Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357

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Optical Materials
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optmat

Research Article

Optical properties of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with silver

nanoparticles using a room-temperature synthesis process
B. Gopal Krishna *, Sanjay Tiwari
Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Studies in Electronics & Photonics, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) are all-inorganic perovskite materials with unique optoelectronic properties for their
CsPbBr3 nanocrystals use in next-generation photoluminescent, electroluminescent, and photovoltaic devices. The optical properties of
Silver nanoparticles CsPbBr3 nanocrystals can be changed by compositional substitution, phase transition, doping into the perovskite
Photoluminescence
nanostructures, and adding metal nanoparticles for achieving efficient optoelectronic devices. In this work,
Peak shift
CsPbBr3 NCs are synthesized by ligand-assisted re-precipitation (LARP) technique. Different concentrations of
Quenching
plasmonic silver nanoparticles are added into CsPbBr3 NCs to get the CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture. The changes
in structural and optical properties of CsPbBr3 NCs are analyzed by using XRD and PL spectral analysis. The
enhancement, peak shift, and quenching in the PL spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs is observed due to the addition of
different concentrations of plasmonic silver nanoparticles. The study provides a facile strategy for tuning and
manipulating optical properties of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 NCs by adding silver nanoparticles and utilizing their
properties in various future optoelectronic applications.

1. Introduction molecules, which is known as hot spots. Therefore, the improvement of

Perovskite materials have emerged as the most promising photonic
materials due to their optoelectronic properties such as bandgap
tunability, large diffusion length, and better light absorption coefficient
[1–4]. These materials can be used for various optoelectronic applica­
tions such as photovoltaic cells, LEDs and lasing applications. Caesium
lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystals have the incredible
potential for their applications in fabricating low-cost, stable and effi­
cient optoelectronic devices [5–7]. The addition of plasmonic nano­
particles to the perovskite material can change its optical properties
[4–8]. Purcell et al. reported that luminescence properties of an atom or
a molecule or a nanocrystal can be changed by varying its environmental
conditions which is known as the Purcell effect [9–12]. According to
Fermi’s golden law, the modification of environmental conditions of
nanocrystal such as local electromagnetic field can change the local
density of states and spontaneous emission rate of nanocrystal [12–16].
Metallic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles can change or modify
the local density of states, excitation, and emission rates of perovskite
nanocrystals due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) prop­
erty [17]. Silver nanoparticles show high local field improvement at
nanocrystal locations to increase the rate of excitation of neighboring
the emission property of nanocrystals happens due to the Purcell effect.
The increase in the rate of excitation of nanocrystals molecules can be
observed by adding silver nanoparticles. This happens due to the acti­
vation of localized surface plasmons in metal nanoparticles [18,19]. The
plasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles on CsPbBr3 nanocrystals can
enhance or quench the PL intensity or shift the peak in the PL spectra.
The generation of hot electrons in nanocrystals by charge transfer from
silver nanoparticles or plasmon resonant energy transfer (PRET) can
increase emission rate and non-radiative decay rates of the nanocrystal.
Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) from CsPbBr3 nanocrystals to
Ag nanoparticles can quench the PL intensity [20–22].
In this research, silver nanoparticles have been synthesized in the
laboratory by using biological techniques. CsPbBr3 nanocrystals have
been synthesized by the ligand-assisted re-precipitation method (LARP).
In the ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) technique, initially the
perovskite precursor salts are dissolved in polar solvents like N,N-
dimethylformamide (DMF). Oleylamine and oleic acid are injected into
the resulting mixture. This solution is rapidly injected into antisolvent
such as toluene. During the synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals, each
step in the LARP procedure can affect the properties of the final product.
Herein, a longer stirring time is implemented to dissolve both perovskite

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: krishna_burra85@yahoo.com (B.G. Krishna).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111357
Received 24 May 2021; Received in revised form 20 June 2021; Accepted 6 July 2021
Available online 10 July 2021
0925-3467/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357

precursor salts in DMF and oleylamine - oleic acid mixture in a better

way. The perovskite precursor solution is injected into oleylamine - oleic
acid mixture because capping ligand concentration and dilution in a
solvent will affect the end product and its optical properties. The
oleylamine - oleic acid mixture and longer stirring time procedures are
adopted in the methodology. The capping ligand concentration, dilution
in a solvent, stirring time, and halide source are the key conditions that
will affect the properties of the final product. A further study on
perovskite nanocrystal interactions with capping ligands and anti­
solvents is necessary to understand the effect of each step in the LARP
procedure [23,24]. Silver nanoparticles have been mixed with CsPbBr3
nanocrystals to study the change in their optical and structural proper­
ties. The optical and structural properties of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals are
studied with the help of XRD and PL spectra. The strategy of adding
silver nanoparticles will tune and manipulate optical properties of
all-inorganic CsPbBr3 NCs and aid in further utilizing their properties for
various optoelectronic applications.

2. Methodology

2.1. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

In our research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by taking sil­

ver nitrate in a cylindrical container made up of nonmagnetic material.
Biological cells such as Pantoeauagglomerans were concentrated together
around the silver nitrate present inside the container. The experimental
container containing silver nitrate and biological cells were kept under a
low magnetic field of around 0.3 T for 12 h at room temperature. Under
a magnetic field, biological cells move in a specific direction. The spe­
Fig. 1. Experimental arrangement to synthesize silver nanoparticles.
cific movement of cells would control the particle size of the nano­
particles. After 12 h, the sample was taken out from the experimental
container. XRD, SAXS analysis, and SEM micrographs confirm the for­ 3. Results and discussion
mation of silver nanoparticles [25–27] (see Fig. 1).
3.1. Cause of formation of silver nanoparticles

2.2. Synthesis of caesium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals
Caesium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals were synthesized by
ligand assisted re-precipitation (LARP) method [28,29]. For CsPbBr3
nanocrystals synthesis, 0.212 g caesium bromide (CsBr), 0.367 g lead
bromide (PbBr2) were taken in a 50 mL round bottom flask, followed by
drying in a vacuum under N2 atmosphere for 15 min. The above mixture
was dissolved in 10 ml dimethylformamide (DMF) under vigorous stir­
ring of 500 rpm at room temperature for 3 h in N2 atmosphere and
labeled as solution A. Solution B was prepared by mixing 5.0 ml oleic
acid (OA) and 5.0 ml oleylamine (OLAm) under vigorous stirring of 400
rpm in N2 atmosphere at room temperature for 3 h. Solution A was
injected into solution B at different dropping rates with the help of a 5 ml
syringe under vigorous stirring of 400 rpm for 15 min in N2 atmosphere
at room temperature and labeled as solution C. 20 ml toluene was added
into solution C at room temperature and vigorously stirred at 400 rpm
for 4 h with labeling as solution D. After this procedure, the solution D
was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 20 min. The precipitated solution was
washed 3 to 4 times with toluene and dried to get green-colored CsPbBr3
nanocrystals. The experimental process for the synthesis of CsPbBr3
nanocrystals is shown in Fig. 2. CsPbBr3 nanocrystal solution was pre­
pared by dissolving it in 2 ml hexane [28,29].
2.3. Preparation of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture
2 ml CsPbBr3 nanocrystal solution was further diluted by dissolving
it in 8 ml of hexane. The modifications of optical properties were done
by adding different concentrations of synthesized silver nanoparticles
into CsPbBr3 nanocrystals [30]. 0.556 mM and 0.926 mM solutions of
silver nanoparticles were prepared in hexane and added to CsPbBr3
nanocrystal solution respectively.
The potential mechanism for extracellular silver nanoparticles syn­
thesis by biological cells is that silver nitrate is reduced to Ag+ ions
initially. The silver ions are taken up by the biological cells, which un­
dergo reduction by the role of proteins or other bio-macromolecules and
later released out of the cells. Silver reduction proteins are bound to Ag
+
ions and reduced to Ag0 nuclei to seed silver nanoparticles. The
nanoparticles are released out of the biological cells. The conditions
under the biological cellular environment can change the silver nitrate
into silver nanoparticles [25–27]. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles
by the biological technique will have diverse natures, with greater sta­
bility and appropriate dimensions since they are synthesized using a
one-step procedure. Therefore, in this research, a green method was
adopted to synthesize silver nanoparticles.
3.2. Particle characterization
The particle characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles,
CsPbBr3 NCs (with and without Ag nanoparticles) was done by using
XRD-panalytical, operated at 40 kV and 30 mA, Cu–K∝. Scanning
Electron Microscopy of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture was done by using
ZEISS EVO Series Scanning Electron Microscope Model EVO 18. The
average particle sizes of CsPbBr3 NCs and silver nanoparticles are found
to be 200 nm and 30 nm by SEM micrographs. SEM images show that the
appearance of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture is different with a change in
the silver nanoparticle concentration in the mixture according to Fig. 6.
A series of intensive peaks for silver nanoparticles are identified at
(2θ/deg: 32.89◦ , 44.39◦ , 64.75◦ and 76.79◦ corresponding to the planes
(111), (200), (220) and (311) as shown in Fig. 3. SAXS data analysis
shows that silver nanoparticles have appeared to contain grains with a
particle size up to 30 nm (average) as shown in Fig. 4. The values ob­
tained from the graphical analysis of parameters by the SAXS technique

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B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the process for LARP technique for synthesizing of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.

