10

Science
Quarter 3 – Week 5 - Module 5
BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION
(Evidences for Evolution)

AIRs - LM
Science 10
Quarter 3 - Module 5: Biodiversity and Evolution
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in

any form without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Ariel L. Alva

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance
Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 Target

The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old. Modern humans have only been
around for .0002 percent of that time, and recorded history covers only a fraction of
that. How do we know what the early Earth looked like? How do we know how living
things evolve?
The evolution of complex organisms, such as humans, is so gradual that no one
can watch it. But evolution does leave evidence. Scientists search for clues embedded
in rock, encoded in DNA, and in the shape and structure of living things. In these
activities, you will learn how scientists collect evidence for evolution.
This learning material will explain how the different sources of possible evidence
for evolution such as fossil records, comparative anatomy and genetic information
which give way to the different concepts about the origin of life.
After going through this learning material, you are expected to attain the
following objectives:
Most Essential Learning Competency:
• Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy and genetic
information provide evidence for evolution. (S10LT-IIIf-39)

Subtasks:
1. Understand how evolution is being studied from the fossil record.
2. Determine the age of fossil.
3. Distinguish homologous structure from analogous structure.
4. Explain the relevance of comparative anatomy as an evidence of evolution.
5. Infer the evolutionary relationship of the organisms from the differences in amino
acid sequence.

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer
the pre-test in a separate sheet of paper..

PRE-TEST

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Where can most of the fossils be found?
A. Black Soil B. Granite Rock
C. Metamorphic Rock D. Sedimentary Rock

2. Which of the following best describes a fossil?

A. Laboratory preserved animal B. Dead animal of the past
C. Organic relic of the past D. Stuffed animal

3. Why do flippers of penguin and dolphin are considered analogous structure?

A. Absent of certain bones
B. Development from different lineages
C. Structural differences
 D. Functional differences

4. Which of the following period is a part of the Paleozoic Era?

A. Carboniferous B. Cretaceous C. Jurassic D. Triassic

5. Which of the following pairs do NOT matched?

A. Cenozoic : Tertiary B. Mesozoic : Triassic
C. Paleozoic : Ordovician D. Paleozoic : Cretaceous

6. In what era can you possibly find the most recent fossil?
A. Cenozoic B. Mesozoic C. Paleozoic D. Pre-cambrian

7. Which of the following is least related to human?

A. Chimpanzee B. Gorilla C. Kangaroo D. Rhesus Monkey

8. Which of the following statements best explains about analogous structures in

animals?
A. Have different functions and different origin.
B. Have different functions but same origin.
C. Have similar functions and similar origin.
D. Have similar functions but different origin.

9. Which of the following statements best explains about homologous structures in

animals?
A. Have different functions and different origin.
B. Have different functions but same origin.
C. Have similar functions and similar origin.
D. Have similar functions but different origin.

10. Which of the following pair is an example of homologous structure?

I. Bat wing and Butterfly wing
II. Bird wing and Bat wing
III. Human arm and Whale flipper
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. II and III

11. What is the strongest evidence for change over a long period of time?
A. DNA B. fossils C. embryo studies D. direct observation of living species

12. Which of the following method is used to determine the age of the rocks by
comparing them with the rocks in the other layers?
A. Absolute Dating B. Comparative Anatomy
C. Embryonic Development D. Relative Dating

13. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

A. A species regains a trait that an ancestor had previously lost
B. Two species merge together to form a single species
C. Two different species independently gain the ability to fly
D. Two populations living in the same geographic region acquire enough
differences to diverge into two separate species
14. Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?
A. the wings of a bat and the arms of a human
B. the hemoglobin of a baboon and that of a gorilla
C. the wings of a bird and those of an insect
D. the brain of a cat and that of a dog

15. Why do organisms with close biochemical similarities show stronger evolutionary
relationships?
A. They have varied and different ancestry.
B. They have similar pattern during their early stage of development.
C. They have a common ancestor and have the same kind of proteins.
D. They possess same vestigial structure that made their evolutionary
relationship closer.
 Jumpstart

Activity 1: Word Puzzle.

Direction: Find and encircle all the words that are hidden that are related to
Evidences for Evolution.

