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Science
Quarter 3 – Hybrid Module 5
Biodiversity and Evolution (Part 1)
Week 5

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

 Let’s Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The pieces of evidence which support the process of evolution is the main concern in
creating this module.
Generally, this module will help you to:
explain how evolution through natural selection can result in biodiversity.

Specifically, after going through this module you are expected to:
1. explain how fossil records provide evidence for evolution using images/pictures;
2. explain how rock formation, geologic time scale, and carbon-14 dating can be used in
determining the age of fossils;
3. explain how comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution using pictures/video
clips; and
4. explain how genetic information provides evidence for evolution.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on your
answer sheet.

1. Which of the following Scientists studying ancient life through fossil records?
A. Astronomer C. Paleontologist
B. Meteorologist D. Pharmacist

2. Fossils are commonly found in what type of rock?

A. Bedrock C. Metamorphic rock
B. Igneous rock D. Sedimentary rock

3. Which BEST describes evolution?

A. The process that involves a changed in the Earth’s climate
B. The process that involves a changed in the land surface near coastlines
C. The process which involves change in a species through period of time
D. The process which involves change in the chemical composition of mineral
deposits

4. Which is NOT an evidence of evolution?

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 A. Comparative anatomy C. Genetic information
B. Fossil records D. Melting of glaciers

5. What is a fossil?
A. A particle which exhibits electromagnetic character.
B. A group of cells that have a specific structure and function.
C. A complex process of converting solid to liquid, then to gas.
D. A preserved remain or trace of an ancient organism that lived in earlier times.

6. What method will provide record for accurate age of rocks and fossils?
A. Bayesian estimation C. Particle acceleration
B. Fractional distillation D. Radioactive dating

7. Why are fossils important?

A. Because they are utilized at the construction industry.
B. Because they are valuable and can be sold in a great price.
C. Because they served as ornamentation in houses and museums.
D. Because they provide evidence of evolution and ancient geologic conditions.

8. It is the tabular presentation of the history of life based on the study of early rocks and
fossils?
A. Weighing scale C. Geologic time scale
B. Volumetric scale D. Data measurement scale

9. It is known as the period of the spread of large reptiles and dinosaurs on Earth.
A. Cretaceous C. Quaternary
B. Jurassic D. Triassic

10. What is the proper order of Era from oldest to most recent? Refer to the choices below.
I. Paleozoic II. Cenozoic III. Precambrian IV. Mesozoic

A. I, II, III, IV C. III, I, IV, II

B. II, IV, I, III D. IV, II, I, III

11. When does Carbon Dating Method deem applicable?

A. If the fossil is older than 80,000 years.
B. If the fossil is still intact and color green.
C. If the fossil is younger than 50,000 years.
D. If the fossil is between 60,000 to 80,000 years old.

12. In comparative anatomy, what structures may indicate common ancestry?

A. Vestigial structures C. Homologous structures
B. Analogous structures D. Embryological structures

13. Which is a manifestation of analogous structures?

A. Forelimbs of a bat and human C. Wings of hawk and insect
B. Forelimbs of a bird and penguin D. Flippers of whale and forelimb of Koala

14. What evidence of evolution pertains to organisms’ similarity in developmental changes in

body structure from egg to adult?
A. Molecular biology C. Comparative embryology

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 B. Comparative anatomy D. Induced and natural mutation

15. Which evidence of evolution emphasizes in the hereditary material such as the structure
of the gene, or the number of chromosomes of an organism?
A. Molecular biology C. Comparative embryology
B. Comparative anatomy D. Induced and natural mutation

Lesson
Biodiversity and Evolution
5 Part 1

Let’s Recall

DECODING THE PAST AND PRESENT

Directions: 1. Identify the following organisms by rearranging the given set of letters.
2. Notice that there are set of assigned numbers on particular letters,
3. Use these to decipher “THIS WEEK’S TOPIC”

1. RITBLOSET 2. CRLHOLELA 3. ESDE REFN

3 7 6 9 1 8

4. PSREDOCAYTL 5. ATSULAROPIHTUCES

4 10 11

4
 THIS WEEK’S TOPIC
6. NGIOK ROGVE
1 2 3 4 1 5 6 1 7 8

1 2 7 9 10 11 3 7 5
2

Let’s Explore

SCI-WORD HUNT
Directions: In this activity, you are encouraged to find as many topic-related words as you
can. Mark the words inside the word-bank.

