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WEEK 2

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This hybrid module was collaboratively des
igned, developed and evaluated by the Development and Quality Assurance Teams of
SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the hybrid module.
For the learner:
This hybrid module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be helped to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The following are some reminders in using this hybrid module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the hybrid
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let’s Try before moving on to the other activities included in
the hybrid module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and in checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this hybrid module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain a
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let’s Learn
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is composed of lesson about:
 Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their
properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and
thermal conductivity; (S9MT-IIb-14)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify and describe ionic and covalent compounds based on
their chemical formulas and chemical names.
2. Enumerate and discuss different physical properties of an ionic
and covalent compound
3. Distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their
physical properties
4. Cite natural phenomena that use different physical properties of
ionic and covalent compounds.

Let’s Try
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the below elements will most likely form an Ionic Bond?
A. Cs and O B. Li and Mg C. Ne and Cl D. P and O
2. Which Compound would be classified as a covalent bond?
A. CaCl2 B. KI C. MgO D. P2O5
3. Representative particles of a covalent compound
A. Compound B. Ions C. Isotopes D. Molecules
4 Which particles may be gained, lost, or shared by an atom when it forms a
chemical bond?
A. proton B. electron C. neutron D. nucleon
5. Which of the following compounds is ionic?
A. Glucose B. Methane C. Salt D. Water

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6. Which compound is ionic?
A. CaCl2 B. HCl C. N2O D. SO2
7. Which of the following types of compounds will have the highest melting and
boiling point?
A. covalent B. ionic C. nonpolar covalent D. polar covalent
8. Which of the following pairs of elements will combine to produce an ionic bond?
A. Carbon and hydrogen C. Hydrogen and oxygen
B. Hydrogen and chlorine D. Magnesium and oxygen
9. Tendency of an atom to attract electrons is called .
A. Electron affinity C. Electron energy
B. Electronegativity D. Ionization Energy
10. Which of the following compounds is covalent?
A. Calcium oxide C. Barium chloride
B. table salt D. table sugar
11. Which of the following is NOT a property of covalent compounds?
A. crystal solid C. low boiling point
B. low melting point D. Poor conductor of heat and electricity
12. Which type of compound results from the combination of metal and nonmetal?
A. Acid C. Organic compound
B. Covalent compound D. Ionic compound
13. What kind of chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
A. chemical bond C. ionic bond
B. covalent bond D. metallic bond
14. Which atoms are most likely to form covalent bonds?
A. metal atoms that share electrons
B. metal atoms that share protons
C. nonmetal atoms that share electrons
D. nonmetal atoms that share protons
15. When does covalent bonding take place?
A. It takes place when atoms attain stability.
B. It takes place when atoms collide with one another.
C. It takes place when the attraction between atoms is strong.
D. It takes place when atoms share electrons.

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 Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!
Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/paT5irfh9dTHq8um7 You will see the score after completing
the test.
Write your score on the given circle.

Lesson
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
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In the past lessons in grade 8 you we’re able to describe elements based on
their properties either metal, nonmetal or metalloid. You also learned that elements
are systematically arranged and grouped in the Periodic Table of elements. By
means of Periodic table of element you identify valence electron of an element. The
valence electrons are the electrons directly involved in forming bonds to form
compound.

Let’s Recall
Direction: Using the periodic table of the element, write the electron
configuration. Identify the main energy level (MEL), the valence electron, period,
and group number of the following elements.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_Table_Of_Elements.svg
Fig.1 Periodic Table of Element

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ATOM ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION NUMBER VALENCE PERIOD GROUP
OF MEL ELECTRON NUMBER NUMBER
8O 1s² 2s² 2p4 2 6 2 VI A
13 Al
18 Ar

20 Ca
35 Br

Let’s Explore

Credit: https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Solids/209

Fig2. Two Different Substances with Same Appearance

Can you identify from the picture above which is table sugar and which is
salt? How are you going to identify which substance is sugar and which is salt?

