Clocks and Calendars

Introduction Of Clock

Important Facts

 The minute hand and hour hand coincides once in every hour. They coincide 11 times in
12 hours and 22 times in 24 hours.
 They don't coincide between 12 and 1 O' clock.
 The minute hand and hour hand are opposite once in every hour. They do it 11 times in
12 hours and 22 times in 24 hours.
 It doesn't happen between 6 to 7 O'clock.
 Both hands (minute and hour) are perpendicular twice in every hour, 22 times in 12 hours
and 44 times in 24 hours.
 In one minute, hour hand moves 12o12o and minute hand moves 6o6o. 
 In one hour, the hour hand moves 30o30o and minute hand moves 360o360o.
 In an hour, the minute hand moves 55 minutes ahead of the hour hand.

Mirror Image Of Clock

If the time is between 1 O'clock to 11 O'clock, then to find the mirror image, time is subtracted
from 11 : 60. 
If the time is between 11 O'clock to 1 O'clock, then to find the mirror image, time is subtracted
from 23 : 60.

Example 1
The time in the clock is 4 : 46, what is the mirror image? 
Solution.    
(11:60)−(4:46)=7:14.(11:60)−(4:46)=7:14.
Example 2
The time in the clock is 12 : 35, then find its mirror image. 
Solution.    
(23:60)−(12:35)=11:25.(23:60)−(12:35)=11:25.

Angle Between Two Hands

            Angle are of two types:

Positive angle: It is obtained by moving from hour hand to minute hand moving in clockwise
direction.

Negative angle: It is obtained by moving from minute hand to hour hand. 

 
                Both types of angles are 360o360o in total. If one angle is known, other can be obtained by
subtracting from 360o360o.

Example 1.         

At 4 : 30, what is the angle formed between hour hand and minute hand?

Solution.             
At 4 O'clock angle between hour and min. hand is of 120o120o
∵∵ In 30 min. minute hand make an angle of 180o180o
So, the resultant angle is 180o−120o=60o.180o−120o=60o.
But in 30 min. hour hand will also cover an angle of 15o15o
Hence, the final angle between both hands is 60o−15o=45o.60o−15o=45o.

Example 2.

At what time between 3 O'clock and 4 O'clock will the two hands coincide?

Solution.

At 3 O'clock the distance between the two hands is 15 minutes ,when they coincide with each other
the distance between the two hands will be 0 min. So, the time taken (15+0) minutes.

  Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in 60 min.

  Minute hand is 1 min. ahead of hour hand in 60556055 min.

 
Minute hand is 15 min. ahead of hour hand in 60×155518011=1641160×155518011=16411 min.
Hence the right time is  1641116411  minute past 3.

Example 3.

At what time between 2 O'clock and 3 O'clock will the two hands be opposite to each other?

Solution.             

At 2 O'clock the distance between the two hands is 10 minutes. When they are at 30 minutes
distance, they are opposite to each other. The time taken (30+10)=40 min.
∵∵ Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in 60 min.
∴∴ Minute hand is 1 min. ahead of hour hand in 60556055 min.
∴∴ Minute hand is 40 minutes ahead of hour hand
in 60×4055=48011=4371160×4055=48011=43711 min.
Hence, the right time is 4371143711 min. past 2.

Example 4.

At what time between 4 O'clock and 5 O'clock will the hands of clock  are perpendicular?

Solution.             

At 4 O'clock the distance between the two hands is 20 min. When they are at 15 minutes distance,
they are perpendicular to each other.

Case-I   When the time taken (20 - 15) = 5 min.

∵∵ Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour hand in 60 min.
∴∴ Minute hand is 5 min. ahead of hour hand in  60×555=6011=551160×555=6011=5511 min.

Case-II When the time taken (20 + 15) = 35 min.

∵∵ Minute hand is 55 min. ahead of hour and in 60 min.
∴∴ Minute and is 35 min. ahead of hour hand
in 60×3555=42011=3821160×3555=42011=38211 min. past 4.

Introduction Of Calendar

To find the day of the week on the mentioned date. Certain concepts are defined as under.

 An ordinary year has 365 days.

 In an ordinary year, first and last day of the year are same.
 A leap year has 366 days. Every year which is divisible by 4 is called a leap year. For
example 1200, 1600, 1992, 2004, etc. are all leap years.
 For a leap year, if the first day is Monday then last day will be Tuesday for the same year.
 In a leap year, February is of 29 days but in an ordinary year, it has only 28 days.
 Year ending in 00's but not divisible by 400 is not considered a leap year.
E.g., 900, 1000, 1100, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 are not leap years.
 The day on which calendar started (or the very first day) i.e. 1 Jan, 0001 was Monday.
 Calendar year is from 1 Jan to 31 Dec. The financial year is from 1 April to 31 March.

