Earth

Science
11

Earth Science – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 5: Sedimentary Rocks and Metamorphic Rocks
First Edition, 2020

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Quarter 1
Eart Self-Learning
h Science Module 5

11

Sedimentary Rocks and Metamorphic

Rocks
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science Self-Learning Module 5 on Sedimentary Rocks and Metamorphic Rocks

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent,
Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their
own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills
especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character
while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep
track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

Welcome to the Earth Science Self-Learning Module 5 on Sedimentary Rocks and Metamorphic Rocks

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the
learning material while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.

EXPECTATIONS
The module is about Sedimentary Rocks and Metamorphic Rocks

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define and describe how the sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are formed.
2. familiarize common examples of sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks.
3. give the importance of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in our daily life.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What type of rocks are formed by great heat and pressure?
a. Meteorites
b. Igneous Rocks
c. Sedimentary Rocks
d. Metamorphic Rocks
2. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible for the formation of
sedimentary rocks?
a. Compaction, Cementation, Deposition, Weathering, Erosion. b. Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Compaction, Cementation. c. Erosion , Weathering, Compaction, Deposition, Cementation d. Compaction,
Erosion , Weathering, Deposition, Cementation 3. Which of the following is a type of sedimentary rocks?
a. Plutonic and Volcanic
b. Clastic and non-clastic
c. Foliated and non-foliated
d. High grade and low grade

4. Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock? a. Granite

b. Limestones
c. Marble
d. Sandstone
5. Why are sedimentary and metamorphic rocks important?
I. Because we learn about Earth materials, structure, and systems II. Because it helps us develop new
technologies that can be used in our everyday lives

III. Because we use these rocks as building material, cosmetics, cars,

roads, and appliances
IV. Because rocks help the scientist to answer questions about history of the Earth
a. I and IV
b. I, II, and III
c. II, III, and IV
d. I, II, III and IV

RECAP
In Module 4, you have learned everything about Igneous Rocks. Can you still recall how igneous rocks
are formed? Let’s have a simple activity to refresh your mind. Define the first five words that you can find
in the word hunt. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Can you do it in two minutes?
P L U T O N I C A C

B A D E R M W A S D

A V O L C A N I C W

S A A R W G S G F Q

D E E Q E M T R E R

F H R E B A S A L T

G E S R R W U N S F

H W D Q Q E Q I I G

J T N A A R X T C N

R T E A S F R E R A

It is nice to know that you can still remember that lesson.

In the previous module, rock is defined as naturally occurring solid mass. It is composed of two or more
minerals. To gain better understanding of other types of rocks, let us explore how sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks are formed.

LESSON
 In the beaches we observed that there are many rocks that come in different sizes, shapes and textures.
Aren’t you wondering how these rocks formed? Or what types of rocks are in the beaches? Do you know
that the rocks there are called beach rock, a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are formed near the
surface of the Earth. Study figure 1

Figure 1: Rock Cycle

SOURCE: https://www.flickr.com/photos/121935927@N06/13581730833
Rock cycle or petrologic cycle is defined as a process in which rocks are continuously transformed
between the three rock types igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Can you identify the geological
processes that lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks? Exactly! Based on figure 1 the geological
processes are weathering, erosion, sediment transport, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Rocks can break into pieces through different agents such as water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals,
and changes in temperature. The breaking down of rocks is a process known as weathering. The rock
pieces are called sediments. Sediment moves from one place to another through the process of erosion.
What happens to the sediments once it is eroded? The sediments are deposited in bodies of water like
seas, riverbanks, lakes, and bottom of waterfalls. Over long period of time, the sediments are compacted
and cemented together with clay or by minerals like silica or calcite. These combined processes of
compaction and cementation is known as lithification.

Remember the correct order of the processes responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Compaction, Cementation
The common sedimentary rock's features are fossil assemblages and stratification. Let us contrast the
two features. The fossil assemblages are the remains and traces of living things that are preserved in
rocks while the stratification is the layering that occurs in most sedimentary and the result of a change
in grain size and composition.
How do we classify sedimentary rocks? Sedimentary rocks are classified based on how they form and on
the size of the sediments. The classifications of sedimentary rocks are shown in Figure 2

Figure 2 Concept Map: Classifying Sedimentary rocks

 Conglomerate

Chemical form from the Limestone

SK

Sedimentary Rocks accumulation of plant or

C

animal debris
O

Some dolomites
Breccia
R

Sandstone
Y

T Shale
Organic Sedimentary
N

Rocks Rock salt

E

form from mechanical

D

weathering chert
E

Clastic Sedimentary
S

Dolomites
Rocks

Iron ore

Coal
form by precipitation of
minerals from water

Now, study figure 3 the clastic sedimentary rocks. Do you know that Clastic sedimentary rocks are
named according to the grain size of the sediment particle? Observe the grain sizes of each clastic
sediments below.

