences of man’s choices. The Providence of God has guided his-
tory for His glory. Yet each person is free to choose whether to obey God and be used by Him, or to
disobey and suffer the consequences. Thus world history also illustrates the truth of Proverbs 14:34:
“Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people.”
Foundations for Studying History •• Rise of Islam: Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and Mohammed
•• Creation versus evolution •• Middle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s)
•• Capital punishment •• Missionary efforts:
•• Beginning of languages, nations, and races: Nimrod and Babel hhIon-Keith Falconer and Samuel Zwemer
•• Other Asian cultures (c. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1800s):
Asia and Africa: The Beginning of Civilization •• India: Indus River, Hinduism, caste system, and Buddhism
•• Cradle of Civilization: Fertile Crescent and Mesopotamia •• Ancient Chinese dynasties
(c. 2300–1800 B.C.): hhChinese language
•• Sumer: •• Japan: Shinto religion
•• Cuneiform, culture, civilization, education, architecture, trade, •• Egypt—Gift of the Nile (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s):
society, religion •• History and language: Herodotus and the Rosetta Stone
hhMathematics, government
hhReligion: Book of the Dead
hhSettlements: Eridu, Uruk, Ur
hhThebes
hhGolden Age of Ur, Epic of Gilgamesh
•• Old, Middle, and New Kingdom
•• Middle East (c. 1800 B.C.–A.D. 700s):
•• Other African cultures (c. 2300 B.C.–A.D. 1700s):
•• Old Babylonian Empire:
hhLand of Phut and Cush
•• Hammurabi and the law
•• Ethiopia:
hhPlace-value notation, Babylonian Genesis
•• Kingdom of Aksum and Ethiopian Orthodox Church:
•• Hittite Empire
hhPiankhi, Ebed-melech
•• Assyrian Empire: Tiglath-pileser I, Nineveh
•• Early Christianity in North Africa: Simon of Cyrene, Tertullian,
•• New Babylonian Empire: Nebuchadnezzar and Daniel
Clement of Alexandria, Athanasius, and Augustine
•• Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great, Darius I, and Xerxes I •• Other empires and kingdoms:
•• Israel: Patriarchs, Exodus, Moses, Decalogue, theocracy, David, •• Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kongo:
and Divided Kingdom
hhMansa Musa and King Ewuare
hhHebrew and Arabic language
hhDraco’s Code
Great Schism
•• Medieval culture (c. A.D. 500–1500):
hhCourt of Areopagus
•• Feudal society and chivalry
hhPeisistratus and Cleisthenes
•• Crusades:
•• Sparta and Athens: Peloponnesian War
•• Check and balance results
•• Macedonia:
hhBernard of Clairvaux, Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus
•• Alexander the Great
hhPre-Reformation Europe
hhBattle of Ipsus
•• Universities and scholasticism:
•• Classical Greece:
•• Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham
•• Writing and philosophy
hhTrivium and quadrivium, scholasticism
hhHellenic Age, education and architecture, art and science
•• Forerunners of the Reformation:
•• Hellenistic Age:
•• John Wycliffe, Roger Bacon, and John Huss
hhStoics and Epicureans
hhGerhard Groote and Savonarola
hhLanguage of the New Testament: Koine Greek
•• Italian Renaissance:
•• Rome (c. 753 B.C.–A.D. 476):
•• Humanism
•• Early people:
hhPetrarch, Boccaccio, Giotto
•• Latins, Etruscans, Magna Graecia, Carthage, and Gauls
•• Johann Gutenberg: Gutenberg Bible
hhItalis
•• Rise of modern nations (c. 850–1300):
Europe: Beginnings of Western Civilization cont. •• Ancient Britain: Stonehenge, Celts, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and
hhSociety: family, religion, education, and government Beowulf
•• Punic Wars: •• Alfred the Great
•• Hannibal and Scipio •• Norman Conquest:
hhBattle of Cannae hhCharter of Liberties and Exchequer
•• Oliver Cromwell
Twentieth Century: A World at War
hhRump Parliament, Battle of Marston Moor, Battle of Naseby, Treaty •• World War I (1914–1918):
