SHS

Earth Science
Quarter 2 – Week 1
Module 6 - Relative and Absolute Dating
Earth Science
Grade 11/12 Quarter 2 - Module 6 - Relative and Absolute Dating
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: ARLANCE SANDRA MARIE M. GARCIA, TII

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Earth Science
Quarter 2 – Week 6
Module 6 - Relative and
Absolute Dating
 Target

It is theorized that the true age of the earth is about 4.6 billion years
old, and that it was formed around the same time as the rest of the solar
system. Geologists and / or scientists employ dating methods in order to find
evidences of the past Earth has gone through as well as to determine the age
of rocks found on the different layers formed in the Earth. The oldest rocks
geologists have been able to find are 3.9 billion years old.
In the previous lesson you were able to know more about the formation
of rock layers. Additionally, you were also able to discover more about relative
and absolute dating. In this module will be given information and activities to
understand more about the history of Earth as well as the determination of
the geologic timescale.
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine
the subdivisions of geologic time (S11ES-IIi-37)
2. describe how index fossils (also known as guide fossils) are used
to define and identify subdivisions of the geologic time scale
(S11ES-II-j-38)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
Pretest

Direction. Read and analyze each question then choose the correct answer.
Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is used for absolute dating?

A. radioactive elements C. sediments
B. sequence of sedimentary rocks D. uses light energy

2. Which principle states that the layer that cuts another is younger than the
layer it cuts through?
A. Law of Superposition C. Law of original horizontality
B. Law of Cross-cutting Relationships D. Unconformities

3. Which is an example of a parent isotope?

A. lead C. uranium
B. argon D. strontium

4. Relative dating is use in determining whether an object is older or

younger. All of the following statements are reasons why sedimentary
rocks are useful in this kind of dating, EXCEPT FOR WHICH LETTER?
A. They are formed from fragments of a single type of rock.
B. Sedimentary rock layers are nearly flat.
C. Fossils can be found in the sedimentary layer of rocks.
D. They come from different rock type fragments

5. Following the Law of Superposition, where are the newest fossils are
found?
A. On top of the rock layers
B. Nearly at the surface
C. In the middle of the rock surface
D. Adjacent the bottom of the rock layers

6. Which principle mentions that the existing rock when eroded can no longer
be recovered?
A. horizontally
B. unconformities
C. superposition
D. cross-cutting relations
7. Which type of dating method implements the Law of Superposition?
A. Relative dating C. Radioactive dating
B. Absolute dating D. Radiometric dating

8. What is referred to as the length of time it takes for half of a radioactive

isotope to decay into a stable element?
A. half – life C. absolute age
B. relative age D. fission process

9. In which period was the first evidences of life on Earth found?

A. Cambrian C. Silurian
B. Ordovician D. Devonian

For nos. 10 – 15, Using the picture below, determine the age of the layers
by arranging the layers from the youngest to the oldest. Write your answer
on the box below.

10.
11.
A
12.
C F 13.
D 14.
E 15.
B

Fig 1. Rock Layers

 Lesson
1
Earth and It’s Records

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: Relative Dating Vs. Absolute Dating