Conglomerate Breccia

Sandstone Shale
Figure 3: Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
As you can see, the conglomerate has coarse rounded grains (64 mm to >256 mm).
Breccia on the other hand, has coarse angular grains (2mm to 64 m).

Sandstone has sand-sized grains ranging in size from

2mm to 1/16 mm. Shale is fine-grained with grain size of <0.0625 mm.

Why are sedimentary rocks important to Earth? Sedimentary rocks are

used in many different ways as a building stone, glass making and they tell us what
the Earth's surface was like in the geologic past.
Can you now understand how sedimentary rocks are formed? Now, Let us study
how metamorphic rocks are formed?
 What is Romblon known for? Romblon is the Marble Capital of the
Philippines. Marble is one of the common examples of metamorphic rocks. We have
seen in figure 1 how the metamorphic rocks are formed. Metamorphic rocks are
formed from igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. It can be formed by
pressure deep under the Earth's surface, from the extreme heat caused by magma
or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates.
Metamorphic rocks are formed below the surface of the Earth through the
process of metamorphism. What is metamorphism? Metamorphism is defined as a
process that leads to changes in the mineralogy, texture, and sometimes the
chemical compositions of rocks. The word "Metamorphism" originated from the
Greek: meta = after, morph = form, so metamorphism means the after form. What
are the agents of metamorphism? Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids are
the agents of metamorphism.

There are two ways how the metamorphic rocks can form. The two types of
metamorphism are shown in Figure 4

Figure 4: Concept map of Types of metamorphism

Types of
Metamorphism
hornfels
Contact Metamorphism Regional
Metamorphism
where rock
minerals and when rocks buried deep beneath the earth's
texture are surface are changed by high temperature
changed, mainly and
by heat, due to contact with magma pressure. this usually
occurs in large areas.
produces non
foliated (rocks
produces
without any
foliated rocks
cleavage)

marble,
quartzite, and gneiss and
schist

Let us find out the differences between foliated metamorphic rocks from non-
foliated metamorphic rocks. The major differences between foliated and non-
foliated metamorphic rocks are in the areas of texture, appearance and the
type of pressure applied during recrystallization.

Table1: The differences between Foliated from Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Formed from mudstones and
contain "fine-grained" or "platy"
minerals that are usually too
small to see with the naked eye
Non-Foliated Metamorphic
Rocks
Contain more coarse grained
minerals and generally have a
random shape. Because of this,
these rocks are very granular in
appearance.
 The mineral flakes will appear to No layers and they will not flake
be parallel to the rock and will apart into thin layers when
look layered broken.

Form at high pressures Form at low pressures but high

temperatures

What is a metamorphic grade?

Metamorphic grade reflects the pressure and temperature involved in forming a particular metamorphic
rock. The grades of metamorphism is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Grade Of Metamorphism
Low-Grade Metamorphism High-Grade Metamorphism
Takes place at temperatures between Takes place at temperatures greater
about 200 to 320oC, and relatively low than 320oC and relatively high
pressure. pressure.

Generally characterized by an As grade of metamorphism increases,

abundance of hydrous minerals hydrous minerals become less
hydrous, by losing H2O, and non-
hydrous minerals become more
common.

Study common examples of metamorphic rocks from its parent rocks in Table 3 Table 3: Metamorphic
Rocks From Its Parent Rocks

METAMORPHIC ROCK PARENT ROCK

Slate Shale (Sedimentary Rock)

Schist Shale (Sedimentary Rock)

granitic and volcanic rocks (Igneous Rock)

Gneiss Shale (Sedimentary Rock)

granite or volcanic rocks (Igneous Rock)

Marble Limestone (Sedimentary Rock)

Dolostone

Hornfels Any fine-grained material

Quartzite Quartz sandstone (Sedimentary Rocks)

Metamorphic rocks are important to us because we can use these for

buildings or any infrastructure, for jewelry making such as rings, earing and
necklace, powders and other things.
 ACTIVITIES
Do the following activities to enhance your understanding about sedimentary rocks
and metamorphic rocks.

Activity 1-A

Answer the following.

1. Give the differences between Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic Rocks.

2. Enumerate the different processes on how Sedimentary rocks are formed.

3. Distinguish between contact metamorphism from regional metamorphism.

4. How do you classify Sedimentary rocks?

5. Compare High -grade metamorphism from low -grade metamorphism.

Are you done answering Activity I-A? Now, answer Activity I-B
A. Classify whether the following rocks are sedimentary or metamorphic
rocks. Write SR if Sedimentary Rocks and write MR if metamorphic rocks.

1 Marble 6 Sandstone

2 Limestone 7 Breccia

3 Gneiss 8 Slate

4 Conglomerate 9 Shale

5 Schist 10 Quartzite

Activity I-C Complete the table below by writing the sample of metamorphic rocks and its parent rock.
Metamorphic rock Parent Rock

Slate

Limestone

Quartz and sandstone

Schist
 Gneiss

WRAP-UP

To summarize what you have learned, write the missing term/s to complete the rock cycle diagram
below.

ROCK CYCLE

VALUING
Draw comic strips to illustrate how the sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are important to us.

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
a. From melting of magma
b. From cooling of hot molten rocks
c. From extreme heat and/or pressure WITH melting
d. From extreme heat and/or pressure WITHOUT melting
2. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
a. From compaction
b. From heat and cooling
c. From heat and pressure

d. From melting of magma

3. Which of the following is NOT an example of clastic sedimentary rocks? a.
Breccia c. Limestone
b. Conglomerate d. Shale
4. Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock? a.
Granite c. Marble
b. Limestones d. Sandstone
5. Why are sedimentary and metamorphic rocks important? I. Because we learn
about earth materials, structure, and systems II. Because it help us to
develop new technologies that can be use in our everyday lives
III. Because we use of rocks as building material, cosmetics, cars, roads,
 and appliances
IV. Because rocks help the scientist to answer questions about history of
the Earth
a. I and IV c. I, II, and IV
b. I, II, and III d. I, II, III and IV

c. KEY TO CORRECTION

5. d 4. c 3. c 2. a 1. d POSTTEST

your Science teacher through your class group chat

. You may consult illustration of comic strip nswers may vary
depen
ding
on the
A
Valuin
g

Look figure 1 to check the answer

UP - WRAP
granite Shale,
granite

Shale, sandstone marble shale C- Activity I

 10.MR 9.SR 8.MR 7.SR 6.
SR
5.MR 4.SR 3.MR 2.SR 1.
MR
B- vity I Acti

pressure
C, and relatively low o
place at temperatures
between about 200 to
320
grade metamorphism
Takes - C and relatively
high pressure while low o
320
grade metamorphism
Takes place at
temperatures greater
than - h Hig 5.
accumulation of plant or
animal debris
Sedimentary Rocks form
from the Sedimentary
Rocks form by
precipitation of minerals
from water. Organic
Clastic Sedimentary
Rocks form from
mechanical weathering.
Chemical 4.

large areas.
igh temperature and
pressure. This usually
occurs in are changed by h
when rocks buried deep
beneath the earth's surface
metamorphism is
changed, mainly by heat,
due to contact with magma
while regional
Contact metamorphism is
where rock minerals and
texture are 3.
compaction, cementation
, erosion, deposition, The
processes of sedimentary
rocks are weathering 2.
other rocks are changed
due to heat or pressure
are formed when
Metamorphic rocks
compaction, cementation
while
Sedimentary rocks formed by weathering, erosion, deposition, 1.
B- ACTIVITY I

VOLCANIC PLUTONIC GRANITE BASALT MAGMA LAVA RECAP

d 5. c 4. b 3. b 2. d 1. PRETEST
References
Geology.com. n.d. https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml (accessed June 19, 2020).
Department of Geology and Planetary Science. 2015. (accessed June 15, 2020).
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Petrology Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/petrology. 2018.

Harder, Isaac. Mineralogy4kids. 2015 . http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock cycle/clastic-

sedimentary-rocks (accessed June 19, 2020).
Howard, Angela. SCIENCING. July 21, 2017. https://sciencing.com/differences between-foliated-non-
foliated-metamorphic-rocks-13406863.html (accessed June 20, 2020).

National Geographic Society. n.d. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/sedimentary-rock/.

Nelson, Prof. Stephen A. EENS 2120. April 12, 2018.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/typesmetamorph.htm (accessed June 20, 2020).

Tarbuck, Lutgens, and Tasa. Thirteenth Edition Earth Science. United States of America: Pearson
Education, Inc., 2012.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth Science. june 14, 2018.
USGS Science for a changing world. 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-
news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.