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Preventive & Predictive Maintenance of Telecommunication Equipment - A

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Conference Paper · September 2018

DOI: 10.1109/iCATccT44854.2018.9001972

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 Preventive & Predictive Maintenance of
Telecommunication Equipment - A Review
Seifedine Kadry
Mohammad Abiad
Mathematics and Computer Science
Mathematics and Statistics Department
Department
American University of the Middle East
Beirut Arab University
Kuwait, Kuwait
Beirut, Lebanon
abiadmohammad@gmail.com
s.kadry@bau.edu.lb
Abstract— Maintenance is a process for which the
objective is to keep the equipment in a working, efficient and
cost-effective condition. There are different techniques used in
maintenance, such as corrective, preventive and predictive
maintenance. This paper is a review about preventive &
predictive maintenance to learn more about the benefits of
each type and how the implementation process should be for
the telecommunication equipment. In addition, the role of the
original equipment manufacturer has been summarized. Also,
the link between stock of equipment and maintenance for an
optimized solution discussed due to its high importance in the
maintenance field.
Keywords—Telecommunication equipment, Maintenance &
Stock.
I. INTRODUCTION
An Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is a company
that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by
another manufacturer. Equipment’s Preventive Maintenance
is a strategy used in organization to lower the overall cost
and provide high service quality without service
interruptions. Nowadays, due to the large competition faced
and more desire for reducing cost, Predictive maintenance
plays an important role in improving the equipment
performance and life cost.
Due to the large competition faced and more desire for
reducing cost, Predictive maintenance (PdM) plays an
important role in improving the equipment performance and
life cost. Companies should look for critical components of
which their level of degradation is observable and try to
measure its parameters to prevent future failures by mean of
Condition Based Maintenance.
The rest of this paper is divided into eight sections; Section
1: A Review of Original Equipment Manufacturer, Section 2:
Maintenance Makeover, Section 3: Support of predictive
maintenance processes using mobile devices, Section 4:
Predictive Maintenance of Network Elements using Markov
Model to Reduce Customer Trouble Tickets, Section 5:
Industrial Internet of Things - An Effective manufacturing
Strategy for 21st Century, Section 6: Collaborative Creation
with Customers for Predictive Maintenance Solutions on
Hitachi IoT Platform, Section 7: Stock efficiency of
Telecommunication Equipment, Section 8: Report Summary.
II. A REVIEW OF ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURER
The main issue raised in studies about the OEM is the
sourcing complexity factors on contractual relationship.
Companies usually get their sources from a low-cost country,
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
Sorin Ionescu
Industrial Engineering Department
University Politehnica of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
sc.ionescu@gmail.com
and there are Benefits and Consequences of sourcing from
such countries.
Due to the aggressive and large percentage of Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) who source their products
from China, the sourcing complexity factors on contractual
relationship have been studied and analyzed from the
Chinese supplier’s perspectives. The study highlighted the
benefits of OEMs from sourcing from China, such as
materials cost reduction, in addition to the consequence of
sourcing from low-cost country such as lack of desired
quality standards. Because of the complexity of sourcing
process, the tangible and intangible sourcing complexity
factors were analyzed by using the Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) method. This method is used to prioritize the
complexity factors, so that addressing the dominant ones. It
was not aimed in this study, to rank the suppliers based on
these factors, but only prioritizing these factors from the
supplier’s perspectives [1]. Sourcing from china has
language, cultural and geographic distance complexity,
quality and delivery reliability…etc. some of these
complexity were summarized in this study from different
sources. Also, the Tangible and Intangible process
complexity factors were classified into sub-criteria to include
“Numerousness, Differentiations, Number of interacting pair
and level of interrelationships” for the tangible factors and
“Human Capital, Culture, Infrastructure and Policies &
regulations” for the Intangible factors. As for research
methodology, seven companies that represent different
industries were selected, based on the study objectives and
not based on randomness, in order to collect quantitative data
and investigate some aspects of the tangible and intangible
factors of sourcing complexity. Data were collected on two
parts, a part that is related to the companies’ profile and
another part that target the influence of the tangible and
intangible factors with respect to contractual relationship.
