Introduction to

Communication Systems

Saeid Karamzadeh
 TRANSMISSION LOSS AND DECIBELS

▪ In addition to any signal distortion, a transmission system also reduces the power level or
“strength” of the output signal. This signal-strength reduction is expressed in terms of
transmission power loss.
Transmission Loss and Repeaters
Transmission Loss and Repeaters
Transmission Loss and Repeaters
FILTER & FILTERING
Ideal Filters
Ideal Lowpass Filter (LPF)
 Real Filters

The end points of the passband are usually defined by

Butterworth LPF
A first-order Butterworth filter has the same characteristics as an RC lowpass filter and would be a poor
approximation of an ideal LPF. But the approximation improves as you increase n by adding more
elements to the circuit.
 ▪ Switched-capacitor filter designs go even further and eliminate resistors that
would take up too much space in a large-scale integrated circuit.
▪ All three classes can also be modified to obtain highpass or bandpass filters.

Special designs that employ electromechanical phenomena,

the amplitude ratio of a seventh-order monolithic crystal BPF
intended for use in an AM radio.
Second-order LPF
 notch or band reject filter
real notch filters may reject some desirable components
QUADRATURE FILTERS AND
HILBERTTRANSFORMS
Hilbert Transform of a Cosine Signal
Hilbert Transform of a Rectangular Pulse
 CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITY
▪ Correlation of Power Signals

▪ Correlation of Energy Signals

Spectral Density Functions
EXAMPLE

Energy Spectral Density Output of an LTI System

Comb Filter