A G C E V O L U T I O N D E F
S G H I J P K L M N O P E R A
U O Y R S T E U V J X Y Z A M
O B R R C D E R F G G H I J I
G K T L A M N O I E P Q A R N
O S S T U T V W X O Y Z N A O
L B E C D E N F G L D H A I A
O J C K L M N E O O P Q L R C
M S N T U V W X M G Y Z O A I
O B A D A P T A T I O N G C D
H D E F G H I J K C D L O M N
O P Q R S T U V W T X E U Y Z
Q Y P U J M N R V I F G S H J
P L M N A X C T Y M I O R J B
L O S S I F Y E W E S C Q Z A

1._________________________
2._________________________
3._________________________
4._________________________
5._________________________
6._________________________
7._________________________
8._________________________
9._________________________
10._________________________
 Discover

SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

Organisms inhabiting the earth have changed overtime, their structures,

traits, and abilities allowed them to adapt and survive in their environment. Data
from fossil records, anatomy and morphology, embryonic development and
biochemistry could be analyzed to demonstrate if evolution of life on earth has
taken place.

A. Evidence from Fossil Records

What are fossils?
Fossils are preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other
organisms from the past. Fossils are examples of evidences that paleontologists use
in studying evolution. They are remains such as bones, shells, teeth, and also feces
embedded in rocks, peat, resin and ice.

TYPES OF FOSSILS

1. Mold fossil – is a fossilized imprint made in the substrate. The substrate is the
rock or sediment on which a fossil makes its mark. Unlike cast fossils, mold fossil
are hollow. Due to the way this type of fossil is formed, the resulting image is a
negative image of the part of the organism’s body that made the impression.
Common mold fossils include skin, leaves, teeth, claws and embryos.

2. Cast fossils – are like mold fossils in that they formed, at least in part, with an
imprint made in a rock or sediment. However, cast fossils go one step further. Once
the hollow mold is present, they are subsequently filled in with minerals that later
harden for form solid rock. In other words, mold fossils take up negative space and
cast fossils take up positive space.

3. Trace fossils –also called ichnofossils, do not contain information about the
organism itself. Rather, they contain information on traces left by the organism.
Common examples of trace fossils include burrows, nests, footprints, dung and
tooth marks.
4. True form fossils –are large body parts of an organism that has been replaced
by minerals. True form fossils are formed by a process called petrification.
Common examples of these fossils include limbs, torsos, fingers, and heads. The
part of the organism is displaced by minerals that harden to become rock.

1. Mold Fossil 2. Cast Fossil 3.Trace Fossil 4.True Form Fossil

SOURCES: https://nayturr.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mold-fossils-june042020-min.jpg
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/2016/flawedanalys.jpg
https://res.cloudinary.com/dk-find-out/image/upload/q_80,w_1440,f_auto/DCTM_Penguin_UK_DK_AL576615_ev1vhr.jpg
http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/t/tr/trace_fossil/trace_fossil_1.jpg
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

Source: https://image.slideserve.com/468267/geologic-time-scale-l.jpg

The geologic time scale is the calendar for events in Earth history. It subdivides all
time into name units of abstract time called Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs, and ages.
Era is the largest division of Geologic Time Scale, namely Late Proterozoic,
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Each Era is also divided into Period.
Determining the age of fossils
Many fossils have no living representatives today. By comparing the
fossils in the different rock layers, scientists were able to infer the changes that
occurred in the characteristics of various organisms and to reconstruct the order of
changes that these generations of organisms have undergone.
The period at which the various fossilized organisms existed on Earth
can be estimated.
Absolute Dating- method used in analyzing the age of rocks where fossils are
found using radioactive elements or radioisotopes to determine the rate of decay of
certain radioactive isotopes.
Relative Dating – method used to determine the age of the rocks by comparing
them with the rocks in the other layers. The younger rock is found on the top layer
and the older rock is found in the bottom layer.

Source: https://pixfeeds.com/images/32/608610/1200-608610-relative-vs-absolute-dating.jpg

B. Hint of Evolution from COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Another evidence of evolution is from comparative anatomy. Structures
can be homologous or analogous.

Homologous structures may perform different functions in the species living in

the different environment, or it may have the same origin but different functions.
Examples of homologous structures are shown below: mouse forelimb, bat wing,
human arm, which are structurally the same, but functionally different.

Source:https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/580/flashcards/21337580/jpg/large_485979_g4bby4mdenq
3ttk5q5xqtclyp-17058C2C45D0B2E64AD-thumb400.jpg

Analogous structures have similar function but different origin. Structures of

unrelated species may evolve to look alike, because the structure is adapted to
similar function.
Examples of analogous structures are shown below: bat wing, butterfly wing, bird
wing.

Source:https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/580/flashcards/21337580/jpg/large_485979_g4bby4mdenq
3ttk5q5xqtclyp-17058C2C45D0B2E64AD-thumb400.jpg
Table 1.Differences between Convergent and Divergent Evolution
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
DEFINITION An evolution type describing A type of evolution describing
how phylogenetically how phylogenetically related
unrelated species show species show different traits.
similar traits when they live
adapting to a similar
environment.