Directions: Compare and contrast the two dating methods according
to the given characteristics.
Characteristic Relative Dating Absolute Dating
1. Definition
2. Can determine what
3. Performed where
4. Materials used
5. Accuracy
6. Purpose
7. Disadvantage
Questions:
1. How does the geologic dating methods help in determining the geologic
time scale?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to determine the events that happened in the history
of the Earth?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Word Hunt
Directions: Search for the words below. Encircle the items you find.
H O S Z K J X S C F R E E B W S F C U I
M D I N O S A U R A G X R V K I M X F V
C E N O Z O I C O A Y Q A L A B O I S S
G O G M V A B S E F D B A W E D S U H U
X X E X T I N C T I O N I B O F T A U S
E G I C D I I T V Y P Z P P C C R T Y Z
A Q R Q A R Q I G K F L S P E Y C R Q U
Q R P G L W L C Q Y G S S R B R N G T D
G C M A J X I X Q A B O E F B Y I T O U
R A Y C L O O N Z M H O N V I Q E O S E
H Y R D Z E M A H O M O S A P I E N D Y
P I Y O X W O A T O E L X N C I I U I I
Q B S V K D G Z H R K K P M O F A F G U
Y E E Q D P W F O S S I L S I T R Y F H
M D K O P A L X T I D G G I R G S V I J
X X U A M K M E U Q C V A W T B D Z H H
S Y G X W A I W E V O L U T I O N X G J
L K L U P R E C A M B R I A N S J G F K
E V S B X F N L R L C U J U R A S S I C
O H F A E U T G I X F Y H A O O S R D L

CENOZOIC DINOSAUR EON

ERA EVOLUTION EXTINCTION
FOSSILS HOMOERECTUS HOMOSAPIEN
ICEAGE JURASSIC MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC PERIOD PRECAMBRIAN
 Discover

Earth and it’s Timeline

What is the Geologic Time Scale?
Geologic Time Scale (GTS) is a systematic and chronological
organization of time related to the history of the Earth and universe used by
geologists, paleontologists and other scientist to describe the timing and
relationship between events that occurred during the long history of the
Earth. It depicts the timing and relationships between events that have
occurred during the history of the Earth (and the universe).

Geologic time is a general reference to long time span that predates

human records. The Earth has a very long history—4.6 billion years as based
from the radioactive isotopic dating of meteorites. Scientists have distributed
the 4.6 billion years of Earth’s rich history into different time areas to
appropriately indicate the major events that occurred geologically or
paleontologically. A lot of attempts were made to form a Geologic Time Scale
that can be used anywhere on Earth. Through the detailed studies of rocks
and fossils conducted by scientists, the order of geologic periods we use now
exist. Scientists divided the history of Earth into a chain of time intervals.
These time intervals are unequal in terms of numbers of days or hours and
vary in length. The division of Geologic Time is based on the significant events
on Earth. The layers on the surface of the Earth, from the recent origin down
to the most ancient, made possible to split Geological Time into Eons, Eras
and Periods.

• Eon (half a billion years or more)

• Era (several hundred million years)
• Period (tens of millions of years)
• Epoch (tens of millions of years)
• Age (millions of years)
 Below is a summary of the Geologic Time Scale with the significant
events in the history of the Earth added.

https://empoweryourknowledgeandhappytrivia.wordpress.com/2015/03/18/geologic-time-scale/
Fig.2 The Geologic Time Scale
Activity 3: My Own History
Directions: Create a timeline for your own life. Begin from the day of your
birth until now. Mention the major events that you have
experienced. You may include illustrations and/or images and
design as you see fit. Your creativity is encouraged.

Activity Rubric
Rubrics 5 4 3 2
Content The output The output The output The output
shows at least shows 10 – 14 shows 6 – 9 life shows 1 – 5 life
15 life events. life events. events. events.
Creativity Output is Output is Output is Output reflects
exceptionally creative & a creative & some some degree of
creative. A lot of good amount of thought was creativity.
thought & effort thought was put into
was put into it. put into it. decorating it.
Originality Exceptional use Good use of Acceptable use Slight use of
of new ideas & new ideas & of new ideas & new ideas &
originality. originality. originality. originality.
Neatness The output is The output is The output is The output is
extremely neat satisfactorily acceptably neat neat and has a
and free from neat and free and has few erasures.
erasures. from erasures. minimal
erasures.
Rocks and the Geologic Time Scale

The geologic time scale (Figure 2), is based on the rock record. It is
subdivided into hierarchal intervals, the largest being eon, followed by era,
period, and epoch, respectively. The subdivision of geologic time is based on
the significant events in the Earth’s history as interpreted from the rock
record.

Human history can largely be found in written documents as well as

oral narrations and other artifacts of man passed through time. Similarly, the
history of the Earth is well documented in the sequence of layers upon layers
of rock that has been accumulated, weathered down and eroded over time.

Rock Record refers to the position or sequence of rock layers. Rocks

have been forming and wearing away since our planet began to form, during
what we know now as the rock cycle, creating sediment that accumulates in
layers of rock called strata. The way these strata are arranged and what fossils
are in them give scientists clues about what Earth was like billions of years
ago.

Nicholas Steno was one of the earliest to recognize the relationship

between rocks and time. Steno’s principles, namely superposition, original
horizontality, and lateral continuity, became the foundation of stratigraphy
which is the study of layered rocks. In order to establish the correct
succession of rocks, relative dating techniques were used.

Abraham Gotlobb Werner is considered to be the father of German

Geology. He divided the rock record into the following rock-time units (from
oldest to youngest): primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary by relying
extensively on the Principle of Superposition to establish temporal
relationship among the rock units.

Unlike relative dating methods, Absolute Dating Methods provide

chronological approximations of the age of definite geological materials
associated with fossils, and may even identify the direct age measurements of
the fossil material itself. Geologists ordinarily use radiometric dating methods,
based on the natural radioactive decay of specific elements such as potassium
and carbon, as dependable clocks to date ancient events. Geologists also use
other methods - such as electron spin resonance and thermoluminescence,
which evaluate the effects of radioactivity on the accretion of electrons in
imperfections, or "traps," in the crystal structure of a mineral in order to
determine the age of the rocks or fossils.

Radiometric Dating Methods

1. Potassium-Argon Dating is used to identify the age of igneous

volcanic rocks which are 100,000 years to billions of years old.

2. Uranium-Lead Dating is based on gauging the quantity of the

lead-206 daughter isotope in a sample. It can be used to date
igneous rocks that are between 100 million years and a few billion
years old.

3. Rubidium-Strontium dating is used use by scientist to identify

the age of rocks and minerals from the amounts they contain of
specific isotopes of rubidium (87Rb) and strontium (87Sr ,86Sr).it
can identify rocks which are older than 10 million years.

4. Radiocarbon Dating is a method used for dating wood, bones,

shells, and other organic remains.

All living things have a constant ratio of radioactive carbon14 to carbon-

12. Once a plant or an animal dies, no more carbon is taken in. The ratio
between the isotope’s changes because carbon-14 undergoes radioactive
decay.

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. The number of half-lives of

carbon-14 that have passed gives the absolute age. Radiocarbon dating can
be used to date organic matter only. This method is used to date things that
lived in the last 45,000 years.
 Half-life common isotopes

Parent isotope Half-life Stable daughter

Uranium-235 704 million years Lead-207

Potassium-40 1.25 billion years Argon-40

Uranium-238 4.5 billion years Lead-206

Thorium-232 14.0 billion years Lead-208

Lutetium-176 35.9 billion years Hafnim-176

Rubidium-87 48.8 billion years Strontium-87

Samarium-147 106 billion years Neodymium-143

“Employing both the relative dating methods and absolute dating

methods, scientists have been able to come up with the more expansive Geologic
Time Scale we have now.”

Activity 4: My Edible Sedimentary Model

Directions: Let us test how well you have understood our last
discussion. Create an edible scale model of sedimentary
rock layers. You may choose to create a sandwich, layered
cake, pizza or similar items. Ensure that you have at least
five layers. Illustrate your masterpiece in the space given.
Label each layer.
 Activity Rubric
Rubrics 5 4 3 2
Content The output The output The output The output
shows at least 5 shows at least 4 shows at least 3 shows at least 2
layers. layers. layers. layers.
Creativity Output is Output is Output is Output reflects
exceptionally creative & a creative & some some degree of
creative. A lot of good amount of thought was creativity.
thought & effort thought was put into
was put into it. put into it. decorating it.
Originality Exceptional use Good use of Acceptable use Slight use of
of new ideas & new ideas & of new ideas & new ideas &
originality. originality. originality. originality.
Neatness The output is The output is The output is The output is
extremely neat satisfactorily acceptably neat neat and has a
and free from neat and free and has few erasures.
erasures. from erasures. minimal
erasures.