D M U T A T I O N T T D N S
A D T H H L A B U K F T U Y
D E T A E O J D F Z X O U Y
O R B V U U M J X Q G O G U
P A L E O N T O L O G Y I I
E Q U S Q B P S L K E P S K
R T G T R N T A G O E T S H
I Y I I S T N H G U T F
O Y N G T A H U H U T O Y O
D U A I Y O F H T J X Z U S
F I K A E V O L U T I O N S
H O H L T D N A A D F Z T I
J D F H T J X Z S A N A O L
C A R B O N D A T I N G P S

Words to be found!

1. PALEONTOLOGY 6. CARBON DATING

2. VESTIGIAL 7. EVOLUTION
3. HOMOLOGOUS 8. MUTATION
4. ANALOGOUS 9. ERA
5. FOSSILS 10. PERIOD
Questions in your mind…..
Did you see any connections in the words you found?
(provide a brief explanation)
What do you think is the relevance of these words in this week’s topic?

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 Let’s Elaborate 1. Read the following discussions.
2. Use a graphic organizer to better
understand the discussions.
3. Highlight the important concepts
if necessary.
necessary.
What is Evolution?
The origin of living organisms has been a very interesting topic in the study of Biology.
Many scientists and classical philosophers attempted to discover and explain the meaning
and origin of life on Earth. One of the leading scientific explanations as to how living organisms
come into existence during the primordial time is Evolution. There are, however, lots of
arguments on whether or not evolution does exist. It is important, at this point to first define
what evolution is.
Evolution is the process in which species changes through time. With this definition, it
is noteworthy to emphasize the coverage of the term “changes” in the course of evolution.
Changes referred to in the definition of evolution does not plainly means changes in size,
behavior, and appearance of an organism in a short span of time. We shall not misinterpret
changes mentioned in evolution and changes mentioned in growth and development. The
changes contemplated in evolution refers to the gradual changes in the genetic build-up and
composition of a certain gene of a species which is manifested on its bodily structures. The
period of time referred to in the definition of evolution takes approximately millions of years as
the case may be.

Pieces of Evidence of Evolution

In the study of natural science, it is important that a claim of existence of some
phenomenon, organisms, and concepts must be well founded on a scientific study and
research anchored on pieces of evidence. Scientists in their attempt to prove the existence of
evolution conducted studies and research that led to the discovery of pieces of evidence of
evolution. These pieces of evidence of evolution allegedly provide the records of existence of
primitive organisms which lived during the prehistoric times and the primordial geologic and
climatic conditions of Earth. Pieces of evidence of evolution were derived from fossil records,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, genetic information and
mutation of certain species.

A. Fossil Records
Fossils are preserved remains or
traces of primitive organisms which lived
during the prehistoric times. Traces include
footprints, burrows, and human tools.
Remains include body parts such as shells,
skull, limbs, and teeth. Sometimes entire
body of an organism are preserved and
turned into stone or became petrified or
fossilized.1 Paleontologist is the scientist
directly involved in the study of ancient life
through fossil records.

Figure 1.1. Sample of Fossils

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A.1 Advancement in the Field of Paleontology
In the number of researches conducted by some scientists, they have observed that:
1. the remains of ancient life found in oldest rocks are fewer and more primitive than
those found in younger rocks. The earliest fossils are those prokaryotes (blue-green
bacteria, classes of cyanobacteria) that appeared about 3.4 to 3.6 billion years ago.
2. The remains of many ancient plants and animals show structural similarities to certain
organisms that live today, although none is exactly the same as the living species.
Also, fossils found in younger rocks are not found in much older rocks. These findings
imply that ancestral forms gradually evolved over millions of years and gave rise to
offspring that are no longer exactly like themselves.2

A.2 Geologic Time Scale

The Geologic Time Scale is a tabular representation of the records of history of life
based on the geologists’ study of rocks and the fossils it contains. This table is divided into
four columns namely, the duration in million years, era, period, and the major events that takes
place on every era and period. The era presented here is arranged from the oldest down to
the most recent. The duration approximates how long a certain period last.
Study table 1.1 below and familiarize yourself with the major geologic events and the
organisms that existed on different periods. Pieces of information presented here will be useful
reference on the activity about Geologic Time Scale.