of Dover
•• Road to war: spiritual decay
•• Glorious Revolution
•• Fronts:
•• Pietism in Germany:
•• Eastern, western, Balkans, and Italian
•• Philipp Spener
hhPétain, von Ludendorff
hhCount von Zinzendorf
•• Bolshevik Revolution
•• Great Awakening in America: Jonathan Edwards and George
•• American involvement:
Whitefield
•• Lusitania and the Zimmermann Note
hhAge of Reason: John Locke and David Hume
hhWeimar Republic
•• Wesleyan Revival: John and Charles Wesley
hhProvidence of God in History
•• Rise of modern missions:
•• Aftermath of war: Wilson’s Fourteen Points, Treaty of V
ersailles,
•• William Carey and Adoniram Judson
and League of Nations
hhJohn Howard
•• Rise of Communism (1848–1939):
•• French and Indian War
•• Roots of Communism: Karl Marx, dialectical materialism, bour-
•• American War for Independence
geoisie, proletariat, Frederich Engels, Communist M
anifesto, Das
•• Age of Industry (c. 1760–1900): Kapital
•• Protestant work ethic •• Early Russian history of the czars
World History cont. p. 154
153
Grade 10
RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: World History cont.
•• Bolshevik Revolution: Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Red Guards, hhAsia:
Cheka hhConflicts in Israel, Lebanon, Iran, and Iraq
•• Lenin’s Russia: •• Conflict in India
•• Third International, new economic policy, USSR •• Africa
hhCentral Committee •• Vietnam War:
•• Stalin’s Russia: Five-Year Plan, collectivization, genocide hhNgo Dinh Diem
hhWhy Communism Kills hhNuclear freeze movement
hhTwentieth-century liberalism (c. 1900–1940): •• Space Age
hhDefining liberalism and conservatism •• Rise of conservatism in the West
hhLiberal pseudo-sciences and philosophies •• Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, Falkland Islands,
hhLiberalism in education versus traditional education Reagan Doctrine, SDI:
hhReligious liberalism: modernism, social gospel, and hhKAL 007, Chernobyl
ecumenism •• Changes in Eastern Europe: perestroika, glasnost, Berlin Wall falls,
hhChristian witness Poland, Hungary
hhLiberalism and conservatism in the arts •• Tiananmen Square Massacre
•• Rise of globalism (c. 1990s–present):
Twentieth Century: A World at War cont. •• Persian Gulf War
•• Prosperity of the Twenties: Paris Peace Pact
•• Rise of Islamic terrorism: 9/11 attacks and Bush Doctrine
•• Great Depression: easy credit, risky investment, and government
hhPakistan and Kashmir
involvement
•• Changes in Western Europe:
•• World War II (1939–1945):
•• Gordon Brown, Jacques Chirac, Angela Merkel
•• Ideologies and dictatorships
hhMaastricht Treaty
•• Aggressors on the march:
•• Eastern Europe: Bosnia, Slobodan Milosevic, Kosovo, Dayton Peace
hhMunich Pact, Siegfried and Maginot Lines
Accords
•• European Theater:
•• Russia after the Cold War:
•• Battle of Britain, Winston Churchill, and Erwin Rommel
•• Boris Yeltsin, Dmitri Medvedev
hhInvasion of Scandinavia
hhChechnya
•• Invasion of Russia
hhNorth Korea: Kim Jong Un
•• American involvement:
•• New leaders in African nations
•• Neutrality Act, Lend-Lease Act, Pearl Harbor, and D-Day
•• Cuba and Raul Castro
hhPanay Incident
hhSouth America: Daniel Ortega
•• European Theater: Operation Torch, Italian Campaign
hhCanada: Pierre Trudeau, Kim Campbell
•• Key battles in the Pacific Theater:
hhUnited States: GATT
•• Bataan Death March, Doolittle’s raid, Midway, Coral Sea, Guam,
•• Asia and the Pacific:
Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and kamikazes
•• Japan
hhBattle of the Java Sea, Guadalcanal, the Aleutians, the Gilberts,
hhTaiwan and Lee Teng-hui
the Marianas
hhSouth Korea and Kim Young Sam
•• Manhattan Project:
•• Southeast Asia
hhFermi, Teller, Oppenheimer
•• Israel and the PLO:
•• Holocaust
•• Road map for peace
hhAftermath: wartime conferences
hhOperation Defensive Shield