Fossils – Records of Earth’s Past

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and

other organisms from the past. Fossils are important evidence for evolution
because they show that life on earth was once different from life found on
earth today. Usually only a portion of an organism is preserved as a fossil,
such as body fossils (bones and exoskeletons), trace fossils (feces and
footprints), and chemofossils (biochemical signals). Paleontologists can define
the age of fossils using methods like radiometric dating and classify them to
conclude the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Fossils range in
age from 10,000 to 3.48 billion years old. The observation that confident
fossils were connected with certain rock strata directed 19th century
geologists to distinguish a geological timescale. Like existing organisms,
fossils differ in size from microscopic, like single-celled bacteria, to gigantic,
like dinosaurs and trees.
3.1 Fossil Formation
Fossilization is the processes that turn plant or animal remains eventually
to stone.
1. Unaltered preservation - Small organism or part of it is trapped in
amber or hardened plant sap.
2. Permineralization/ Petrification - The organic contents of bone
and wood are replaced with silica, calcite or pyrite, forming a rock-
like fossil.
3. Replacement – The hard parts of flora or fauna are dissolved and
replaced by other minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron.
4. Carbonization or Coalification - The other elements of an organism
are removed and only the carbon remained.
5. Recrystalization - Hard parts of the organism are converted to more
stable minerals or small crystals turn into larger crystals.
6. Authigenic preservation - Molds and casts are formed after most
of the organism have been destroyed or dissolved

3.2 The Fossil Record

The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their
location in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock materializations and
sedimentary layers (strata) is identified as the fossil record. The fossil record
was one of the primary sources of data underlying the study of evolution and
remains to be pertinent to the history of life on Earth. The advance of
radiometric dating techniques in the early 20th century enabled geologists to
determine the numerical or “absolute” age of innumerable strata and their
included fossils.

3.3 Conditions for Fossilization

Subsequent the death of an organism, a number of forces add to the

dissolution of its remains. Decay, predators, or scavengers will naturally
speedily remove the flesh. The hard parts, if they are detachable at all, can be
detached by predators, scavengers, or currents. The individual hard parts are
exposed to chemical weathering and erosion, as well as to breakage by
predators or scavengers, which will crunch up bones for marrow and shells
to remove the flesh inside. Also, an animal ingested whole by a predator, such
as a rat swallowed by a snake, will have not just its flesh but some, and
perhaps most of its bones dissolved by the gastric juices of the predator.

More often than not, the typical vertebrate fossil involves just a single
bone, or tooth, or fish scale. The preservation of an intact skeleton with the
bones in the relative positions they had in life necessitates extraordinary
circumstances, such as burial in volcanic ash; burial in aeolian sand due to
the sudden slumping of a sand dune; burial in a mudslide; burial by a
turbidity current, and such similar events. The mineralization of soft parts is
even rarer and is seen only in outstandingly rare chemical and biological
situations.

Gaps in the Fossil Record

Because not all animals have bodies which fossilize easily, the fossil
record is considered incomplete.