Do this simple Activity!

Activity1: Taste Test

Materials:
White sugar, iodized salt, teaspoon
Procedure:
1.) Taste a ¼ teaspoonful of white sugar. Let it melt in your mouth.
2.) Taste a ¼ teaspoonful of iodized salt. Let it melt in your mouth.
3.) Observe the taste.

Questions
1.) Describe the taste of each compound?

2.) Which compound melts faster in your mouth?

3.) Why do you think one substance melts faster than the other?

Taste test is one way to easily identify two compounds, but this technique
does not apply to other compounds as some can toxic as we have variety of
compounds we use every day in our daily life.
There are two common types of compounds based on their chemical bonding
characteristics – Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds.

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 Let’s Elaborate

IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS

When two or more elements are chemically combined it formed
COMPOUND. To classify Ionic and Covalent compound we must first recognize the
type of elements combined together.

IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND

METAL + NONMETAL NONMETAL + NONMETAL

METALLOID + NONMETAL

If you look The Periodic Table of the Element (Fig.1) you will see the location
of three types of elements. Most Elements placed on the left side of the periodic
table are metals except for Hydrogen. Elements found on the right side are the
nonmetals separated by a stair-like barrier of elements which are the metalloids or
semi-metals.

The Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a nonmetal that held by
Ionic bonds. It is the electrostatic force of attraction that holds positively charged
atom knowns as cations and negatively charged atoms known as anions together.
One example is Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or table salt. It is the combination of Sodium
(a metal) and Chlorine (a nonmetal). Sodium becomes a cation (Na +) as it loses an
electron and transfers to the chlorine atom. Chlorine gaining the electron becomes
an anion (Cl-) and eventually, an ionic bond is formed holding these ions
together.

https://www.slideshare.net/cawleymiles/ionic-bonding-13065081

Fig. 2

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If we based on electron configuration (Fig. 3), A sodium atom has the electron
configuration of 1s² 2s²2p⁶ 3s. It can gain a noble gas (s²p⁶) configuration by losing the
3s electron. A chlorine atom has the electron configuration 1s² 2s²2p⁶ 3s²3p⁵. It can
achieve a noble gas configuration by gaining an electron.

.
Na: 1s22s22p63s1
Cl: 1s22s22p63p5
Fig. 3

SOME IONIC COMPOUND AND ITS USES

Ionic Compound Chemical Formula Uses

Barium Chloride BaCl2 Used in making fireworks

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Baking soda; used in

baking and as an antacid
to reduce stomach acid

Sodium hydroxide NaOH Used as a cleaning agent,

it is the component of
soap and detergents.

Potassium iodide KI Iodized salt used for

thyroid health

The Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are formed from the chemical combination of two or
more nonmetallic elements. Table sugar or sucrose (C12H22O11) is an example of a
covalent molecular compound. It is a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms. In a covalent compound, atoms of the different elements are held together in
molecules by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds share their valence electrons. A
molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties
of the compound.

Figure 4 (below) shows the sharing of electrons between Hydrogen and Oxygen
atoms to form the water (H2O) molecule. This sharing of electrons results in a
covalent bond between atoms

https://brainly.in/question/6316008

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 Fig. 4

SOME COVALENT COMPOUND AND ITS USES

COVALENT COMPOUND CHEMICAL FORMULA USES

Ammonia NH3 It used as a refrigerant

gas, for purification of
water supplies, and in the
manufacture of plastics,
explosives, pesticides,
dyes

Carbon dioxide CO2 Essential gas for plant

Methane CH4 An odorless, colorless gas

used mainly as fuel to
make heat and light

Water H2O Universal solvent, It is

also essential for daily
and domestic use.

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Click the given link below on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop
https://youtu.be/QqjcCvzWwww

Let’s Dig In
ACTIVITY 2: Ionic & Covalent!
Direction: Determine if compounds are Ionic compound or Covalent Compound
based on their elements combined. Write I if the compound is ionic and C if
covalent.
Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Sodium (Metal) + Chlorine (Nonmetal) = ionic compound
Therefore, the answer is I

1. Barium chloride (BaCl2) 6. Water ( H2O)

2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 7. Magnesium bromide (MgBr2)
3. Aluminum nitride (AlN) _8. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
4. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 9. Ferrous Sulfide (FeS)
5. Oxygen gas (O2) 10. Nitrogen gas (N2)

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 ACTIVITY 3: PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUND
Objective:
Discuss the different physical properties of Salt and Sugar
Compare the different properties of Ionic and covalent compound.
Introduction:
Because of the nature of ionic and covalent bonds, the compounds produced
by those bonds tend to have relatively different properties. The atoms (ions) in ionic
compound show strong attractions due to electrostatic force and require more
energy to break. The atoms of covalent compound between atoms are quite strong,
but the intermolecular forces are relatively very weak and molecules can easily
separate in small amount of energy. This generally leads to high boiling and high
melting point for ionic compound, and low boiling point and melting point for the
covalent compound.
IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND
Salt (NaCl) Sugar (C12H22011)

Melting point 801 °C 186°C

Boiling Point 1465°C 102.82°C
(sugar solution)

Appearance and Hard and brittle soft and flexible solid form
Hardness
crystalline solid
Conduct Electricity Conduct electricity when They are not a conductor
dissolved in water to form an of electricity
aqueous solution

To understand how ionic compound conduct electricity, click the given link
https://www.britannica.com/video/163293/current-solution-electrolytes
Questions:
1. Compare salt and sugar based on its appearance and hardness?

2. Compare the boiling point and melting point of salt and sugar?

3. Why does sugar have low boiling and low melting points?

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4. Why do salt have high boiling and high melting points?

5. Which compound conduct electricity?

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Click the given link below on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop
https://www.britannica.com/video/163293/current-solution-electrolytes

Another method to determine IONIC and COVALENT compound is using the

ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUE

ACTIVITY 4: ELECTRONEGATIVITY and BOND TYPE

Objective:
Define electronegativity
Use electronegativity values to determine if Ionic or Covalent
(polar/nonpolar) bonds.
Introduction
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons
toward it.

https://www.webassign.net/ncchem/electronegativity.html
Fig5. Electronegativity Values of Atoms of Elements

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 Table 1. Electronegativity Difference to Classify Bonds
ELECTRONEGATIVITY BOND TYPE
DIFFERENCE

0 < 0.4 Nonpolar

0.5 – 1.9 Polar
>2.0 Ionic

The degree to which a given bond is ionic or covalent is determined by

calculating the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in the
bond.
Covalent Compounds can be polar or nonpolar. The polarity of molecules results
from the differences in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms.
A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the atoms have an unequal
attraction for electrons and so the sharing is unequal while nonpolar covalent bond
is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally between
the two atoms. (See fig. 6)
(Equal sharing of electron) (Unequal sharing of electron)

Credit to:https://www.coursehero.com/sg/organic-chemistry/covalent-bonds/

Fig. 6 Polar and Nonpolar Covalent bond

If the difference in electronegativity is greater than or equal to 2.0, the

electrons are completely transferred instead of being shared which is Ionic.

See fig. 5 for Electronegativity value and table 1 for the EN difference and bond
type Examples:
Combining H Cl
Atoms
EN Values 2.1 3.0
Difference 0.9
Type of Bond Polar

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Combining O O Combining Na Cl
Atoms Atoms
EN Values 3.5 3.5 EN Values 0.9 3.0
Difference 0 Difference 2.1
Type of Nonpolar Type of Ionic
Bond Bond

Let’s Try this!

Calculate the electronegativity difference and give the kind of bond that
exists between the atoms in each pair.
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference (Ionic/Polar
Covalent/Nonpolar
Covalent)
1. Mg and O
2. H and F
3. O and H
4. Cl and Cl
5. N and O

Please watch and learn this topic online!