•• Cold War Era (c. 1945–1989):
hhIntelligent Design
hhForming, framework, and failure of the UN
•• Bioethics
•• Communist subversion: Rosenbergs, Klaus Fuchs, and
Joseph P. McCarthy •• Environmentalism and globalism
•• Response of the West:
Geography
•• Truman Doctrine, containment, Marshall Plan, and NATO
•• Geography projects (8) featuring maps, both physical and political:
hhWarsaw Pact
•• The World
•• Fall of Nationalist China: Chiang Kai-shek, George C. M arshall, and •• The Middle East
Taiwan
•• Asia
•• Communist China:
•• Africa
•• Mao Tse-tung, cultural revolution, Red Guards
•• Europe
hhFive-Year Plan
•• North America
•• Korean War:
•• South America
•• MacArthur vs. containment
•• Australia and New Zealand
hhInchon
•• International changes: Prayer Time
•• Communist Cuba •• Learn to pray for our nation and for government officials
hhSouth America: Isabel Perón and Salvador Allende
154
Grade 10
SCIENCE: Biology
Biology: God’s Living Creation deals with one of the most fascinating subjects known to man. Students
Biology
Biology God’s Living Creation
Fourth Edition
begin with a combination of field, text, and lab work to take a closer look at plants. They will use the
God’s Living Creation
microscope and dissections as they study the Creator’s provision for plants and animals. A detailed
study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body will lead students to understand that they are
“fearfully and wonderfully made.”
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Students will look deeper into the micro-cosmos as they learn some of man’s latest discoveries about
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19777701 the most complicated structure in all of creation: the living cell. They will see the intricate detail that
God has built into living things and His master plan for transmitting information within an organism and
from one generation of organisms to the next. Students will also understand just how far man still has
to go to gain a complete understanding of God’s living creation.
leaves, fruits, and crown shapes are pictured and explained •• Internal structure of woody stems:
•• Leaves: •• Bark, pith
hhSystems and organs in plants •• Wood:
•• External structure of leaves: •• Heartwood, sapwood, annual rings
•• Leaf shapes hhTracheids
•• Parts of a leaf: hhHerbaceous stems: dicots and monocots
name •• Nutrition
hhDomains, phylogeny •• Exercise:
•• Conifers and other gymnosperms: hhWolff’s law
•• Characteristics and reproduction of conifers, cycads, and ginkgo hhConstruction
trees •• Fracture and repair
•• Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails: •• Joints:
•• Spores hhSynovial fluid
hhStructures and life cycle of ferns; alternation of generations •• Ligaments, types of joints, problems with joints
•• Club mosses, horsetails •• Muscles:
hhLycopodium •• Types
•• Mosses and liverworts: hhSpecific muscles for moving different parts of the body
•• Structures of moss •• Structure of skeletal muscles:
hhUses, types and life cycle of mosses hhFascia, tendons, fibers, and neuromuscular junction; muscle
•• Liverwort characteristics c ontrol
•• Algae: •• Muscles and exercise: hypertrophy, atrophy, red and white fibers
•• Characteristics •• The nervous system:
•• Green algae: •• Divisions of the nervous system:
hhDesmids •• Central nervous system:
•• Brown algae: hhGlial cells, gray and white matter, myelin, ganglia, plexus,
hhGulfweed poliomyelitis
•• Yellow, red, and blue-green algae •• Peripheral nervous system:
hhDinoflagellates hhMixed nerves
•• Protection of the eye: socket, eyelid, lacrimal glands •• Ulcers, effects of alcohol
hhEye movement hhConstipation, diarrhea
hhStructure and function of rod and cone cells; rhodopsin; color hhBlood types: antigens, ABO blood group, universal donors and
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