Surface Wave Applications

and Case Histories: Japan

By K. Hayashi
and D. Underwood

November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 1

 1D MAM: geologic structure
Passive Micro-
North
tremor Array
Measurements
(MAM) using large
triangle spread of 2
Hz seismometers 10 1,350m borehole

5 0m
0m

200m
OYO Technology Research and
Development Center in Tsukuba
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com (outside of Tokyo), Japan 2
 1D MAM: geologic structure

a) Comparison of theoretical b) Search area of Genetic c) PS-logging data

dispersion curve (black line) with Algorithm inversion process from 1,350m
observed or measured dispersion shown by red lines. Black lines borehole, seismic
curve (red points) from triangle array. are the calculated top fitting bedrock at 625m
velocity curves compared to the depth
observed data.
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 3
Improving resolution: combining 1D MAM and
MASW dispersion curves
MASW (active source Multi-channel Analysis of
Surface Waves) shot record of weight drop MASW
dispersion
curve

low
Joint inversion result resolution
range
MAM

MAM resolves the greater

depths, whereas MASW
resolves the shallow depths.
Combining MAM and MASW
allows high-resolution estimation
of S-wave velocity from the near-
theoretical MASW surface to 700m depth.
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 4
Comparisons with surface wave Vs
Comparison of Comparison of
surface wave Vs with surface wave Vs with
PS-logging Vs N-value
700 2.8

2.6
VS from surface-wave m ethod (m /s)

600
2.4

log10(VS)(m /s)
500
2.2
400
2

300 1.8

1.6
200
1.4
100 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
log10(N)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
VS from PS-logging(m /s)
From OYO Corporation

November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 5

 Relationship of N-value with Vs

From T. Imai and K. Tonouchi (1982), Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Amsterdam
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 6
 Relationship of lithology-specific
N-value with Vs

Silt: Vs=0.1N^0.5
Clay: Vs=0.05N^0.75
Sand: Vs=0.055N^0.55
Gravel: Vs=0.06N^0.45

From T. Imai and K. Tonouchi (1982), Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Amsterdam
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 7
 2D MASW: in-fill delineation
Geologic section with N-values MASW results without
-4
measured during drilling -4
measured N-values
-2 SWS(D) SWS(C) SWS(B) SWS(A) -2 D C B A Vs
5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15 10 20 30 40 50 5 10 15
0 0.28

2 2
Fill 2 2 2
0.26
0.24
Depth (m)

Depth (m)
4 4 4 4 4 0.21
0.19
6 6 6 6 6
0.16
8 8
8 0.14
0.11
10 10
10 0.09
12 12
0.07
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 (km/sec)
-4 Distance (m) -4 Distance (m)
-2 D C B A -2 D C B A
Vs N-value
2 5 7 10 12 3 5 8 10 13 2 5 7 9 12 2 5 7 9 12
0 0.28 0
0.25 14.00
2 2 2
0.23 12.00
4 4 0.21 4 10.00
Depth (m)

Depth (m)

0.19 8.00
6 6 6
0.16
6.00
8 0.14 8 4.00
0.12
10 10 2.00
0.10
0.07 0.00
12 12
0 5 10 15 20 25 (km/s) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Distance (m) Distance (m)
MASW results with measured N-values N-value cross-section modeled from MASW
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com and measured N-values for direct use by8 CEs
 2D MASW: fluvial stratigraphy
(m)
-5
S1 S2 S3 S4

0 10 20 30 40 50 N 11 22 33 44 N 10 20 30 40 50 N 10 20 30 40 50 N Vs

0.22
5
0.20
0.18
10 10 10 10
0.16
Depth

0.14
15 0.12
0.10

20 0.08
0.06
0.04
25
-25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 (km/sec)
(m)
Distance

• Objective: determine fluvial stratigraphy between 1D

borehole measurements
• Results: soft sediment section on left hand side thins
abruptly
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 9
 2D MASW: fluvial stratigraphy
(m)
20

18 S-4 S-9 S-8 S-3 S-1 S-2 S-7 S-6 S-5 Vs

16 0.20
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
10 20 30 40 50 0.19
10 20 30 10
40 20
50 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
14 0.17
2 2 2 2

2 2
2 0.16
2
12 2

0.14
4 4 4 4
4
Depth

10
4 4 0.13

0.11
6
8 0.09

0.08
6
0.06

4 0.05

(km/sec)
-200 -190 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
(m)
Distance

• Objective: determine extent of soft fluvial sediments over

engineering bedrock (N > 50)
• Results: bedrock (blue) surface undulates and deepens to
the right under old river bed filled with peat and clay (red)
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 10
 2D MASW: soil strengthening
B-5-1 SCP-8
SCP-1 SCP-2 SCP-3 SCP-4 SCP-5 SCP-6 SCP-7 SCP-9
(m) 25 50

25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50 25 50

2
-15 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 Vs
4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0.20
6
0.19
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.18
-10 0.17
8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.16
Depth

10
0.15
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0.14
12 0.13
-5
0.12
14 0.11
0.10
16 0.09
0.08
0
18

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 (km/sec)

(m)
20
Distance

22

24

• Objective: determine effect of sand compaction pile driving

to strengthen soil and reduce liquifaction potential
• Results: obvious Vs increase on right hand side of section,
less dramatic Vs increase on left
November 2005 - Geometrics, Inc. - www.geometrics.com 11