39.27◦ and 45.41◦ for CsPbBr3 nanocrystals as shown in Fig. 5. In XRD

pattern, some peaks are showing the presence of silver nanoparticles
along with the cubic phase of CsPbBr3. Different concentrations of silver
nanoparticles solution were added to cubic CsPbBr3 NCs at room
temperature.

Table 1
Particle size of silver nanoparticles obtained from SAXS technique.
Approximation Method Parameters Silver
nanoparticles

Graphical Approximation Most frequent radius 93.0 nm

Average radius 13.65 nm
R20 7.24 nm
R50 13.3 nm
R80 20.5 nm
Fig. 3. XRD patterns of silver nanoparticles with corresponding Miller indexes
Surface to Volume ratio (S/ 0.0349 1/A
labeled at the top of the diffraction peaks.
V)
Relative standard deviation 49.38%
are showed in Table 1. The XRD of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals show the major By Gaussian R20 6.84 nm
peaks at 2θ:22.15◦ ,31.18◦ ,35.78◦ ,38.72◦ and 43.31◦ corresponding to approximation R50 12.93 nm
R80 19.0 nm
the planes (110), (200), (210), (211) and (220) which closely resemble Surface to Volume ratio (S/ 0.0424 1/A
the cubic structure as shown in Fig. 5. XRD of CsPbBr3 NCs– Ag NPs V)
mixture shows the major peaks at 2θ: 15.11◦ , 21.10◦ ,31.57◦ ,35.30◦ , Relative standard deviation 66.63%

Fig. 4. Small angle x-ray scattering analysis of silver nanoparticles.

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B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357

Fig. 5. XRD patterns of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture with corresponding Miller indexes labeled at the top of the diffraction peaks.

Fig. 6. SEM images of synthesized CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture containing (a) 0.556 mM concentration of Ag NPs (b) 0.926 mM concentration of Ag NPs in hexane
(c) silver nanoparticles driven aggregation of CsPbBr3 NCs.

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B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357

3.3. UV and PL spectroscopy

The silver nanoparticles show UV absorption spectra with a peak

value at 430 nm as shown in Fig. 7. The band gap of silver nanoparticles
is found out to be 2.88 eV. The UV–vis and PL absorption spectra of
CsPbBr3 NCs with peak value are found out at 500 nm and 519 nm
respectively as shown in Fig. 8. UV absorption spectra of CsPbBr3
NCs–Ag NPs mixture have shown peaks at 445 nm and 521 nm as shown
in Fig. 9 which is completely different from UV spectra of CsPbBr3NCs.
The PL spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture could be tuned in the
visible spectral region (400–600 nm) as shown in Fig. 10. In Fig. 10, The
PL intensity peak of the CsPbBr3 NCs is found to be at 519 nm. After
adding silver nanoparticles, the PL intensity peaks are found to be at
504 nm and 524 nm for different concentrations of Ag nanoparticles in
CsPbBr3 NCs. Therefore, the optical properties of CsPbBr3 NCs are tuned
in the visible spectral region due to the addition of Ag nanoparticles.
In Fig. 10, PL I, PL II, and PL III are the photoluminescence (PL) Fig. 8. UV–Vis absorption and steady-state PL spectra of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.
spectra of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals containing silver nanoparticles with
concentration 0 mM, 0.556 mM, and 0.926 mM respectively. The PL
absorption spectra of the CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture show a red shift
from 519 nm to 524 nm with an increase in concentration. There is a
blue shift from 519 nm to 504 nm with a decrease in the concentration of
Ag NPs shown in Fig. 10. There is an enhancement in the PL peak in­
tensity by adding 0.556 mM concentration of silver nanoparticles in
CsPbBr3 NCs. The quenching of the emission is observed by further
increasing silver nanoparticle concentration from 0.556 mM to 0.926
mM. The estimated optical band gap of the CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture
is changed from 2.4 eV to 2.1 eV. The change in the band gap of CsPbBr3
NCs is due to the addition of Ag nanoparticles. The increase or decrease
in the concentration of Ag nanoparticles in CsPbBr3 NCs causes a blue or
red shift in PL spectra and a widening of HOMO-LUMO gap of NCs. This
phenomenon occurred due to the result of the quantum confinement
effect [31–33]. PL intensity is first increased with a change in the con­
centration of silver nanoparticles from 0 to 0.556 mM. There is a
decrease in the PL intensity on further increasing Ag NPs concentration
from 0.556 mM to 0.926 mM due to self-quenching and quantum
confinement effect. The quantum confinement effect plays an important
role in determining the PL properties of CsPbBr3 NCs of 200 nm size
[34]. These effects in CsPbBr3 NCs with silver nanoparticles decrease the Fig. 9. Comparison between UV–Vis absorption of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs
PL intensity. The interaction of strong electron-hole exchange and large mixture and CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.
exciton binding energy is due to the resulting quantum confinement.
There is a decrease in PL lifetime with an increase in quantum
confinement that enhances transition probability. The similarity of the
effective masses of electrons and holes in CsPbBr3 NCs experience
approximately equal extent of confinement with a decrease in the size of
the nanocrystals as compared to the excitonic Bohr diameter. Such
confinement effect increases the overlapping between wavefunctions of
electrons and holes and optical transition probability, which in turn
decreases radiative lifetime. Reabsorption processes (radiative) and

