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Violeta D.Kassabova-Zhetcheva
Department Technology of Silicates,
University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy,
Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
Abstract: The citrate precursor has been used to synthesize nanocrystalline Mg-Zn-ferrites. The nature of the prepared precursor is characterized
and compared with those of the precursors studied earlier, prepared by the same process. The study has been performed by
inorganic and organic elemental analyses, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Electronic absorption spectrometry in the UV-VIS
region, Differential Thermal analysis/ Thermogravimetry (DTA-TG) analyses, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The collected
results determined the precursor as a coordination polymer with monomer unit (NH4)4{M [Fe(C6H5O7)2]2}, where M=Zn or Mg.
Keywords: Iron(III) citrate complexes • Mg-ferrite • Zn- ferrite • Citrate method
© Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
* E-mail: violeta.kassabova@gmail.com
415
Characterization of the citrate precursor,
used for synthesis of nanosized Mg-Zn ferrites
polymers are formed needs further clarification. α-Fe standard at room temperature. The experimentally
Moreover, the question regarding the type of citrate obtained spectrum was evaluated by a program, which
complexes formed and whether the ammonium ions take assumes a Lorentzian shape of the Mössbauer spectral
part in the citrate precursor for mixed Mg-Zn ferrites has lines. The following parameters were determined -
not yet been answered. Thus, the aim of this paper is to isomer shift (IS), quadrupole splitting (QS), as well as
study the citrate precursor for Mg-Zn ferrites which will the line width (FWHM), and the relative weight (G) of
contribute to the better understanding and controlling of each component. The EPR spectrum was registered
the process of synthesis. as the first derivative of the absorption signal with an
X-band ERS-220/Q spectrometer at RT. Electronic
absorption spectra were taken at RT with a UV-VIS
2. Experimental Procedures spectrometer Cary 100 within the range of 200 to 800
nm. The UV-VIS spectra of the sample “Precursor” were
The citrate precursor for Mg-Zn-ferrites is prepared by recorded after dissolving in distilled water in ratio: 1:1
the same mode described in [1]. In brief, it includes and 1:2, and for ratio 1:1 after a week under sunlight.
obtaining a mixed solution of stoichiometric quantities The X-ray Photoelectron spectra were obtained using
of Mg(NO3)2•6H2O, Zn(NO3)2•6H2O, and ferric citrate un-monochromatized Al Kα (1486.6 eV) radiation in
FeC6H5O7•H2O. The ratio of metal ions to anhydrous a VG ESCALAB MK II electron spectrometer under
citric acid (C6H8O7) used is 1:3. Ammonia hydroxide is base pressure of 1×10-8 Pa and a total instrumental
used for correcting the pH rate up to 6. The obtained resolution of 1 eV. The charging effects were corrected
solution is heated at 80°C. Solely, in this study, before by using the C1s peak as reference at binding energy
the solution becomes viscous, the evaporation was (BE) of 284.6 eV. The photoelectron spectra of C1s,
stopped and crystalline compound was formed in open O1s, N1s, Fe2p, Mg1s, and Zn2p were recorded and
air for a month. The obtained compound was stored in a corrected by subtracting a Shirley-type background and
desiccator over P2O5. The examined sample was named then were quantified using the peak area and Scofield’s
“Precursor” and was prepared according to the formula photoionization cross-sections.
Mg1-xZnxFe2O4, where: x=0.3. The sample “Precursor”
was heat treated in the dryer at 100°C for 4 hours, after
that the burned material was calcined at 250°C, 350°C, 3. Results and Discussion
450°C, and 600°C.