Figure 1 AHP
The AHP methodology was explained (fig. 1), the
importance of this method and how it works. An expert
choice software used to achieve an individual comparison
matrix to rank each criteria with respect to the goal, and sub-
criteria with respect to the criteria. Local weights of each was
calculated using the Eigen vector method, and the
Consistency Ratio was computed to measure the
inconsistency of each pairwise comparison, as the AHP is
based on pairwise comparison between each element of the
tangible and intangible factors.
As a result of the study, we concluded that from the
perspective of Chinese suppliers, in general the tangible
factors shown to be more important than the intangible
factors. And when looking at each factor separately, we
found that the numerousness was considered the dominant
tangible factor of sourcing complexity followed by
differentiations. As for the intangible factors, all companies
considered the human capital as more important than other
factors, and that the infrastructure is considered the dominant
one. Of which the culture did not show any serious impact on
contractual relationship, which was not expected. Another
surprise was the policy and regulation, it is not assumed to be
important noting that from the OEMs perspectives it was
known that this is considered as a major issue. One more
thing to add, in two out of the seven elected companies
(electronics and plastic) the intangible factors are considered
much more important than the other companies.
A sensitivity analysis was made after the AHP, with two
different scenario “Equal weightage to level 1 factors” to
study the variation in factors prioritizing when
tangible/intangible factors reduce from high to equal
weightage scenario, and “Reverse weightage to level 1
factors” that is when companies reduce the tangible factors
and concentrate on intangible factors to deal with
complexity. As a result, for the first scenario, it was shown
than tangible factors are not affected whereas the intangible
factors varies considerably, as for the second scenario, it was
made for each company as the result might differ, and as an
example, for some companies they have to deal with
“culture” aspects influence when the intangible factors has
higher weightage.
Due to the reason that the majority of Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) whether located in China or
elsewhere are sourcing from Chinese suppliers, A study was
made to discuss the intangible factors and contractual
relationship strategies that affect the sourcing complexity in
the Chinese manufacturing sector. Previous studies assumed
that OEMs could simplify the sourcing complexity through
the contractual relationship, for that reason, a literature
review for the intangible factors of sourcing complexity and
Supplier contractual relationship strategies have been stated
in this research. As for the Intangible factors, four factors
were taken into consideration: Human Capital, Culture,
Infrastructure and Policy & regulation related complexity, of
which a total of 24 elements were considered. The supplier
contractual relationship strategies were reviewed by
examining the Relationship, Supplier integration and type of
Channel preferred of which 3, 6 and 5 types respectively
were stated and considered in the review. Despite the
complexities, sourcing from China remained an attractive
choice for Multinational OEMs. The Importance of the
Chinese manufacturing sectors is due to the reason that
China hosts some of the biggest OEMs and considered as a
center for electronic and electrical manufacturing suppliers.
[2]. As for the research methodology of this paper, the
Importance-Complexity Matrix (ICM) analysis was
explained and used (fig. 2):
Figure 2 ICM analysis
The data collected through a survey of 5-scale Likert type
questionnaire, and the respondent profile were stated. The
data was tested for validity using the Cronbach alpha values
and a total of 101 responses were used in the study. At first,
Descriptive statistics was made for each of the 24 elements
included, of which 6 elements were considered as critical
elements with the help of the ICM analysis, as their
importance and complexity were considered to be high. After
defining the critical elements, the correlation analysis
between each of these elements and the contractual
relationship types was measured.
As a result, for reducing the sourcing complexity, it was
implemented that OEMs and Suppliers should focus on
developing a transactional type of relationship for the Human
Capital-related complexity and that a Direct Purchase from
Supplier (DPS) or Purchase through International
Procurement Office (IPO) must be adopted for the type of
channel, a combination of formal and social approaches
would be better to reduce the complexity in the Culture-
related complexity and the DPS would be more appropriate
sourcing strategy for OEMs and a formal contractual
relationship with Chinese suppliers is necessary for the
Infrastructure-related complexity. Finally, trustworthy
suppliers along with agreed formal penalty in case of
violation is to be considered for reducing the sourcing
complexity in terms of Policy and Regulation related
complexity. Limitations of this study is that the tangible
factors were not considered, and that an investigation for the
correlation between the measure elements/indicators was not
studied.