SUPPORTED BY Supported by analogous Supported by the

structures homologous structures
ANCESTOR Not share a common ancestor Share common ancestor
PHYLOGENETIC Occurs in organisms, which Occurs in phylogenetically
RELATIONSHIP are not phylogenetically related organisms
BETWEEN ORGANISMS related
LIVING ENVIRONMENT Species live in a similar Species live in different
environment environment
EXAMPLES Common Ancestor: PLIOHIPPUS

http://image1.slideserve.com/1779223/convergent- http://streetwitnessing.org/wp-
evolution1-n.jpg content/uploads/2013/04/Evo-BioM-Fig11-Horse-
400x300.jpg

Source: https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-convergent-and-vs-divergent-evolution/

C. Evidence from Embryonic Development

An embryo is an early stage of development in organisms. Embryonic
development include stages such as blastula, gastrula and organogenesis. The
embryo of fishes, salamanders, lizards, birds, cats and humans are similar during
the first stage of their embryonic development; and have several homologous
structures that are not present when organisms are adults.
Species that are closely related exhibit similar embryonic development
although in the adult stage the organisms are quite different.

Source: https://rationalconclusions.com/images/citations/Science%20of%20Evolution%20-%20109.jpg
D. Evidence from Amino Acid Sequence
Another area of study in the evidence of evolutionary concept is provided
by protein and DNA Sequences. All living cells have the same basic DNA structure
and use the same genetic code. Proteins produced from genes all come from the same
set of amino acids.
Comparing sections of DNA in difference species has shown that even
organisms that seem to be different, actually have large sections of identical DNA.
Organisms that seem fairly similar on the basis of comparative anatomy,
show more genes in common than organisms that aren’t much alike. For example,
96% of the genes in humans and chimpanzees are identical. That two species and
their common ancestor have similar DNA is strong evidence supporting evolution.
Protein amino acid sequences can also be used to compare similarities
between species. Proteins are made from amino acids and the sequence of these
amino acids is controlled by genes. Comparing how many of the amino acids are in
the same positions on the protein chain can provide some idea of how closely related
two species are.
For example, humans and chimpanzees only have one position where they
are different on the amino chain, while humans and moths have 31 different
positions.

To understand the lesson well, do the following activity on this learning material.
Enjoy learning!!!
 Explore
A=1 F=6 K=11 P=16 U=21
B=2 G=7 L=12 Q=17 V=22
Activity 2: DECODE C=3 H=8 M=13 R=18 W=23
D=4 I=9 N=14 S=19 X=24
Direction: Look for the number that E=5 J=10 O=15 T=20 Y=25
correspond to the code to decode. Z=26

1. Shallow external molds left by animal or plant tissues

9 13 16 18 5 19 19 9 15 14

2. Process where true form fossils are formed

16 5 20 18 9 6 9 3 1 20 9 15 14

3. Largest era in evolutionary time

16 1 12 5 15 26 15 9 3

4. Preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past

6 15 19 19 9 12

5. First vertebrate found in evolution

6 9 19 8

6. Period where dinosaurs or giant reptiles ruled the earth

10 21 18 1 19 19 9 3

7. Era where the evolution of humans appear

3 5 14 15 26 15 9 3
8. Calendar for events in Earth history

7 5 15 12 15 7 9 3 20 9 13 5 19 3 1 12 5

9. Imprint made in a rock or sediment that represent positive image

3 1 19 20 6 15 19 19 9 12

10. Period where first vascular land plants appear

19 9 12 21 18 9 1 14
Activity 3: What’s my Age?
Direction: Determine the relative age of the cross section by arranging each
rock unit in the order in which it occurred or was deposited.

Youngest________
________

________
________
________
________

________
________
Oldest________

Source: https://www.peekskillcsd.org/cms/lib/NY01913880/Centricity/Domain/827/Evidence-for-
evolution-factsheet1.pdf

Activity 4: ANALOGOUS OR HOMOLOGOUS!

Direction: Classify the structures whether Homologous or Analogous.
STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION

1. Human arm Whale flipper

2. Human arm Alligator forelimb

3. Bat wing Butterfly wing

4. Bird wing Butterfly wing

5. Bird wing Human arm

Source: https://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/biology-question-bank-99-mcqs-on-evolution-
answered/114607
Activity 5: Who’s my Relative!
Direction: Study and compare the stages of embryonic development of the different
vertebrates.

Stage
1

Stage
2

Stage
3

Source: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/lessons/lesson3/index.html

Q1. In what stages of development of the organisms above show similarities?