The concentration of Fe(III) is determined by chemical 3.1 FTIR- study
titration. For determination of Zn and Mg, a method of The FTIR-spectrum of the studied precursor is presented
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was applied in Fig. 1. The small shoulder at 3435 cm-1 confirms the
by using a spectrophotometer Perkin-Elmer 5000. The presence of lattice water [13]. The free ammonium ion
content of C, H, and N in the obtained precursor was has four modes of vibration: a non-degenerate (۷1),
determined by the common organic analysis method a doubly degenerate (۷2), and two triply degenerate
using a Karlo Erba analyzer. The DTA-TG of the precursor vibrations (۷3 and ۷4). All four vibrations are Raman
was carried out in atmospheric air using a Paulik-Paulik- active, whereas only ۷3 and ۷4 are IR-active. The
Erdey (MOM,Hungary) derivatograph. The heating rate fundamental frequencies ۷1, ۷2, ۷3, and ۷4 for the free
was 10°C min-1 and amount of the sample was 100 mg. ammonium ion are 3040, 1680, 3145, and 1400 cm-1
The X-ray diffraction patterns of studied sample were [14]. The infrared spectrum of NH4+ in a symmetrical
taken at room temperature (RT) in the Bragg-Brentano environment contains the bands at 3145 and 1400 cm-1
geometry (2θ from 5° to 80°), with Philips APD 15. only [14]. Ammonium absorption bands of the sample
The diffractogram was obtained using Cu Kα radiation “Precursor” correspond to the NH4-bending vibration
(λ = 1.54178 Å). The FTIR-spectra were collected for (۷4) at 1437 cm-1 and a series of overlapping bands from
disk specimens mixed with KBr using a Bruker Equinox 2797 to 3213 cm-1. The overlapping bands arise from
55 spectrometer in the range 4000-400 cm-1. Mössbauer the NH4+ stretching vibration ۷3, combination mode ۷2
spectroscopy gave additional information about the + ۷4, and overtones 2۷2 and 2۷4 [14]. The appearance
valence state of iron ions and their coordination. The of IR-inactive bands and overtones corresponds to the
transmission type spectrum was recorded with an distorted Td symmetry of ammonium ion [13], probably
electromechanical spectrometer Wissenschaftliche as a result of interaction with the crystal field of citrate
Elektronik GMBH, using a 57Co/Cr source in constant ligands. Such NH4+ vibrational spectrum is well known
acceleration mode at RT. The velocity was calibrated by because it corresponds to those in many ammonium salts
416
Violeta D.Kassabova-Zhetcheva
[15]. Thus, a formation of ammonium salt in the sample for d10 cations of Zn is tetrahedral and they mainly form
“Precursor” can be expected. The frequency shift of the covalent bonds with ligands [18]. For the d° cations
IR-active bands, with respect to the theoretical positions of Mg, interactions with ligands are predominantly
from 3150 to 3213 cm-1 and from1400 to 1437 cm-1 were columbic or ionic, however, the tetrahedral geometry is
assigned to formation of hydrogen bonds in the sample also characteristic of their complexes [18]. The studied
“Precursor” with NH4+ participation [15]. sample does not show any absorption bands above
The formation of citrate complexes is proven by 1700 cm-1 indicating the absence of an undissociated
the doublets located at 1617 and 1578 cm-1 due to -COOH group [18]. The deformation vibrations at 2601,
antisymmetric stretching vibration, and at 1415 and 2527, 2050, 1288, 1262, 1200, 1137, and 1077 cm-1 are
1399 cm-1 due to symmetrical stretching vibration characteristic of the undissociated –OH group [16,19].
of ionized carboxylate groups [5,6,10,13]. The band For the sample “Precursor”, the sharp and intense band
positions are close to the ones cited in the analogous observed at 1079 cm-1 is characteristic for the metal
citrate precursors for ferrites, which are listed in Table 1. hydroxyl deformation modes and may be related to
The IR-spectrum of the sample “Precursor” differs with a Fe-OH hydrogen bonding [16,19]. Normally, the metal-
presence of two pronounced doublets for antisymmetric hydroxyl deformation vibration is located at 1030 cm-1
and symmetric stretching vibrations which reveals the and shifting the band to higher frequencies can be
occurrence of two non-equivalent carboxylate anions obtained by increased strength of hydrogen bonds and
(Fig. 1). This fact could be explained by the presence high degree of depolarization of O-H bond due to strong
of two types of coordination, which are deduced by Lewis acid nature of Fe(III) ion [11].