Table 1.1. Geologic Time Scale

Duration Era Period Major Events
(Million
Years
Ago)
4600 – Precambrian • Fossils are extremely rare.
540 • Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes appear 3.5
billion years ago.
• Photosynthetic prokaryotes appear 3.0 billion years
ago.
• Multicellular algae appear 1.2 billion years ago, other
Multicellular forms follow.
• Life only existed on the seas.
540 – Paleozoic Cambrian • Cambrian explosion brings great diversity in
245 (540) invertebrate life
• Soft-bodied jellyfish, worms, sponges
• Brachiopods with two shells similar to clam
• Trilobites (arthropods) are dominant
Ordovician • Diverse marine invertebrates are dominant
(510) • Ancestors of modern octopi and squid appear
• First primitive jawless fish are present
Silurian • Jawless fish are abundant
(430) • Jawed fish appear
• First colonization of land by arthropods and vascular
plants such as ferns
Devonian • Known as the age of fishes due to the abundant and
(400) diverse forms in the sea
• Ferns and horsetails are present on land
• Wingless insect and arachnids are present
• First amphibians appear
Carboniferous • Rich deposits of coal are formed
(360) • First seed plants appeared
• Presence of amniote egg in early reptile
• Abundant sharks, amphibians, and winged insect

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 Permian • Largest mass extinction in Earth’s history
(285) • 95% of marine species disappear
• On land, gymnosperms and conifers are abundant
and dominant
245 – 65 Mesozoic Triassic • Survivor of the mass extinction spread and colonize
(245) new areas
• Super-continent Pangea alters climate and ocean
circulation
• Earliest dinosaurs appear
• Cycad and conifers are dominant plant life
• Earlier rodent-like appears
Jurassic • Dinosaurs ruled the Earth as the dominant animal life
(200) on land
• Some reptiles developed a bird-like features leading
to the evolution of birds
• Pangea begins to break apart
• First angiosperms appear on land
Cretaceous • Dinosaurs are dominant early this period
(140) • Another mass extinction took place at the end of this
period
• 50% of the plant and animal species become extinct
including dinosaurs
• Angiosperms become dominant
• Breaking apart of Pangea continues
65 – Cenozoic Tertiary • Angiosperms and insects flourished.
present (65) • Earlier placental mammals appear.
• Rapid evolution become evident in large grazing and
marine mammals
• Earth’s climate become warm and mild
•
Quaternary • Climate cools leading to a series of ice ages at the
(20) beginning of this period
• Mammoths and large carnivores appear
• Earliest humans appear 4.5 million years ago
• Homo sapiens appear 200,000 years ago
• 20,000 years ago, Earth’s climate began to warm.

A.3 Fossil Dating Method

To determine the age of a fossil, geologist use different fossil dating method. Fossil
dating methods include relative dating, radioactive dating, and carbon dating. Relative dating
pertains to method of estimating the age of the fossil based on its position in the rock layers.
Radioactive dating is a method used to provide accurate age and develop record of rocks and
fossils. Radioactive elements give radiation at a constant rate and varies depending on the
sample element. As the element gives off radiation, it becomes more stable. This process is
called radioactive decay. Example of radioactive element is Potassium-4.
Carbon dating is a method use to estimate the age of younger fossils. The use of
carbon dating method is deemed applicable in dating fossils younger than 50,000 years. All
organisms contain abundant amount of carbon. Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists
contain carbon. It is a naturally occurring element. The Carbon-12 is the common form while
Carbon-14 is the radioactive form. When an organism dies, no new carbon is added to its
body. Consequently, C-14 starts to decay changing the ratio of C-14 to C-12.

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B. Comparative Anatomy
Scientists were able to identify the differences and similarities in the structures of
different organisms through the process of comparative anatomy. Comparative anatomy
enables scientist to hypothesize that organisms which have a strikingly similar structures have
a very close evolutionary link. Structures which became the primary focus of the comparative
anatomy for purposes of establishing the evolutionary link of organisms are homologous,
analogous, and vestigial structures.

B.1 Homologous Structures

These are the structures of organisms that appears similar based on their origin. This
suggest that two or more species have the common ancestry.3 Observe figure 2.1 below, the
strikingly similar number and arrangement of bones in the limbs of A. human, B. whale, and
C. bat, indicate that they belong to same ancestor.

Figure 2.1. Homologous Structures of Selected Organisms

B.2 Analogous Structures

These structures are the reverse of homologous structures. They are the parts of the
organisms that perform the same function but differ in structures. The wings of birds are
analogous to the wings of insects. Both wings are used to enable the birds and insects to fly,
however their structures differ. Analogous structures of organisms provide essential
information which aid Scientists in determining whether the organisms belong so a specific
ancestor or not. Figure 2.2 below presents the wing of A. moth, B. hawk, and C. bat. You can
observe that these body part has the common function, yet they vary in its structure.

Figure 2.2. Analogous Structures of Selected Organisms

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B.3 Vestigial Structures
These structures are body parts which appears to be reduced in size and does not
seem to have a function.4 Scientists believed that vestigial structures where once functional in
our ancestor. For example, the tiny leg bones of snakes suggest that they evolved from an
ancestor that had legs. The presence of coccyx, figure 2.3 (reduced tail bone in B. human and
A. chimpanzee) in some animals suggests that they came from an ancestor which had a tail.

Figure 2.3. Vestigial Structure of Selected Organism

C. Comparative Embryology
This is the study which compares the organisms’ developmental changes in bodily
structures that takes place from egg to adult. Like comparative anatomy, scientists were able
to obtain evidence of evolution by observing the similarities of embryo of different organisms
which indicates that they belong to a common ancestor. Embryo is an organism in its earliest
stage of development. Observe figure 3.1 below which presents the embryological
development of A. fish, B. salamander, C. turtle, D. chicken, E. sheep, F. dog, G. cat, and H.
human. Notice the strikingly similar appearance and structure of organisms in earlier stage.

Figure 3.1. Comparative Embryology of Selected Organisms

D. Evidence from Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology is concerned in the study of biochemical composition of the cells,
specifically the proteins and the nitrogen base sequence of DNA. Scientists and researchers
by way of molecular biology discovered that there is close evolutionary link in some organisms
such as human and chimpanzee.

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 However, in comparison, man and shrimp varies substantially on the number of DNA
and proteins in their whole-body structure which strongly suggests that these organisms are
not evolutionary related. Observe figure 4.1 below and notice the similarities in the sequence
of genes of human and chimpanzee. Compare your observation to these genes in those of
gorilla and orangutan.

Figure 4.1. Comparative Embryology of Selected Organisms

E. Evidence from Genetic Information and Mutation

Scientist believes that the occurrence of mutation in some organisms provide a strong
proof of evolution. Mutation may involve change in gene structure, which resulted from
substitution, addition, or deletion of a nitrogen base sequence of a particular hereditary trait.
Chromosome mutation likewise involves change either on entire chromosome or portion of it.
Mutation is triggered by environmental factors such as exposure to mutagens.
There are two types of mutation, first is the spontaneous mutation which is naturally
occurring in the environment. Second is the induced mutation which involves human
intervention that takes place on laboratories or breeding facilities. For example, the mutation
appearing in the malformed daisies which is caused by radiation.

Figure 5.1. Malformed Daisies

To learn more about evolution, fossil records, geologic time scale, comparative
anatomy, comparative embryology, and genetic mutation, you may visit the
following links below.videos: visit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1TlxtJ6pTQ&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EfewdEC8bk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_gHu7MSkWg
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 Let’s Dig In

Activity 1: CONCEPT MAPPING

Directions: A. Complete the concept map below.
B. Select the correct concept and its corresponding description on the answer
bank.

EVOLUTION

Definition

Pieces of evidence

Answer Bank
Fossil records
Microbiology
Similarities in structures or
functions of body part of
different organisms
comparing the organisms’
developmental changes in
structures from egg to adult
Comparative anatomy
Molecular biology
process in which species
undergo changes through
time
preserved remains or traces
of primitive organisms which
lived in prehistoric times
Comparative embryology
Genes and mutation
change in gene structure,
the entire or portion of
chromosome
biochemical composition,
proteins, and the nitrogen
base sequence of DNA

Activity 2: CONCEPT CONNECTION

Directions: A. Connect the correct concept from A to B, then B to C using a line.

A B C
Homologous Structure Same structure, same function Bird and insect wings
C
Analogous Structure No function, structure loses Bat and bird wings

Vestigial Structure Different structure, same function Human coccyx

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Activity 3: PUZZLE DECRYPTION
Directions: A. Use the description given below to decrypt the missing concept in the puzzle.
B. Use the letter clues in the puzzle to easily decrypt the concept.

Description
a. An organism in its earliest stage of h. The systematic study of ancient life
development through fossil records
b. A proof of a claim or an existence of i. The change in gene structure,
something nitrogen base sequence of a
c. The structures of different particular hereditary trait.
organisms with the same function
that appears similar based on their
ancestor Puzzle
d. The era in geologic time scale
1. E _ _ _ _ _
which is between Mesozoic and
Precambrian 2. _ V _ _ _ _ _ _
e. The period in geologic time scale 3. _ O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
wherein dinosaurs ruled the Earth 4. _ _ L _ _ _ _ _ _
as the dominant animal life on land 5. _ U_ _ _ _ _ _
f. A non-functional or less functional
structure of an organism which 6. _ _ _ T _ _ _ _ _
believes to be reduced in size 7. _ _ _ _ I _ _
throughout the time
8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O _ _ _ _
g. A group of organisms with the same
number of chromosome and 9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N
capable of interbreeding

Let’s Remember

3. Silurian period according to the

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read the statements carefully.
Write Y if the statement is TRUE and X if it
is FALSE. If it is false, replace
the underlined term with the correct one.
1. Homologous structures are the parts of
the organisms that perform the same
function but differ in structures.
2. According to the research of some
scientists, the remains of ancient life
found in the oldest rocks are fewer and
more primitive than those found in
younger rocks.
geologic time scale is known as the age
of fishes due to the abundant and
diverse forms in the sea.
4. Induced mutation involves human
intervention that takes place in
laboratories or breeding facilities.
5. During the Precambrian era, organisms
are anaerobic heterotrophic
prokaryotes, photosynthetic
prokaryotes, and multicellular algae
that dominates the sea.

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 Let’s Apply

A. INSCRIBING THE HISTORICAL RECORDS

Directions: Pretend to be a historian who collaborate with paleontologists and molecular
biologists. Using the concepts and evidence learned in previous discussion,
write a short historical account of evolution. Be guided on rubric below.

Scoring Rubric
Scored Factor Very Good Good Developing
6 4 2
Concept The concepts or The concepts or The concepts or
evidence are evidence are evidence are very
complete and error- considerably enough minimal with lots of
free with minor errors error
Organization The concepts or The concepts or The concepts or
and evidence are clearly evidence are evidence are unclear
Presentation and properly properly presented and improperly
presented presented
Grammar There is no There are less than There are five or
grammatical error five grammatical more grammatical
observed error observed error observed

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it
on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following statement best describes Evolution?
A. Evolution involves a changed in chemical composition of mineral deposits
B. Evolution involves change in the land surface near coastlines
C. Evolution involves a changed in a species through time
D. Evolution involves change in the Earth’s climate
2. What fossil dating method is utilized in estimating the age of the fossil based on its
position in the layers of rock?
A. Radioactive dating C. Relative dating
B. Amorphous dating D. Carbon dating
3. Which of the following mutation resulted from substitution, addition, or deletion of a
nitrogen base sequence of a particular hereditary trait?
A. Gene mutation C. Nuclear mutation
B. Cellular mutation D. Chromosome mutation
4. What evidence of evolution pertains to organisms’ similarity in developmental changes in
body structure from egg to adult?
A. Comparative anatomy C. Molecular biology
B. Comparative embryology D. Induced and natural mutation
5. Which species according to molecular biology has the gene sequence which is closely