III. MAINTENANCE MAKEOVER
The importance of the Predictive Maintenance (PdM)
implication, as well as the needed steps that should be done
before the implication has been summarized in a previous
study. At first the author stated the difference between the
Preventive Maintenance (PM), which highly relies on
original equipment manufacturers as it depends on a
historical data, and the Predictive Maintenance of which it
depends on the actual condition of the equipment. The
aspects of each maintenance method, preventive and
predictive, were summarized and compared by stating the
maintenance activity and the result of each.
The implementation of PdM might require some changes in
the organization’s practices that should be supported by the
workforce; however, it leads to a sustainable result to
improve safety, performance and availability of the
equipment. Because of this implementation, it will increase
the productivity and at the same time, it will reduce the cost,
which is a benefit to the organization. To establish a
successful implementation and sustain a PdM program, six
steps are needed:
• Establish maintenance objectives: to determine the
features and capabilities it should have and to decide on
which area it should be implemented first,
• Adopt a condition monitoring program: for monitoring
and data processing support,
• Install sensors and smart systems: which include
machine learning to learn about equipment performance
patterns and hence detect any potential failure,
• select a computerized maintenance management system
(CMMS): to simplify and optimize maintenance
activities,
• Conduct data mining and warehousing: for handling
useful insights for continuous learning and
improvement of maintenance processes
• Develop Key Performance Indicators and Business
Intelligence.
Once the KPIs are well determined, they can be used to
determine, manage and track an organizational performance
objectives as it will help in setting a performance baseline.
KPIs are classified as Lagging and Leading indicator of
which one should make a balance between them. An
example of Lagging Indicator is the Mean time between
failures, and so it depends on historical data. As for the
Leading Indicator, an example could be the Mean time to
failure, these indicators are designed to monitor activities
that is expected to deliver good result and so are called
forward looking indicators [3].
Technology will help in best-fit of PdM implementation and
one could say that, the right technology should be placed in
the right work at the right time. Finally a PdM example was
stated in the paper covering the case of New York’s
Transportation Authority, by applying the PdM due to the
extensive Enterprise Asset Management implementation.
IV. SUPPORT OF PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROCESSES USING MOBILE DEVICES
Due to the increase complexity in traffic patterns, usage
of network and applications in the telecommunications
network and services, as well as the presence of multiple
equipment vendors and software systems, the need of
predictive maintenance was raised in order to decrease the
equipment breakdown. Predictive maintenance is a set of
strategies used by the company to lower the impact damage
of a component in a telecom site, which has an objective of
reducing the operational expenditure and enhance customer
satisfaction. The Markov Process (MP) model for Resolving
customer trouble tickets (CTTs) and improving the quality of
services (QoS) is developed as it can approximate the
likelihood of the next CTT occurring followed by current
CTT. Once the likelihood CTT is estimated, a predictive
maintenance could be planned for reaching the company's
objectives. Different types of CTT could occur, each is
denoted by a state, and the change from one type to another
is referred as a transition state of which the probability of
each transition was estimated through the MP model. In this
paper, Mean time between failures (MTBF) was used as a
measure of reliability according to two different ways, first
as the mean time difference between to create next CTT after
resolving single CTT type, and secondly as the mean time
difference between failure where a repair of CTT types are
resolved together. Hence the study took into consideration
the impact of one CTT to another, and the impact of two
CTT into a third type [4].
A case study was selected from a Malaysian major telecom
operator, as well as the help of Hadoop cluster and analysis
packages since a big data platform was used. At the
beginning, more than 150 types of CTT were shown, but
after filtering according to the customer zone and types of
CTT that contribute to 80% of total CTT, only 11 different
CTT types were remained. These 11 different types were
included in a 11x11 matrix to show the transition
probabilities as well as the MTBF values using the second
way. Some of these CTT types were defined and explained
and as for the interpretation of results it was shown that
resolving two CTT types leads to a higher MTBF compared
to solving only one type of CTT. Hence, predictive
maintenance should be applied when any CTT occurred, and
that’s based on the transition probabilities that were
estimated by using the Markov process model.
V. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE OF NETWORK
ELEMENTS USING MARKOV MODEL TO REDUCE
CUSTOMER TROUBLE TICKETS
Due to the increase complexity in traffic patterns, usage
of network and applications in the telecommunications
network and services, as well as the presence of multiple
equipment vendors and software systems, the need of
predictive maintenance was raised in order to decrease the
equipment breakdown. Predictive maintenance is a set of
strategies used by the company to lower the impact damage
of a component in a telecom site, which has an objective of
reducing the operational expenditure and enhance customer
satisfaction. The Markov Process (MP) model for Resolving
customer trouble tickets (CTTs) and improving the quality of
services (QoS) is developed as it can approximate the
likelihood of the next CTT occurring followed by current
CTT. Once the likelihood CTT is estimated, a predictive
maintenance could be planned for reaching the company's
objectives. Different types of CTT could occur, each is
denoted by a state, and the change from one type to another
is referred as a transition state of which the probability of
each transition was estimated through the MP model. In this
paper, Mean time between failures (MTBF) was used as a
measure of reliability according to two different ways, first
as the mean time difference between to create next CTT after
resolving single CTT type, and secondly as the mean time
difference between failure where a repair of CTT types are
resolved together. Hence the study took into consideration
the impact of one CTT to another, and the impact of two
CTT into a third type [5].
A case study was selected from a Malaysian major telecom
operator, as well as the help of Hadoop cluster and analysis
packages since a big data platform was used. At the
beginning, more than 150 types of CTT were shown, but
after filtering according to the customer zone and types of
CTT that contribute to 80% of total CTT, only 11 different
CTT types were remained. These 11 different types were
included in a 11x11 matrix to show the transition
probabilities as well as the MTBF values using the second
way. Some of these CTT types were defined and explained
and as for the interpretation of results it was shown that
resolving two CTT types leads to a higher MTBF compared
to solving only one type of CTT. Hence, predictive
maintenance should be applied when any CTT occurred, and
that’s based on the transition probabilities that were
estimated by using the Markov process model.
VI. INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS - AN EFFECTIVE
MANUFACTURING STRATEGY FOR 21ST CENTURY
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the
importance of Internet of Things (IoT) and how it helps the
predictive maintenance and real time manufacturing. At first,
the author stated the different industrial revolutions and
classified them into four stages, starting with the invention of
steam engine in 1784, followed by the use of electric power
for mass production as well as the first assembly line
production in 1870, and then the Digital revolution which
started in 1969 of which an advancement in this resolution
includes computers, internet and information and
telecommunication technology, ending with the last
revolution of which interconnecting industrial assets through
the internet was introduced, this revolution was built on the
digital revolution representing new ways. The basic idea of
IoT is a system where physical items relies on both smart
objects and smart networks, and it is the outcome of many
areas such as “Connected devices and sensors”, “ubiquitous
data networks”, “the rise of the cloud” and “Big data
technology”. The Methodology to establish IoT was then
introduced in this paper, starting by the importance of
Production Monitoring and Machine Data Collection in
production execution, to highlight how users can connect to
various module in IoT [6].
The benefits of using IoT in Predictive and Proactive
maintenance have been stated, such as to avoid failure of
equipment, to have more up time, to improve products and
for added-value services to customers. Since this will
increase the efficiency of factories, diminish loss due to
failure of costly equipment, allow to fine tune the process for
getting better quality products and companies could benefit
from proactive maintenance to provide predictive
maintenance as an additional service to their customers. In
addition IoT helps real time manufacturing in different ways,
as an example “Improved savings” and “Network building
and outsourcing”. The major benefits of IoT in
manufacturing were listed in this paper such as increasing
connectivity with and outside the industry and remote
equipment management. The IoT drivers are listed too, such
as the decrease in the cost per CPU memory, the use of
sensors, the decreasing cost of megabytes, all of which they
offer a good opportunity to companies in order to invest
more in large processing systems. Finally one can conclude
that the IoT is the amalgamation of the automation and
communication technology.
