NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________

TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

MODULE CODE: S11/12ES-IA-9-W1-03

Ministry of Basic, Higher and Technical Education

Division of Lanao Del Sur 1

MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

First Quarter / Week 1 / Day 3

OBJECTIVE: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties

Minera
Minerals
ls and
Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are the
building
formed, Rocks blocks of rocks. Minerals is defined as naturally
generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an
ordered array of atoms and having a specific chemical
composition,

1. Physical Properties of Minerals

Scientist identify more common minerals by their

color or appearance; others include their taste, smell
feel, and sound. The physical properties that can be
testes are:

 Color
 Streak
 Hardness
 Cleavage
 Fracture
 Luster

1.1 Color

 Most minerals have a distinctive color that can be used for identification
 In opaque minerals, the color tends to be more consistent, so learning the colors
associated with these minerals can be very helpful in identification
 A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display
a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes like
weathering.
o Examples of coloring: quartz can be pink (rose quartz), purple (amethyst), orange
(citrine), white (colorless quartz) etc.,

1.2 Streak
 Streak is the mineral’s color in powdered form. It is
inherent in almost every mineral, and is a more
diagnostic property compared to color.
 The streak of metallic minerals tends to appear dark
because the small particles of the streak absorb the
light hitting them.
 Non-metallic particles tend to reflect most of the light
so they appear lighter in color or almost white
Color vs streak of a hematite (Fe2O3).
Source:http://www.instructables.com/id/How-
toidentify-a-Mineral/step6/Streak/ (8/30/2015)
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

1.3 Hardness
 Hardness is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching.
 Hardness is one of the better properties of minerals to use for identifying a mineral.

The Mohs Scale of Hardness measures the scratch resistance of various minerals from a scale of
1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one.

1.4. Cleavage

 the property of some minerals to break along specific

planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.
Cleavage, meanwhile, is the weak plane that
developed after the crystal is formed.
 Cleavage is defined using two sets of criteria
 The first set of criteria describes how easily the
cleavage is obtained
 The second set of criteria is the direction of the
cleavage surfaces

1.5. Fracture

 Minerals that don´t exhibit cleavage when broken are

said to fracture.
 minerals that break at random with rough or 2
jagged edge.
 It´s types: - - Conchoidal fracture. (curved, shell-
like lines). Fracture into fibers and Irregularly.
.
1.6. Luster

 Luster is the property of minerals that indicates how much the surface of a mineral

1
reflects light. The luster of a mineral is affected by the brilliance of the light used to
observe the mineral surface.
 It consists of: - 1- Metallic luster, 2- Non-metallic luster (Glassy, Silky, Earthy,
Resinous)

Calcite has a non-

Pyrite has a metallic
metallic luster
luster
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

2. Chemical Properties of Minerals

Minerals, like many other things, can also be categorized. The most stable and least
ambiguous basis for classification of minerals is based on their chemical compositions.

Element Element + Element + O2 Element + Element + S2 Element + Element +

SiO4 SO4 CO3 Halogens
Native Silicate Oxide Sulfate Sulfide Carbonate Halide
Gold Quartz Hematite Gypsum Pyrite Calcite Chlorine
Bismuth Olivine Magnetite Barite Galena Dolomite Fluorine
Diamond Talc Chromite Anhydrite Bornite Malachite Halite
The elements listed below comprise almost 99% of the minerals making up the Earth’s crust.

2.1. Silicates – minerals containing the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and
oxygen.
a. When linked together, these two elements form the silicon oxygen tetrahedron – the fundamental
building block of silicate minerals.
b. Over 90% of rock-forming minerals belong to this group.
2.2. Oxides – minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined with one or more metal ions
2.3. Sulfates – minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of the (SO4)-anion
2.4. Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some sulfides are sources of economically important metals
such as copper, lead, and zinc.
2.5. Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2 anion combined with other elements
2.6. Native Elements – minerals that form as individual elements
a. Metals and Intermetals – minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic
luster, low hardness (gold, lead)
b. Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity
(arsenic, bismuth)
c. Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)
2.7. Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metals

Check Your
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

Activity 1

Physical Properties of Minerals Crossword.

Activity 2

Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

______________1. Minerals have different properties that help scientists identify them. Which is
not a property used to identify minerals?
A. Hardness
B. Luster
C. Size
D. Color
.

______________2. Minerals have different properties that help scientists identify them. Which is
not a property used to identify minerals?
A. Hardness
B. Size
C. Luster
D. Color

_______________3. Which one of the following describes a mineral's response to surface

breakage?
A. Streak
B. Crystal form
C. Luster
D. Cleavage

_______________4.Why is color is unreliable for identifying a mineral?

A. most minerals have similar colors.
B. small amounts of other elements affect color, but weathered surfaces will reveal color.
C. small amounts of other elements affect color and weathered surfaces may hide color.
D. most minerals are virtually colorless.

_______________5. Chemical property is more accurate in determining a kind of mineral

compared to physical property.
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

A. True
B. False

Check Your
Activity 1
Answer briefly and concisely the given questions below.

1. Summarize the different characteristics that define a mineral .

______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.

2. How does streak differ from color, and why is it more reliable for rock
identification?
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Define “rock-forming mineral,”.
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Explain how the property of hardness can be used to help identify minerals. What
role does the Mohs hardness scale play?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.