Q2. Identify the structure, how and where are they similar?

Q3. In stage 3, identify the structures that made the organisms different from each
other?

Q4. Can embryonic development be an evidence that evolution took place? Explain

Deepen
At this point you are now ready for your last activity.

Activity 6: Let’s Compare!

Problem: How do amino acid sequences provide evidence for evolution?

Procedure: Comparing Amino Acid Sequences

A. Examine Figure 1, which compares corresponding portions of hemoglobin
molecules in humans and five other vertebrate animals. Hemoglobin, a protein
composed of several long chains of amino acids, is the oxygen-carrying molecule
in red blood cells. The sequence shown is only a portion of a chain made up of
146 amino acids. The numbers in Figure 1 indicate the position of a particular
amino acid in the chain.
B. In Data Table 1, notice that the abbreviated names of the amino acids in human
hemoglobin are printed.
C. In the appropriate spaces in Data Table 1, write the abbreviated name of each
amino acid in chimpanzee hemoglobin that is different from that in human
hemoglobin. If there are no differences, leave the spaces blank.
D. For the remaining organisms, write the abbreviated names of the amino acids
that do not correspond to those in human hemoglobin.
NOTE: Always be sure that you compare the amino acid sequence of each organism
with that of the human and not the organism on the line above.
E. Use Figure 1 to complete Data Table 1 and 2.

FIGURE 1

Data Table 1: Comparing Hemoglobin of Six Animals

 Table 2
ORGANISM Number of amino
acid differences

Human and
Chimpanzee

Human and
Gorilla

Human and
Rhesus
Monkey
Human and
Horse

Human and
Kangaroo

Q1. Based on the activity, which organism is closely related to humans?

Q2. Which organism is least related to humans?

Q3. If the amino acid sequence of the two organisms are similar, would their DNA
be also similar? Why?

Let’s check how much have you learned in this module.

God bless!!!
 Gauge

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following period is a part of the Paleozoic Era?
A. Carboniferous B. Cretaceous C. Jurassic D. Triassic

2. What is the strongest evidence for change over a long period of time?
A. DNA B. fossils C. embryo studies D. direct observation of living species

3. Which of the following is a fossilized imprint made in the substrate?

A. Cast Fossil B. Mold Fossil C. Trace Fossil D. True Form Fossil

4. Which of the following method is used to determine the age of the rocks by
comparing them with the rocks in the other layers?
A. Absolute Dating B. Comparative Anatomy
C. Embryonic Development D. Relative Dating

5. Which of the following pairs do NOT matched?

A. Cenozoic : Tertiary B. Mesozoic : Triassic
C. Paleozoic : Ordovician D. Paleozoic : Cretaceous

6. In terms of amino acid similarities in the beta hemoglobin chain, which two
organisms would most likely be closely related?
A. Human and Chimpanzee B. Human and Gorilla
C. Human and Horse D. Human and Kangaroo

7. Where can most of the fossils be found?

A. Black Soil B. Granite Rock
C. Metamorphic Rock D. Sedimentary Rock

8. Which of the following statements best explains about analogous structures in

animals?
A. Have different functions and different origin.
B. Have different functions but same origin.
C. Have similar functions and similar origin.
D. Have similar functions but different origin.

9. Why do organisms with close biochemical similarities show stronger evolutionary

relationships?
A. They have varied and different ancestry.
B. They have similar pattern during their early stage of development.
C. They have a common ancestor and have the same kind of proteins.
D. They possess same vestigial structure that made their evolutionary
relationship closer.
10. Which of the following pair is an example of homologous structure?
I. Bat wing and Butterfly wing
II. Bird wing and Bat wing
III. Human arm and Whale flipper
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. II and III

11. Which of the following best describes a fossil?

A. Laboratory preserved animal B. Dead animal of the past
C. Organic relic of the past D. Stuffed animal

12. What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related with
chimpanzee than with other hominoid apes?
A. evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes only
B. comparison of chromosomes morphology only
C. evidence from fossil remains, and the fossil mitochondrial DNA alone
D. evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes, autosomes.

13. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

A. A species regains a trait that an ancestor had previously lost
B. Two species merge together to form a single species
C. Two different species independently gain the ability to fly
D. Two populations living in the same geographic region acquire enough
differences to diverge into two separate species

14. Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?
A. the wings of a bat and the arms of a human
B. the hemoglobin of a baboon and that of a gorilla
C. the wings of a bird and those of an insect
D. the brain of a cat and that of a dog

15. Why do flippers of penguin and dolphin are considered analogous structure?
A. Absent of certain bones
B. Development from different lineages
C. Structural differences
D. Functional differences