VII. COLLABORATIVE CREATION WITH CUSTOMERS FOR
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE SOLUTIONS ON
HITACHI IOT PLATFORM
The need for predictive maintenance solutions have been
raised by customers through the interaction that was made.
Due to the convergence of system operational technology
(OT) with the power Information technology (IT) the
transformation happened in industries from mining to energy
production and from agriculture to manufacturing, became
more efficient, low cost sensing and new level of IT. Hitachi
invested their experience in equipment manufacturing with
their expertise in analytics to reach the needed solutions to
market and solve the problems raised by customers. The
Global Center for Social Innovation (CSI) have been
assigned for this task and it performs over four stages,
starting with share vision with customers, followed by
developing prototype and demos, then proof of concept at
customer site and finally to work with business unit to scale
the solution to multiple customers. Predictive maintenance
was one of the common application area across companies,
which includes problems such as performance monitoring
and modeling, maintenance analytics, and failure prediction.
This paper was organized to start first by defining the "data
analytics for predictive maintenance" followed by "Failure
prediction use cases", "Solutions on common analytics
framework and Lumada" and finally a conclusion of this
paper that highlights the findings [7].
In the data analytics for predictive maintenance, the authors
gave an overview about predictive maintenance, which
targets to keep the equipment in a working, efficient and
cost-effective conditions. Technologies used in predictive
maintenance, utilize physical devices or software
technologies of which software technologies were classified
as knowledge-driven system (limited by the knowledge of
domain experts) and Data-driven systems (which is based on
historical sensor data and event). Data analytics were
clustered into descriptive (discover actionable insights from
historical data), predictive (technologies concerned with the
prediction of future events such as failure based on learning
over historical data) and perspective (technologies generate
recommendations for the maintenance personnel or
management that result in reduction of failure rates). An
example of each were mentioned with the application used in
Hitachi. As for the Failure prediction use cases, three
portfolios were introduced: the "Event-based failure
prediction", used when there is an a Collaborative Creation
with Customers for Predictive Maintenance Solutions on
Hitachi IoT Platform bsence in controlled area network
(CAN), and it target rare-patterns sequences of event to find
significant co-occurrences and hence define temporal
association rules that can predict future failures.
The second portfolio defined was the "Sensor-based failure
prediction", it rich information about pre-failure conditions
using Machine learning algorithms to generate prediction
models and then apply it to real time in order to predict
failures. Two approaches from sensor data were defined,
Using anomaly detection and classification. As for the third
portfolio is the "Model-based failure prediction", the author
mentioned that classification-based failure prediction
requires a number of failure instances of different types from
historical data. In the absence of these frequent failures,
Hitachi used physical models that were proposed to be used
through the collaboration with internal domain experts, and
through an open innovation with partners.
In the last part, the solutions on common analytics
framework and Lumada was explained. This framework was
geared towards processing sensor and event data, and
provides a rich library of predictive maintenance solutions.
Advantages of this framework were listed, such as
"providing the ability to manage, process, and analyze
different types of data from structured to unstructured data,
and it reduces time, effort, and money to build a new
predictive maintenance solution. Another advantage, it
allows to utilize knowledge gained in one domain for another
domain through reusable analytics solutions, as well as this
framework empower domain experts.
VIII. STOCK EFFICIENCY OF TELECOMMUNICATION
EQUIPMENT
Although there are a lack of research for the stock
efficiency of telecommunication equipment, some researches
were made to link between maintenance and spare parts and
looking for an optimization solution. Some researches were
made in a different field but one can implement the model
used and implement it in the telecommunication sector when
feasible.