Fig. 10. Corresponding normalized PL spectra showing blue and red shift with
change in concentration of silver nanoparticles in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.

Fig. 7. Absorption spectrum of 30 nm synthesized silver nanoparticles.

5
B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari
(nonradiative) Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) are also the
processes for the reduction of PL intensity due to a strong confinement
regime. Due to the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles
by certain value, the PL lifetime is shortened and weakened the photo­
luminescence [34–38]. The common mechanism of self-quenching
comprises Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two mol­
ecules. The cause of self-quenching is the formation of nonfluorescent
clusters and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to these clusters at
the molecular level. These nonfluorescent clusters behave as energy
sinks. The effect of self-quenching can be important, as excitations can
migrate between particles in nanocrystals and find trap states. The in­
crease in the concentration of silver nanoparticles decreases the PL in­
tensity of CsPbBr3 NCs because of silver nanoparticles coupling induced
self-quenching effect. The reduction and quenching of PL intensity are
due to the Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) from CsPbBr3
nanocrystals to Ag nanoparticles [39–42]. The normalized PL emission
intensity versus concentration plot for different concentrations of Ag
NPs in CsPbBr3 NCs is shown in Fig. 11.
The high concentration of Ag NPs can cause aggregation of nano­
crystals in solution as shown in Fig. 6(c). The observed red shift of
emission wavelength in PL spectra is induced by Ag NPs aggregation by
increasing the concentration from 0.556 mM to 0.926 mM. These results
demonstrated that there is a relation between the emission wavelength
of CsPbBr3 NCs and Ag NPs concentration. The amount of aggregation
can be controlled by the Ag NP concentration, which determines the
emission wavelength of the CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture [43].
It is necessary to understand the spectral behavior of plasmon-
enhanced silver nanoparticles in CsPbBr3 NC solution. Synthesized sil­
ver nanoparticles show the peak value of 430 nm in the UV absorption
spectra as shown in Fig. 7. The distinct absorption nearly at 430 nm is
due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles. The
size of the CsPbBr3 NCs and Ag nanoparticles plays an important role in
peak (blue and red) shift, enhancement, and quenching in the PL spectra
because the change in concentration and particle size absorbs different
wavelengths of radiation. The presence of silver nanoparticles near
CsPbBr3 NCs can modify the local photonic modes density [22]. This
modification improves the rate of radiative decay of the molecule. It also
creates non-radiative decay pathways due to energy transfer from
CsPbBr3 NCs to the surface plasmon modes of Ag nanoparticles [44].
Therefore, the addition of silver nanoparticles in CsPbBr3 NCs resulted in
the increasing or decreasing of photoluminescence [45]. Phenomenon
such as plasmon resonant energy transfer (PRET), Förster resonant en­
ergy transfer (FRET), and charge transfer would define the enhancement
or quenching of photoluminescence in the NCs [46,47].
Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PRET) occurs due to proper
Fig. 11. Normalized PL emission intensity versus concentration plot with
change in concentration of silver nanoparticles in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.
6
Optical Materials 119 (2021) 111357
spectral overlapping between the scattering of Ag nanoparticles and the
absorption of CsPbBr3 NCs [45]. For example, the blue-shifted PRET
improves the photoluminescence of nearby NC molecules. In Förster
resonance energy transfer (FRET), the peak energy of NCs is higher than
LSPR peak energy due to the energy transfer from NCs to nanoparticles
which reduces and quenches the emission [47]. Förster resonance en­
ergy transfer (FRET) can explain the reduction and quenching of the
emission because the energy peak of CsPbBr3 NCs is higher than LSPR
peak energy [48]. The increase in the concentration of silver nano­
particles increases the intensity of emission by a certain magnitude.
Localized surface plasmon modes coupled with light can increase the
radiative decay rate and optical energy density near the NCs to improve
absorption when the photoluminescence energy peak of NCs is lower
than the frequency of LSPR. The dominance of plasmon resonance en­
ergy transfer (PRET) from the excited nanoparticles to the nearby
CsPbBr3 NCs molecule increases the light emission of the molecule. The