the difference (∆) of antisymmetric and symmetric The FTIR-spectra of the heat treated sample
wave numbers (Table 1) [13]. As a result, a bidentate “Precursor” are shown in Figs. 2a-e. As can be seen,
coordination could be assigned to Fe(III) ions. A sharp the bands of carboxylate anions are still present in
and distinct band at 566 cm-1 ascertains the bonding the recorded spectra up to 250°C (Figs. 2a, b). Thus,
of Fe(III) to the citrate ligands in octahedral geometry the citrate complexes were thermally stable up to
[5,6]. Probably, in the unidentate type of coordination, temperatures of the ignition of the auto-combustion
the ions of Zn(II) and Mg(II) are involved. The two process. The thermal decomposition of the citrate
bands at 524 and 480 cm-1 were assigned to Zn-O and precursor began at 350°C and led to the initial formation
Mg-O bonds [16,17]. The most common coordination of metal oxycarbonate complex. The spectral evidence
Table 1. Infrared data for citrate precursors, citrate ionic compound, and citrate complex compound
Sample ۷as(COO-) ,cm-1 ۷ s(COO-) , cm-1 Δ = ۷as -۷s,cm-1
Citrate ionic compound, Na3 Citrate [19] 1609 1402 207, free of coordination
“Precursor” for Mg0.7 Zn0.3Fe2O4 1617 1399 218, unidentate
1578 1415 163, bidentate
Citrate precursor for MgFe2O4, Mg3[Fe(C6H5O7)2]2•10H2O[6] 1680 1410 270, unidentate
Citrate precursor for ZnFe2O4, Zn3[Fe(C6H5O7)2]2•12H2O [7] 1622 1385 237, unidentate
Citrate precursor for NiFe2O4, [(C6H6O7)4NiFe2]n [8] 1595 1389 206, unidentate
Citrate complex compound, (NH4)5 Fe(C6H4O7)2•2H2O [11] from1626 to1586 from1436 to1372 ~200, unidentate
Figure 1. FTIR-spectrum of sample “Precursor”. Figure 2. FTIR-spectra of sample “Precursor” heat treated at:
a) 100°C, b) 250°C, c) 350°C, d) 450°C and e) 600°C.
417
Characterization of the citrate precursor,
used for synthesis of nanosized Mg-Zn ferrites
Figure 3. Mössbauer spectrum of sample “Precursor”. Figure 4. . EPR X-band spectrum of sample “Precursor”.
(Fig. 2c) is revealed as splitting of the doubly degenerate 3.3 EPR study
vibration ν3 into two bands located at 1596 and 1409 cm-1 In Fig. 4 is shown the EPR X-band spectrum of
and appearing of infrared inactive ν1 at 1119 cm-1 [13,20]. sample “Precursor”, which was registered as the
With the augmentation of temperature from 450°C to first derivative of the absorption signal. It consists of
600°C, the bands assigned to oxycarbonate formation one wide asymmetric line with width at about 149G
varied from 1506 to 1517 cm-1 and from 1415 to (149.10-4 T) (Fig. 4). This broad single line between
1427 cm-1 along with bands between 1106 and g = 1.89 and g = 1.96 in the spectrum is probably due
1119 cm-1. The splitting of the degenerate vibration ν3 to spin-spin interaction of Fe(III)-Fe(III) pairs [21]. It
was lowered with the rising of temperature and it can can be inferred that Fe centers are part of a polymer
be suggested that bidentate oxycarbonate complex structure. The octahedral coordinated Fe(III) ions show
became unidentate [13]. an EPR signal of g-value of about 2 and an octahedral
coordination can be assigned to Fe(III) ions of the
3.2 Mössbauer spectroscopy study sample “Precursor”. For comparison, a g-factor of citrate
The experimentally obtained Mössbauer spectrum complex (NH4)5[Fe(C6H4O7)2]•H2O is 4.3 and consistent
(Fig. 3) consists of line shoulders and central doublet with the presence of high-spin rhombic Fe(III) species
(Db) part. The Mössbauer data shown in Table 2 [10]. The result obtained for sample “Precursor” is in
indicate that all iron ions are in high spin (S = 5/2), in good agreement with the previously established data
oxidation state +3, and in octahedral coordination. The from Mössbauer spectroscopy. The spikes in the low
coordination number of six for iron(III) satisfied by two field part can not be interpreted.
citrate ligands which bind to iron through the oxygen
atoms of the carboxylate groups [5,6]. The values of 3.4 UV-VIS study
Mössbauer parameters for sample “Precursor” are The electronic absorption spectrum (Fig. 5, green
close to those cited for complexes of magnesium line) of the dissolved sample “Precursor” in ratio 1:1
bis(citrate) ferrate(III) decahydrateand zinc bis(citrate) to distilled water, consisted of a broad, weak maximum
ferrate(III) [6]. located at 455 and strong, well-defined maximum at
394 nm. After the scanning of the diluted solution
(ratio 1:2), the maxima appeared with a very small
displacement at 453 nm and 380 nm (Fig. 5, brown line).