3.4 Determining Fossil Ages

Paleontology seeks to map out how life evolved across geologic time. A
substantial hurdle is the difficulty of working out fossil ages. There are several
different methods for estimating the ages of fossils, including:

1. stratigraphy

2. biostratigraphy

3. carbon dating

Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy is the science of understanding the strata, or layers, that
form the rock record. If a fossil is found between two layers of rock whose ages
are known, the fossil’s age is thought to be between those two known ages.
Because rock sequences are not continuous, but may be broken up by faults
or periods of erosion, it is difficult to match up rock beds that are not directly
adjacent.
Biostratigraphy
Fossils of species that survived for a relatively short time can be used
to match isolated rocks: this technique is called biostratigraphy. For instance,
the extinct chordate Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus is thought to have existed
during a short range in the Middle Ordovician period. If rocks of unknown age
have traces of E. pseudoplanus, they have a mid-Ordovician age. Such index
fossils must be distinctive, globally distributed, and occupy a short time range
to be useful. Misleading results can occur if the index fossils are incorrectly
dated.

Relative Dating
Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy can in general provide only relative dating,
which is often sufficient for studying evolution. This is difficult for
some time periods, however, because of the barriers involved in
matching rocks of the same age across continents.

Carbon Dating
Together with stratigraphic principles, radiometric dating methods are
used in geochronology to establish the geological time scale. Beds that
preserve fossils typically lack the radioactive elements needed for radiometric
dating (” radiocarbon dating ” or simply “carbon dating”).

Ultimately, the geologic time scale was assigned numerical dates

(absolute dating) through the radiometric dating of rocks.

Fossils are also useful in determining relative ages of rocks. While

working in a coal mine, William ‘Strata’ Smith saw that each layer or strata
of sedimentary rock holds a distinctive grouping of fossils, which can be used
to establish correlation between rock units divided by long distances.
Furthermore, he observed that these fossils succeed each other vertically in a
definite order.

Contrary to William Smith, who primarily used fossils to identify rock

layers, Charles Lyell, a British lawyer and geologist, documented the utility
of fossils in sectioning geologic time on the basis of fossils. He was able to
subdivide the tertiary by inspecting the proportion of living vs. extinct fossils
in the rocks. The fundamental reason for this definite and systematic
succession of fossils in the rock record is organic evolution.

Index fossils are marker fossils used to outline periods of geologic time.
Fossils used to define and identify periods of geologic time. It helps to match
rocks at the same age. They help in dating other fossils found in the same
sedimentary layer.Ideally, index fossils have these four characteristics:

• Distinguishing - easily differentiated from other fossils

• Abundant
• Widespread in several areas
• Limited in geologic time range.
Examples of Index Fossils

1. Ammonites were seen during the Mesozoic Era.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/49035345463/

Fig. 3 Pleuroceras spinatum (fossil ammonite)

2. Brachiopods appeared during the Cambrian (540 to 500 mya). Some
examples still survive.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brachiopod_Neospirifer.jpg
Fig. 4 Neospirifer condor Carboniferous brachiopod
3. Graptolites lived from the Cambrian period (505 to 540 million years
ago) to the early to mid-Carboniferous (320 to 360 million years ago).

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/46659742015
Fig. 5 Tetragraptus fossil graptolite
4. Nannofossils are microscopic fossils from various eras. Nanofossils are
very abundant, widely distributed geographically, and time-specific,
because of their high evolutionary rates.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcidiscus_leptoporus_03.jpg
Fig. 6 Nannofossil
5. Trilobites were common during the Paleozoic Era (540 to 245 mya)

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15270406565/
Fig. 7 Ceratarges spinosus fossil trilobite
 Explore

Activity 5. Complete the Table

Directions: Fill in the missing data to recreate the Geologic Time Scale.

Eon Era Period Biological Features

No evidence of life.
1. Oldest fossils known.
Origin of Earth
3. Age of invertebrates
2. Marine algae flourish.

4.
ORDOVICIAN

Jawed Fishes appear.

SILURIAN Vascular plants invaded the
lands.
PALEOZOI
C 5.
DEVONIAN

Animals are mostly

CARBONIFE amphibians, seed plants
ROUS appear.
6. Reptiles, modern insects
and conifers appear

First mammal exists.