excitation enhancement of the CsPbBr3 NC molecules is due to the
charge transfer from Ag nanoparticles to the NC molecule [49]. The
overlapping of LSPR and PL spectra would increase radiative and
non-radiative decay rates. There are maximum decay rates in the reso­
nant condition. There will be a decrease in the mean distance (r) be­
tween the silver nanoparticles and CsPbBr3 NCs with an increase in the
concentration of nanoparticles due to which the non-radiative decay
rate grows. The dependence of non-radiative decay rate by a factor of
r− 6 and dipole interaction creates energy transfer between species [50].
The radiative decay rate depends on far-field radiated by the emitter
particleE1 , far field radiated by the induced dipole moment in the
nanoparticle E2 and factor r− 3 ,r− 6 [5]. Therefore, the development of
radiative decay rate is lesser than the non-radiative decay rate in nearby
distances. Non-radiative decay rate dominates due to which emission
quenches at higher concentration of the nanoparticles occurs [51].
3.4. Time-resolved PL decay measurements
The decay curve of CsPbBr3 NCs and CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture at
room temperature is shown in Fig. 12. The PL lifetime of the material is
obtained from the formula:
− t
N(t) = N0 e /τ (1)
Here, N0 is the intensity at t = 0, and τ is the decay time, which is
related to the type of crystal and incident particles, activator, and
temperature.
Fig. 12. Time-resolved PL decay at room temperature.
B.G. Krishna and S. Tiwari
The time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that
CsPbBr3 nanocrystals containing silver nanoparticles with concentration
0.556 mM exhibited a PL decay lifetime of 75 ns at room temperature.
This lifetime result is due to an increase in non-radiative recombination
as compared to CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with a lifetime of 10 ns. The life­
time is 52 ns on further increasing the concentration of Ag nanoparticles
having a value of 0.926 mM in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. The decay curve of
CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture at room tem­
perature is shown in Fig. 12. The increase in the intensity will increase
PL lifetime and quenching in the PL intensity will decrease PL lifetime.
The divergence in the decay time is attributed to the concentration of
silver nanoparticles added to the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. At room tem­
perature, a fast emission decay (PL III) in the red region and a very long-
lived blue-shifted emission decay (PL II) up to several nanoseconds can
be observed for different concentrations of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture
[52].
Therefore, the optical properties of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals can be
tuned by adding silver nanoparticles. The tunable optical properties of
the perovskite nanocrystals can be utilized in various optoelectronic
applications such as photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes, sensors
and photodetectors.
4. Conclusion
Biosynthesis and ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) techniques
have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles and CsPbBr3 NCs at
room temperature respectively. There is a substantial influence of silver
nanoparticle concentration on the optical properties of CsPbBr3 nano­
crystals. The factors such as quenching or the improvement of the
emission of a molecule and local field near the molecule can be changed
due to the presence of silver nanoparticles near nanocrystals. The
spectral characteristics of CsPbBr3 NCs–Ag NPs mixture show that there
is a blue and red shift in the PL spectra depending upon the concen­
tration of silver nanoparticles. The PL decay rate depends upon the silver
nanoparticles concentration in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. The parameters of
these factors depend on concentrating of nanoparticles, mean distance
(r), and overlapping between the LSPR and nanocrystal photo­
luminescence spectra. The study provides information about the influ­
ence of the concentration of silver nanoparticles on the essential
parameters like band gap and spectral properties of the perovskite ma­
terial. The engineering of photoluminescence properties of perovskite
quantum dots is very important in various fields, such as LEDs, lasers
and photovoltaic cells.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
B. Gopal Krishna: Experiment, Sample preparation, Writing –
original draft, Writing – review & editing. Sanjay Tiwari: Supervision,
Conceptualization, Visualization.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank the technical support from National Institute of
Technology, Raipur, India.
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