Table 2. Mössbauer parameters of different citrate precursors and citrate complex compound.
418
Violeta D.Kassabova-Zhetcheva
419
Characterization of the citrate precursor,
used for synthesis of nanosized Mg-Zn ferrites
[28]. This assigning of the photoelectron peak suggests Fe2O3 [32]. Since, the Fe(III) ion has a configuration
that six oxygen ions were octahedrally coordinated of d5 in its ground state, probably the lowering of BE
to Fe(III) in the sample “Precursor”. The single and value of Fe2p3/2 peak can be explained by a process,
symmetric peak at 531.4 eV revealed the presence of which occurs in the final state via charge transfer from
two symmetric oxygen atoms in the carboxylate (-COO-) ligand to Fe(III) so as to form Fe3+ 2p1/21□2p3/243d6 or
moiety and absence of C=O bonds in the sample [29]. Fe3+ 2p1/22 2p3/23□d6 (□ – hole) and, since such transfer
The peak at 532.9 eV was assigned to C-OH group [26]. costs relatively little energy, such process will lower the
The O1s peaks for Mg-O and Zn-O bindings reported binding energy [33]. Moreover, as the electronegativity
at about 530.5 eV and 531.2 eV, respectively [30,31]. of the ligand decreases, the electron density surrounding
Due to overlapping by the neighboring O1s regions, the Fe cation increases, meaning that the nucleus is
these peaks are not pronounced. The resolved N1s more shielded, as a result the binding energy associated
spectrum is due to two peaks (Fig. 8). The first peak with ferric 2p3/2 photoelectron peak also decreased [35].
situated at 399.7 eV was attributed to existence of NH3 Identically, in the case of sample “Precursor”, the citrate
and the second one situated at 401.5 eV was assigned ligand is a much weaker crystal field splitting ligand than
to ammonium ion NH4+ [26]. The Fe2p peak with the that of O2- ligand, therefore the Fe(III) ions in the sample
specific spin-orbit split in two components (2p3/2,1/2) “Precursor” do not resemble the Fe(III) ions found in the
is shown in Fig. 9. To conclude from the Mössbauer, iron oxides [34].
EPR, UV-VIS spectral data and assignment of the O1s The sample “Precursor” present a single
core region, the Fe2p line-shape of sample “Precursor” photoelectron Mg 1s peak at 1304.2 eV which can be
was analyzed with respect to the fitting of peak positions related to the Mg–O binding and a single photoelectron
for high spin Fe(III) compound. A large amount of XPS Zn 2p3/2 peak at 1021.9 eV which can also be assigned
studies on the iron oxidation state in the iron oxides to the Zn-O binding [31].
and reported binding energies value of Fe 2p3/2 peak,
spread over broad superposed ranges: between 709.1 3.6 XRD Study
and 710.65 eV for FeO, between 707.9 and 710.7 eV for The formed precursor is crystalline, contrary to that
Fe2O4, and between 710.6 and 711.5 eV for Fe2O3 [32]. previously reported as X-ray amorphous [1,5-7]. The
To infer the oxidation state of iron from the Fe 2p XPS XRD-patterns of the studied precursor are shown
core-level spectrum of sample “Precursor” turned out in Fig. 10. The sample “Precursor” consists of a lot
to be a difficult task because the cited data correspond of initial compounds, which extremely bothers the
to environment of oxygen ligands. The previous XPS phase-identification. Moreover, there is not reference
data about iron citrate complexes are not found. The data concerning similar complicated compositions.
BE of Fe2p3/2 and Fe2p1/2 peaks in the analyzed sample Definitely, the comparison with PDF (Powder Diffraction
“Precursor” are 709.74 eV and 723 eV respectively, along Files) base leads to the conclusion that the sample
with satellites appeared as peak shoulders at 713.4 eV “Precursor” is not a re-crystallized mixture of initial salts.
and 727 eV. It can be seen that BE value of Fe2p3/2 peak Also, the XRD-patterns of the studied sample cannot
is lower than that cited for “3+” oxidation state in the be interpreted as phase-formation of the complex
Figure 9. XPS spectrum from the Fe2p level of sample “Precursor”. Figure 10. XRD patterns of the sample “Precursor”.
420
Violeta D.Kassabova-Zhetcheva
421
Characterization of the citrate precursor,
used for synthesis of nanosized Mg-Zn ferrites
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