TRIASSIC First Dinosaur appears

8.
7.
JURASSIC

8. 10.
 Deepen

Activity 6:
Directions: Select the word that is being described inside the box . Write
the letter of your answer in a separate sheet.
A. permineralization E. recrystallization
B. unaltered preservation F. authigenic preservation
C. coalification G. index fossil
D. replacement

______ 1. Small organism or part trapped in amber, hardened plant sap

______ 2. The organic contents of bone and wood are replaced with silica,
calcite or pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil
______ 3. The hard parts are dissolved and replaced by other minerals, like
calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron
______ 4. The other elements are removed and only the carbon remained
______ 5. Hard parts are converted to more stable minerals or small crystals
turn into larger crystals.

Activity 7: True or False

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.
_____ 1. In ancient times, fossils stimulated the creation of legends of mythical
creatures.
_____ 2. People have been discovering fossils for thousands of years.
_____ 3. Fossilization is a fairly common occurrence.
_____ 4. All fossil record of organisms is complete with the parts of organisms
intact.
_____ 5. A dead organism is less likely to become a fossil if it is buried by
sediments.
_____ 6. Because of difficulties of preservation, only a few thousand fossils
have ever been discovered.
_____ 7. Amber is a good way of preserving small insects.
_____ 8. The most common type of fossilization is the preservation of soft
tissues.
_____ 9. Rocks containing the same index fossils are about the same age.
_____ 10. Fossils of marine organisms found on land show that the land was
once covered by a sea.
_____ 11. Relative dating provides a more accurate age for dating fossils.
_____ 12. There are no gaps in the fossil records.
_____ 13. Trilobites are considered index fossils.
_____ 14. Humans existed in the Precambrian period.
_____ 15. The Earth is estimated to be at 4.6 billion years old.

You are almost done! Review the discussions and activities prior to
answering the Post – Test. Hang tight! You can do this.
 Gauge
Directions: Write the letter of the CORRECT answer.

1. Which two (2) words BEST describe the Geological Time Scale?
A. Disorganized and Complete
B. Systematic and Chronological
C. Limited and Systematic
D. Abridged and Chronological
2. Why do geologists use radioactive decay?
A. half – lives C. relative time
B. time of day D. absolute time

3. Which dating method is the more accurate one?

A. Relative dating C. Both a and b
B. Absolute dating D. Neither a nor b

4. Which type of dating method applies the Law of Superposition?

A. Relative dating C. Both a and b
B. Absolute dating D. Neither a nor b

5. The length of time it takes for half-life of a radioactive element

isotope to decay into a stable decay into a stable element is known
as _______.
A. Index fossils C. Law of Superposition
B. Radioactive decay D. all of the above

6. It is an example of a parent isotope

A. lead C. uranium
B. argon D. strontium

7. What isotope is used to date rocks older than 100 000 years?
A. carbon-14 method
B. potassium-argon method
C. uranium-lead method
D. rubidium-strontium method
8. What method uses the interpretation of the rock record?
A. correlation C. absolute dating
B. relative dating D. uniformitarianism

9. What are the “Dragon bones” found in China 2000 years ago in
actuality?
A. unusually shaped rocks
B. dinosaur fossils
C. bones of lizards
D. pillow lava

10. Which statement about fossils is false?

A. Only a tiny percentage of organisms becomes fossils.
B. Soft-bodied organisms are the least likely to become fossils.
C. Quick burial is almost always essential for remains to become
fossils.
D. Land organisms are more likely to become fossils than marine
organisms.

11. Complete preservation is possible if an organism is buried in a. tar.

A. mud
B. tree sap
C. amber
D. any of the above

12. Petrified wood forms because of

A. compression C. permineralization
B. replacement D. none of the above

13. Compression is most common for fossils of

A. leaves C. bones
B. teeth D. shells

14. Fossils can provide clues about

A. past climates C. extinct species
B. plate tectonics D. all of the above

15. Which is not an index fossil?

A. Trilobites C. Microfossils
B. Nannofossils D. Brachiopods
 Activity 2: Word Hunt
Characteristic Relative Dating Absolute Dating
1. Definition Answers may vary
2. Can determine Sequence of events Actual/ numerical
what based on rock age of rocks 1. A
record 2. B
3. C
3. Performed On site Laboratory
4. A
where
5. B
4. Materials used Rock record Isotopes 6. B
5. Accuracy Less accurate More accurate 7. A
8. A
6. Purpose Organized Precise age of 9. A
chronological fossils and rocks 10. C
sequence of events 11. B
7. Disadvantage Requires expansive Cost 12. D
samples 13. A
Questions: 14. F
1. Varied answers. 15. E
2. Varied answers.
Activity 1: Relative Dating Vs. Absolute Dating Pretest
Answer Key
 1. B 1. T
2. A 2. T
3. B 3. F
4. F 1. B
4. A
5. T 2. A
5. B
6. T 3. D
6. C
7. T 4. C
7. B
8. F 5. E
8. B
9. B 9. T
10. D 10. T
11. D 11. F
12. B 12. F
13. A 13. T
14. D 14. F
15. C 15. T
Post-Assessment Activity 7: True or False Activity 6: Matching Type
Eon Era Period Biological Features
No evidence of life.
PRECAMBRIAN Oldest fossils known.
Origin of Earth
Age of invertebrates
CAMBRIAN Marine algae flourish.
Abundance of marine
ORDOVICIAN algae.
Appearance of first
vertebrates.
Jawed Fishes appear.
SILURIAN Vascular plants invaded
the lands.
PALEOZOIC First appearance of
DEVONIAN amphibians and insects.
Age of fishes.
Animals are mostly
CARBONIFEROUS amphibians, seed plants
appear.
PERMIAN Reptiles, modern insects
and conifers appear
PHANEROZOIC First mammal exists.
TRIASSIC First Dinosaur appears
Age of Dinosaurs.
Aves appear.
JURASSIC Plants with seeds are
MESOZOIC dominant above the lands.
Extinction of dinosaurs
and other animals.
CRETACEOUS Placental mammals exist.
Flowering plants appear.
Activity 5. Complete the Table
Varied Answers Varied Answers
Activity 3: My Own History Activity 4: My Edible Sedimentary Model
REFERENCES

Printed Materials

Abellera, Priscilla S. Advanced Topic In Earth Science and Travel (SCE 201)
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Open University
System ISBN 978-971-9619-00-0
Jose Tolentino Olivar II, Raymond Rodolfo, Hillel Cabria: Earth Science
(Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House Inc. 2016)
Petersen, James, Robert Gabler, Dorothy Sack, Mike Seeds, Dana
Backman, Donald Hyndman, Davin Hyndman: Earth and Life
Science. 14th ed. (Philippines: Rex Bookstore, 2016)
Website

Dlloy. Brachiopod Neospirifer.jpg.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brachiopod_Neos
pirifer.jpg#file. January 19, 2006
Geologic Record. Updated November 16, 2019.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-
social-sciences-magazines/geologic-record
Geologic Time Scale.
https://empoweryourknowledgeandhappytrivia.wordpress.co
m/2015/03/18/geologic-time-scale/
Hannah Groves. Microfossils from a sediment core of the Deep Sea Drilling
Project (DSDP).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcidiscus_lepto
porus_03.jpg. August 26, 2008
James St. John. Ceratarges spinosus fossil trilobite (AM Limestone, Middle
Devonian; southern Morrocco)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15270406565/.
June 11, 2010
James St. John. Pleuroceras spinatum (fossil ammonite) (Lower Jurassic;
Unterstürmig, Germany).
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/49035345463/in
/photostream/. November 8, 2019
James St. John. Tetragraptus fossil graptolite (Bendigonian Formation,
Lower Ordovician; Spring Gully, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia)
4. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/46659742015.
April 3, 2019