Reference/Resources:

1. Earth and Life Science Module for Senior High School. Krysfer J. Secusana, PCSHS, 2020.

1. Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School (Core Subject) [ CITATION Glo16 \l 18441 ]

2. https://www.slideshare.net/AhmedQenawy4/physical-properties-of-minerals-89464949?
qid=40034a76-4a7c-4f2b-869a-ff83fd07658f&v=&b=&from_search=2

3. https://www.clearias.com/earths-crust-elements-minerals-rocks/

4. https://www.ck12.org/workbook/ck-12-earth-science-for-high-school-workbook/section/3.3/

5. Teaching Guide for Senior High School EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE CORE SUBJECT (The
Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University)

MODULE CODE: S11/12ES-Ib-10-W1-04

NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

Ministry of Basic, Higher and Technical Education

Division of Lanao Del Sur 1

MODUULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

First Quarter / Week 1 / Day 4

OBJECTIVE: Students may be abled classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

Rock Types
Rock - are aggregate of minerals. It can be composed of single mineral (e.g. Quartzite, a
metamorphic rock composed predominantly of Quartz) or more commonly, as an aggregate of
two or more minerals.

Three Types of Rocks

• Rocks are classified by how they form

1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic and, Rocks can change from one type to another over time

Rocks are classified by a. how they form, b. Texture, c. Grain size and d. Mineral
composition

1. Igneous Rocks
- rocks that are formed from the solidification of molten rock material (magma or lava).
Molten rock material can solidify below the surface of the earth (plutonic igneous rocks)
or at the surface of the Earth (volcanic igneous rocks). Minerals are formed during the
crystallization of the magma. Note that the rate of cooling is one of the most important
factors that control crystal size and the texture of the rock in general.
- Classified by where they form and Crystal (grain) size

Intrusive Igneous Rock- cooling takes place slowly beneath Earth’s surface
Extrusive Igneous Rock- cooling takes place rapidly on Earth’s surface
1. Sedimentary Rock
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

Sedimentary rock forms from the compaction and/or cementation of sediments

Sedimentary rocks- These are rocks that formed through the accumulation, compaction, and
cementation of sediments in the process called lithification. They generally form at surface or
near surface conditions.
• Sedimentary processes at or near the surface of the Earth include: weathering of
rocks, sediment transport and deposition, compaction and cementation
• Factors in sedimentary processes: weathering and transport agents (water, wind ice)
• Common sedimentary features: strata and fossils
• Strata: >1cm is called bedding and anything less is called lamination; layering is the
result of a change in grain size and composition; each layer represents a distinct period of
deposition.
• Fossils: remains and traces of plants and animals that are preserved in rocks

Non-clastic / Chemical/Biochemical – derived from sediments that precipitated from

concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater) or from the accumulation of biologic or organic material
(e.g. shells, plant material). They are further classified on the basis of chemical composition.

Clastic/terrigenous - form from the accumulation and lithification of

sediments derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks. They are
further classified according to dominant grain size.

Sedimentary rock can also

form from the chemical
depositing of materials that
were once dissolved in
water. When water
evaporates, minerals are
left behind and form rock

2. Metamorphic Rock

Metamorphic rock are rocks that form from the transformation of pre-existing rocks (igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic
rocks) through the process of
metamorphism. Metamorphism
can involve changes in the physical
and chemical properties of rocks in
response to heat, pressure, and
chemically active fluids. They are
commonly formed underneath the
earth through metamorphism.

Regional
Contact
metamorphism
metamorphism
• Pressure as
• Heat as the
main factor:
main factor:
occurs in areas
occurs when a
pre-existing
that have Let’s Do this!
undergone
rocks get in
deformation
contact with a
during orogenic
heat source
event resulting in
(magma)
mountain belts
• Occurs on a
• Occurs in a
relatively small
regional/large
scale: around
scale
the vicinity of
• Creates foliated
intruding
metamorphic
magma
rocks such as
• Creates non-
schist and gneiss
foliated
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

Activity 1.

Activity 2. Fill the boxes.

NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

Types of Rock How does this Rock Form Rock Sample

IGNEOUS ROCK

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

METAMORPHIC ROCK

Activity 3.
COMPLETE ME
Fill in the blanks with words that will complete the
paragraph. Choose from the words on the rock.

Rock is categorized by the _____________________included, its

____________________composition, and the way in which it is formed. Many rocks contain
__________, a compound of silicon and oxygen that forms 74.3% of the Earth's crust.
Rocks are usually grouped into __________ main groups:
igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks.
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification
of ____________. The ______________________
rock cover of the continents of the Earth's crust is 73% of the
Earth's current land surface. SILICA
____________________ rocks arise from thetransformation of MINERALS
Existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, MAGMA/LAVA
which means "change in form". CHEMICAL
METAMORPHIC
SEDIMENTARY
THREE

Check Your
Activity 1
Answer briefly and concisely the given questions below.

1. How does a vesicular texture in a volcanic rock develop?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.

2. Explain how the physical features of sediments change during transport.

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
NAME: ____________________________________________GRADE&SECTION:_________________
TEACHER: ________________________________________ STRAND:_________________________

3. What do butterflies and metamorphic rocks have in common?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.

4. Does every rock go through the complete rock cycle, i.e. changing from igneous to
sedimentary rock to metamorphic then back to igneous rocks? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________.

Reference
1. [ CITATION tho \l 18441 ] https://www.thoughtco.com/about-igneous-rocks-1438950
2. https://www.tes.com/lessons/sMBWBoVNj4abCQ/sedimentary-rocks
3. Slideshare.net
4. Earth and Life Science Teaching Guide for Senior High School Teachers, Ivan Marcelo A Duka and Leopoldo
de Silva, Ph.D., et., al. 2016
5. Earth and Life Science Module for Senior High School. Krysfer J. Secusana, PCSHS, 2020.

Prepared by: Johaira Macacuna

Division of Lanao Del Sur I