A paper that study the “integrated maintenance and spare
part optimization for moving assets”, in 2018, was done for
the maritime assets, taking one of the critical component of
Fugro Marine Services (FMS), which is the world’s largest
integrator of geotechnical, survey, subsea, and geosciences
services. This paper highlighted that, due to high effect of
Maintenance and Spare parts holding cost on the overall
operating cost, companies should look for critical
components of which their level of degradation is observable
and try to measure its parameters to prevent future failures
by mean of Condition Based Maintenance. Such degradation
level could be modeled as a function of the current operating
mode, and so at first one should define the critical
component followed by the operating modes. As the cost of
some critical components considered to be so expensive, an
approach of making decisions on when to put a spare part
and when to replace the component just-in-time should be
considered. This requested the implication of Markov
decision process model in order to take into consideration the
randomness in the sequence and duration of the operating
modes. An optimal policy based on bi-threshold policy in
each operating mode was suggested in this paper and
compared to four benchmark policies. Noting that in these
four benchmarks the maintenance is optimized spare parts
inventory decisions were set as “Never keep a spare part on-
board” or “Always keep a spare on-board” [8].
Markov decision process model has been defined and an
assumption of only one spare part could be stocked on board
was taken. The state of the Markov decision process was
defined as where I is the set of operating
modes, J is the set of degradation level, and U is that
specifies whether the board has a spare part or not.
According to the transition state and Markov model,
equations have been formulated to model the possible future
random events following the decision to do nothing, and the
decisions to deliver a spare part.
The optimal policy have been clearly defined in this paper
and a numerical experiments were included. The four
benchmarks policy were defined as Never Spare Part Policy
(NP), Never Spare Part Policy with preventive deliveries
(NPP), Always Spare Part Policy (AP) and Always Spare
Part Policy with preventive deliveries (APP). Operating
mode transition probability matrix to define the transition
phases, the operating mode transition rates to define the
duration time for each phase, as well as the cost parameters
should be defined in the setup stage of the experiment. In this
experiment, by using the Average and Maximum cost and
the different parameters such as degradation rates, operating
mode transition rates, corrective maintenance cost…etc. it
was clearly shown that the four benchmarks policies cannot
be optimal unless under some cases where the transportation
cost is high, spare part’s price is low or high, and the
operating transition rates is high where the NPP and APP
could be optimal. It was also shown that the cost of
performance is highly affected by the degradation rates and
that the performance of NP is very sensitive to the change in
the operating mode transition rates.
A case study was then taken from FMS to demonstrate the
integrated maintenance and spare part optimized model. The
case was about the cooling fan used to cool needed in Diesel
Electric Propulsion to avoid any downtime in the service
which costs around €30000 per day. 5 cases of Operating
modes were defined and 10 level of degradation for the fan
were used in the study in addition to the preventive
replacement and delivery cost, and corrective replacement
and delivery cost were taken into consideration in the cost
performance comparison between the different policies. The
optimal policy showed its power in this case of which it
reduces the performance cost for more than 11% and up to
48% compared to other policies and provides a solution in
which the component is stocked on-board the vessel when
the risk of failure is high, providing a trade-off between spare
part deliveries, part replacements, and holding costs.
Finally, one should keep in mind that if modeling the trade-
off between preventive and corrective costs is not obvious,
the focus should lie on availability and reliability measure.
IX. SUMMARY
The aspects of Predictive Maintenance have been
summarized, as well as the changes it request in the
organization’s practices are listed in this study. The results of
Predictive maintenance implications, such as improvements
in machine reliability and so decrease the equipment
breakdown. In addition, the process of this implementation to
have successful establishment were stated in this report.
Also, the role that mobile devices and Internet of things to
support the predictive maintenance to reach high quality of
service delivery were discussed. In the last section of the
report, stock analysis of telecommunication equipment were
planned to be investigated, but due to the lack of research in
this area. It was noted that the link between maintenance and
the spare parts is very important for stock efficiency and so
overall cost reduction. Finally, Markov Chain model were
used in predictive maintenance and in stock efficiency
studies where the existence of transition phases exists that
depends on the current stage, this is in order to be able to
improve the quality of service and helps in reducing the cost
for companies.
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