Click the given link below on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop
https://youtu.be/PoQjsnQmxok

Let’s Remember
Instructions: Classify the following properties as either Ionic or Covalent
compounds. Write IONIC or COVALENT on the space provided.
1. Usually occurs between metals and nonmetallic elements.
2 there is sharing of valence electrons between atom
3. Conduct electricity when in solution but not in solid phase.
4. Usually occurs between 2 nonmetals.
5. Poor electrical conductors
6. Crystalline solids (made of ions)
7. Hard and brittle materials

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 8. Can be classified as polar and nonpolar
9. High boiling and melting point
10 held by covalent bonds.

Let’s Apply
Chemical Compounds in your house!? Here are 5 common compounds that can be
found in your house. Research the chemical name and Identify if it’s ionic or
covalent based on its properties.

Common Name Chemical Name Ionic or Covalent

1. baking soda

2. water

3. household bleach

4. table sugar

5. Rust

Let’s Evaluate
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which compound is ionic?
A. CaCl2 B. HCl C. N2O D. SO2
2. What kind of particle is produced after ionic bonding?
A. atom B. electron C. ion D. molecules
3. Which of the following substances is not a covalent compound?
A. H2 B. HCl C. NaCl D. O2
4. Which particles may be gained, lost, or shared by an atom when it forms a
chemical bond?
A. electron B. neutron C. nucleon D proton
5. Which type of bonding is characteristic of a substance that has a high melting
point and electrical conductivity only in the liquid phase?
A. ionic C. nonpolar covalent
B. metallic D. polar covalent

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6. Which of the following compounds is covalent?
A. Sodium hydroxide C. Barium chloride
B. table salt D. table sugar
7. Which type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to
another?
A. coordinated covalent bond C. hydrogen bond
B. covalent bond D. ionic bond
8. Which type of bond is formed when calcium atoms react with oxygen atoms?
A. covalent C. ionic
B. hydrogen D. polar covalent
9. It is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
A. ionic bond C. Chemical Bonding
B. electronegativity D. covalent bond
10. Which one of the following is a property of ionic substances?
A. They are quite unreactive.
B. They are poor conductors of electricity.
C. They are all liquids at room temperature.
D. They have high melting points and boiling points.
11. Which one of the following is NOT a property of an ionic substance?
A. They have a low boiling point
B. They have high melting point
C. They usually form crystal lattices.
D. They conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
12. Which atoms are most likely to form covalent bonds?
A. metal atoms that share electrons
B. metal atoms that share protons
C. nonmetal atoms that share electron
D. nonmetal atoms that share protons
13. The electrons in a bond between two iodine atoms (I2) are shared
A. equally, and the resulting bond is polar
B. equally, and the resulting bond is nonpolar
C. unequally, and the resulting bond is polar
D. unequally, and the resulting bond is nonpolar
14. All of these are properties of covalent compound EXCEPT
A. Many soluble in a nonpolar solvent
B. Atoms share electrons to be stable.
C. They are made of crystalline solid.
D. Usually occurs between 2 non-metals.

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15. How is the bond in Br2, different from the bond in CaF2?
A. There is no bond difference between the two.
B. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in CaF2 is ionic.
C. The bond in Br2 is ionic while the bond in CaF2 is covalent.
D. The bond in Br2 is metallic while the bond in CaF2 is covalent.

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/RsUfaeCfH7GrYsx1A You will see the score after completing the
test.
Write your score on the given circle.

Let’s Extend
I.

In the laboratory, a student compares the properties of two unknown solids. The
results of his experiment are reported in the data below.
Substance A Substance B
Melting Point low high
Solubility in water Nearly insoluble soluble
Hardness Soft, waxy crystals Hard crystal
Electrical Conductivity Poor conductor in both Poor conductor in the
solid and in water solid-state, but good
solution. conductor in the water
solution

Predict the type of bonding in substance A.

Predict the type of bonding in substance B.

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