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 related to human DNA?
A. Chimpanzee B. Gorilla C. Koala D. Orangutan
6. Which of the following Scientists studying ancient life through fossil records?
A. Astronomer C. Paleontologist
B. Meteorologist D. Pharmacist
7. Fossils are commonly found in what type of rock?
A. Bedrock C. Metamorphic rock
B. Igneous rock D. Sedimentary rock
8. Which BEST describes evolution?
A. The process that involves a changed in the Earth’s climate
B. The process that involves a changed in the land surface near coastlines
C. The process which involves change in a species through period of time
D. The process which involves change in the chemical composition of mineral
deposits
9. Which is NOT evidence of evolution?
A. Comparative anatomy C. Genetic information
B. Fossil records D. Melting of glaciers
10. What is a fossil?
A. A particle which exhibits electromagnetic character.
B. A group of cells that have a specific structure and function.
C. A complex process of converting solid to liquid, then to gas.
D. A preserved remain or trace of an ancient organism that lived in earlier times.
11. What method will provide record for accurate age of rocks and fossils?
A. Bayesian estimation C. Particle acceleration
B. Fractional distillation D. Radioactive dating
12. Why are fossils important?
A. Because they are utilized at the construction industry.
B. Because they are valuable and can be sold in a great price.
C. Because they served as ornamentation in houses and museums.
D. Because they provide evidence of evolution and ancient geologic conditions.
13. It is the tabular presentation of the history of life based on the study of early rocks and
fossils?
A. Weighing scale C. Geologic time scale
B. Volumetric scale D. Data measurement scale
14. It is known as the period of the spread of large reptiles and dinosaurs on Earth.
A. Cretaceous C. Quaternary
B. Jurassic D. Triassic
15. What is the proper order of Era from oldest to most recent? Refer to the choices below.
I. Paleozoic II. Cenozoic III. Precambrian IV. Mesozoic
A. I, II, III, IV C. III, I, IV, II
B. II, IV, I, III D. IV, II, I, III

Let’s Extend

PALEONTOLOGIST’S RECORDS
Directions: Using the internet or other printed references, search for a picture of fossilized
animal and plant. Draw the fossil on a separate sheet of paper and describe it using your own
words. Indicate the name of the animal and plant.

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References
Printed References
[1]
Rabago, et al. (2010). Functional Biology. Philippines. Vibal Publishing House, Inc., p. 314.
[2]
Id. p. 318.
[3]
Dela Cruz, S.B. (2003). Next Century Biology. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., p. 164.
[4]
Id. p. 165.

Photo Credits
1. Let’s Recall: images from, Laylay & Martinez (2007). SciLINKS TIMSS-Based
Learning Materials for Secondary Level. Merryland Publishing Corp.
2. Table 1.1: www.amybrownscience.com/2018/12/evolution-and-geologic-time-scale.
3. Figure 2.1: Dela Cruz, S.B. (2003). Next Century Biology. Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc., p. 164.
4. Figure 2.2: www.quia.com/jg/1600328list.html
5. Figure 2.3: www.youtube.com uploaded by Clarify: Science Concept, Dec. 8, 2018
6. Figure 3.1: https://pt.slideshare.net/mobile/mrtangextrahelp/02-evidence-of-evolution-
embryology/3
7. Figure 4.1: https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/chimp-and-human-dna/
8. Figure 5.1: https://www.google.com/amp/s/api.nationalgeographic.com/distribion/

Development Team of the Module

Writer: IAN LUIGIE D. ORDOÑEZ
Editor:
Content Evaluators: MINERVA M. CONTRERAS, MT II,
JANETH G. MAMANSAG, MT II,
ROBEEMANE B. BALISI, TIII,
JENNY G. BELZA, T II,
AGAPE GRACE D. RIVEZA, T II &
MARY ANNE G. CAMBA, T I
Language Evaluator: NERWINN JOY SUNICO
Illustrator: VICTOR G. TALEON
Layout Artist: VICTOR G. TALEON
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Team Leader)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-SCIENCE
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

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