Odd Days & Counting Of Odd Days

ODD DAYS
The number of days exceeding the complete number of weeks in a duration
is the number of odd days during that duration.

COUNTING OF ODD DAYS

  Every ordinary year has 365 days = 52 weeks + 1 day.
∴ Ordinary year has 1 odd day.
 
 Every leap year 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days.
∴ Leap year has 2 odd days.
 
 Odd days of 100 years = 5
 
 Odd days of 200 years = 3
 
 Odd days of 300 years = 1
 
 Odd days of 400 years = 0

Explanation:
 100 year = 76 ordinary year + 24 leap years (The year 100 is not a
leap year)
= 76 odd days + 2 × 24 odd days = 124 odd days.

                odd days =124/7=5 (remainder) odd days.

                Similarly, 200 years = 3 odd days

                300 years =372/7=1 odd day.               

400 years =20+17=0=20+17=0 odd day (1 is added as 400 is a leap year)

                Similarly, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 year contain 0 odd days.

                After counting the odd days, we find the day according to the number of odd days.

                Sunday for 0 odd day, Monday for 1 odd day and so on as shown in the following
table.

Table : 1 (Odd days for week days)

Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Odd 0 1 2          3 4 5 6

 Days

Table : 2 (Odd days for months in a year)

 Ordinary Days Odd Leap year Days Odd Days

Year Days

January 31 3 January 31 3

February 28 0 February 29 1

March 31 3 March 31 3

April 30 2 April 30 2

May 31 3 May 31 3

June 30 2 June 30 2

Total 181 days 6 Total 182 days 0

July 31 3 July 31 3

August 31 3 August 31 3

September 30 2 September 30 2

October 31 3 October 31 3

November 30 2 November 30 2

December 31 3 December 31 3

Total 184 days 1 Total 184 days 2

Table : 3 (Odd days for every quarter)

Month Istthree IInd three IIIrd three IVth three Total year

of Months months months months 1 Jan to

years 1 jan to 1 Apr to 1 july to 1 Oct. to 31 Dec.

31 March 30 June 30 Sep. 31 Dec.

Total days90 / 91 91 92 92 365 / 366

Ord. Leap

Odd days 6 / 0 0 1 1 1/2

Ord. / Leap Odd day Odd day Odd day Ord. / Leap

Example 1.
What was the day of the week on 15th August, 1947 ?
Solution.
15th August, 1947 = (1946 years+ Period from 1.1.1947 to 15.8.1947)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0
Odd days in 300 years= (5 × 3) = 15 = 1
46 years = (11 leap years + 35 ordinary years)
=(11 × 2 + 35 × 1) odd days= 57 odd days
= (8 weeks + 1 day) = 1 odd day.
so Odd days in 1946 years = (0 + 1 + 1)=2.
Jan. Feb. March April May June. July Aug.
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 +30+31 + 15) = 227 days.
227 days= (32 weeks+ 3 days) = 3 odd days.
Total number of odd days = (2 + 3) = 5.
Hence, the required day is Friday.

Example 2.
On what dates of October 1975 did Tuesday fall?
Solution.
For determining the dates, we find the day on 1st Oct, 1975.
1600 years have 0 odd days ....(A)
300 years have 1 odd days ....(B)
74 years have (18 leap years + 56 ordinary years)
2×18+1×56=92 odd days = 1 odd days ....(C)
Days from 1st January to 1st Oct.
= 1st Jan to 30 June + 1st July to 1 st Oct.
= 181 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 1 = 274 days.
Odd days 274/7=1 odd days. ....(D)
Adding A, B, C, & D = 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 odd days. So, Wednesday falls on
1st Oct.
Hence, 7, 14, 21, 28 October will Tuesday fall.

Example 3.
Prove that the calender for 1990 will be same for 2001 also.
Solution.
It is clear that the calendar for 1990 will be served for 2001 if first January
of both the years is the same weekdays. For that, the number of odd days
between 31st December 1989 and 31st December 2000 must be zero. Odd
days are as given below.

Total number of odd days= 14 days= 2 weeks+ odd days.

Example 4.
If it was Saturday on 17th December 1982 what will be the day on 22nd
December 1984?
Solution.
Total number of odd days between 17 Dec. 1982 to 17 Dec. 1984 the
number of odd days = 51+2=3. From 17 to 22 Dec. number of odd days = 5
∴3+5=8 odd days = 1 odd day.
∴ Saturday + 1 odd day = Sunday.

Example 5.
Prove that last day of a century cannot be Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday.
Solutions.
100 years have = 5 odd days.
∴ Last day of 1st century is Friday.
200 year have = 10 odd days = 3 odd days.
∴ Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.
300 years have = 15 odd days = 1 odd day
∴ Last day of 3rd century is Monday.
400 years have =5×4+1=21=0 odd days.
So, the last day of the 4th century is Sunday.
Since the order keeps on cycling, we see that the last day of the century
cannot be Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday