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LESSON 1. – POSSESSIVE ‘S – WEAR / USE – CLOTHES.

Una manera de decir que algo le pertenece a alguien es usando ‘s después del nombre de su dueño.
Examples: My father’s pants
John’s jacket
My sister’s husband
Peter’s car

Si el dueño es plural terminado en S, o el nombre termina en S, agregamos el apostrophe ( ‘ ) después

da la S con que termina la palabra.
Examples: Carlos’ house
My parents’ bedroom
My grandparents’ coats
Andres’ girlfriend
TO WEAR OR TO USE
Cuando hablamos de prendas de vestir y accesorios utilizamos el verbo: TO WEAR (llevar puesto,
usar).
Examples: Alice is wearing a nice blue dress.
I’m going to wear my new shoes tonight.
Pablo is wearing a brown jacket.

Cuando nos referimos a objetos diferentes de la ropa, utilizamos el verbo TO USE (usar).
Examples: I use a toothbrush and toothpaste to brush my teeth.
Susan uses a blowdryer to dry her hair.
WHAT ARE YOU WEARING?

 SHIRT:  SKIRT:  SHOES:

 PANTS:  JACKET:  BOOTS:
 TROUSER:  SANDALS:  SOCKS:
 SUIT:  HIGH HEELS:  SWEATER:
 VEST:  HAT:  PAJAMAS:
 TIE:  GLOVES:  SWIMSUIT:
 BELT:  T-SHIRT:  CAP:
 DRESS:  SHORTS:  FLIPFLOP:
 BLOUSE:  JEANS:
 SCARF:  SNEAKERS:
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LESSON 2. – CARDINAL NUMBERS (NUMEROS CARDINALES)

1 ONE 21 TWENTY ONE

2 TWO 25 TWENTY FIVE
3 THREE 27 TWENTY SEVEN
4 FOUR 30 THIRTY
5 FIVE 40 FORTY
6 SIX 50 FIFTY
7 SEVEN 60 SIXTY
8 EIGHT 70 SEVENTY
9 NINE 80 EIGHTY
10 TEN 90 NINETY
11 ELEVEN 100 ONE HUNDRED
12 TWELVE 300 THREE HUNDRED
13 THIRTEEN 500 FIVE HUNDRED
14 FOURTEEN 549 FIVE HUNDRED AND FORTY NINE
15 FIFTEEN 1,000 ONE THOUSAND
16 SIXTEEN 3,000 THREE THOUSAND
17 SEVENTEEN
18 EIGHTEEN
19 NINETEEN
20 TWENTY

ORDINAL NUMBERS (NUMEROS ORDINALES)

1st FIRST 19th NINETEENTH
2nd SECOND 20th TWENTIETH
3rd THIRD 21st TWENTY FIRST
4th FOURTH 30th THIRTIETH
5th FIFTH 32nd THIRTY SECOND
6th SIXTH 40th FORTIETH
7th SEVENTH 43rd FORTY THIRD
8th EIGHTH 50th FIFTIETH
9th NINTH 54th FIFTY FOURTH
10th TENTH 60th SIXTIETH
11th ELEVENTH 65th SIXTY FIFTH
12th TWELFTH 70th SEVENTIETH
13th THIRTEENTH 76th SEVENTY SIXTH
14th FOURTEENTH 80th EIGHTIETH
15th FIFTEENTH 87th EIGHTY SEVENTH
16th SIXTEENTH 90th NINETIETH
17th SEVENTEENTH 98th NINETY EIGHTH
18th EIGHTEENTH
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NUMBER CARDINAL ORDINAL

20 TWENTY TWENTIETH
30 THIRTY THIRTIETH
40 FORTY FORTIETH
50 FIFTY FIFTIETH
60 SIXTY SIXTIETH
70 SEVENTY SEVENTIETH
80 EIGHTY EIGHTIETH
90 NINETY NINETIETH

Mira los gatos en la línea. Decide en que posición está el gato naranja. Escoge el
número ordinal correcto.

Eighth Sixth Fifth

Eleventh Twelfth Tenth

Fourth Third Second

Tenth Ninth Eighth

Sixth Eighth Seventh

First Second Third

Tenth Twelfth Thirteenth

Fifth Seventh Sixth

DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday Friday
Tuesday Saturday
Wednesday Sunday
Thursday
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MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January July
February August
March September
April October
May November
June December

Escribe el mes correcto en los espacios en blanco. -

1. What is the first month? _________________________________________
2. What is the fifth month? _________________________________________
3. What is the eleventh month? ______________________________________
4. What is the fourth month? _______________________________________
5. What is the eighth month? _______________________________________
6. What is the third month? ________________________________________
7. What is the ninth month? ________________________________________
Lee las oraciones debajo y escribe el nombre correcto debajo del número

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tom
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1. Tom’s birthday is on the fourth of January.

2. Joe’s birthday is on the eleventh of January.
3. Emma’s birthday is on the eighth of January.
4. Ali’s birthday is on the second of January.
5. Sam’s birthday is on the twelfth of January.
6. Nadia’s birthday is on the sixth of January.
7. Tim’s birthday is on the ninth of January.

Responda las siguientes preguntas.

1. When is your birthday? ________________________________________________________________

2. When is your mother’s birthday? ________________________________________________________

3. When is your father’s birthday? _________________________________________________________

4. When is your girlfriend/boyfriend’s birthday? ______________________________________________

5. When is your sister/brother’s birthday? ___________________________________________________

Escribe las siguientes fechas en palabras. MES / DIA / AÑO

1) 11 / 22 / 1963 ______________________________________________________________________

2) 1 / 1 / 2010 ________________________________________________________________________

3) 12 / 31 / 1989 ______________________________________________________________________
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4) 7 /12 / 1997________________________________________________________________________

5) 3 / 5 / 1895 ________________________________________________________________________

6) 10 / 30 / 1778 ______________________________________________________________________

LESSON 3. – WHAT TIME IS IT? (¿QUE HORA ES?)

HOUR significa hora, en español preguntamos: ¿Que hora es? Sin embargo, en ingles cuando queremos
saber la hora utilizamos la palabra TIME: tiempo, y no la palabra HOUR – What time is it? y cuando
respondes tu respuesta siempre empieza con IT’S…….

____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

Q-WORDS TO ASK ABOUT TIME

SHORT
Q – WORD AUXILIAR SUBJECT MAIN VERB
DO ANSWER
When Do You Go to class?
What time Do You Go to class? At 3:00 o’clock

When Does Ana Eat dinner?

What time Does Ana Eat dinner? At seven PM
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OTHER WAYS TO ASK FOR THE TIME

 What is the time?
 Do you have the time?  Do you know the time?
 Have you got the time?  Do you happen to have the time?
 Could you tell me the time?
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LESSON 4. – PREPOSITIONS (PREPOSICIONES)

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (preposiciones de tiempo) AT / ON / IN / FROM…TO
 Usamos AT para designar tiempos específicos.
 The train arrives at 12:15 pm.
 Usamos ON para designar días o fechas específicas.
 My brother is coming on Saturday
 We’re having a party on the third of May
 Usamos IN para no específicos tiempos durante el día, un mes, una estación, o un año.
 She likes to jog in the morning
 It’s too cold in winter to run outside
 Usamos FROM…TO para designar un tiempo específico a otro tiempo específico.
 We have class from 3:00 to 5:30
OTRAS PALABRAS QUE SE UTILIZAN CUANDO HABLAMOS DE TIEMPO (TIME
EXPRESIONS)
 AROUND:  BEFORE:
 EARLY:  AFTER:
 LATE:  DURING:
 UNTIL:  WHILE:
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (preposiciones de espacio) AT / IN / ON
 Usamos AT para direcciones especificas:
I live at 39 Independence Street.
 Usamos ON para designar nombres de calles, avenidas, etc.
Maria’s house is on Miranda Avenue
 Usamos IN para designar que estamos dentro de algo o algún sitio.
Pedro is in his house right now
I’m in my car driving to your house.
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Complete las siguientes oraciones con preposiciones y expresiones de tiempo.

a) We have class at one o’clock At + a specific time on the

AT b) I have an appointment with the doctor at 3:00 clock
c) We all sleep at night At + night

d) My birthday is in October In + specific month

e) I was born in 1960 In + specific year
IN f) We have class in the morning In + the morning
g) Bob has class in the afternoon In+ the afternoon
h) I study in the evening In + the evening

i) I have class on Monday On + a specific day

ON
j) I was born on October 31st, 1975 On + a specific date

k) We have class from 1:00 to 3:00

FROM…TO
l) I work in the morning from 8:00 to 12:00

1. I get up _______ six ________ the morning _________ weekdays.

2. I go to bed __________ midnight __________ weeknights.
3. I start to work _________ 11:30 _________ night.
4. I have lunch ________ three ________ the afternoon ________ Fridays.
5. I stay up ________ 1:00 AM _________ weekends.
6. I have a little snack ________ 9:00 _________ the evening.
7. I sleep __________ noon _________ Sundays.
8. She goes to the gym _________ 7:00 ________ 9:00 _______ the evening.
9. ________ Fridays I leave work _________ ________ the afternoon.
10. I get home _________ ________ night __________ Saturdays.

Complete las Oraciones.

1. We have class ___________ 3:00 o’ clock.
2. We have class __________ three ___________ five thirty.
3. She has class ___________ the morning.
4. He works ___________ the afternoon.
5. I study ___________ the evening.
6. We all sleep ___________ night.
7. I was born ___________ May.
8. She was born ____________ September 17th.
9. Pedro was born ____________ 1973.
10. I was born ____________ May 21st, 1963.
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11. The post office is open ____________ 8:00AM _________ 5:00PM ___________ Monday.
12. The post office isn’t open ____________ Sunday.
PREPOSITION TO
Entre muchos de sus usos, TO nos sirve para construir el infinitivo de un verbo, cuando expresamos
un propósito
Examples:
I need change to use the public phone
I’m saving to buy a car
She’s going to bake a cake this weekend.

OTHER PREPOSITIONS
 Above: arriba, encima de  Below: abajo, por debajo
 Among: entre (varias cosas o personas)

LESSON 5. – COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS

(SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES)
Los sustantivos contables se refieren a objetos que pueden ser cuantificados.
Los sustantivos incontables nos hablan de objetos que no pueden ser cuantificados. Estos objetos
por la general son sustancias liquidas o masas.
Los sustantivos contables se pluralizan agregando una S al final de la palabra, sin embargo, existen
algunas excepciones, como lo son los plurales irregulares que vimos en la lección 10.
Examples:
COUNT NOUNS: 3 cars 5 shirts 1 pumpkin 4 avocados 2 computers 7 watermelon
NON COUNT NOUNS: oil salt rain flour sugar water

ARTICLES AND THE COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

A / AN for count nouns SOME for non-count nouns

ASKING QUESTIONS WITH COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

HOW MANY? For count nouns HOW MUCH? For non-count nouns

WORDS RELATED TO USE OF COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

ENOUGH: suficiente
NOT ENOUGH: no lo suficiente
TOO MANY: demasiado contables
TOO MUCH: demasiado no-contables
A LOT OF: mucho de contables / no-contables
LESS: menos
MORE: mas
A LITTLE: un poco no-contables
A FEW: Unos pocos contables
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Change a lot of to many or much in the following sentences. Use many with count nouns
and much with non-count nouns.
1. I don’t have a lot of money I don’t have much money
2. Tom has a lot of problems. ____________________________________________________
3. I want to visit a lot of cities in the United States. _______________________________________
4. I don’t put a lot of sugar in my coffee. _____________________________________________
5. I have a lot of questions to ask you. ______________________
6. Sue and John have a small apartment. They don’t have a lot of furniture. ____________________
__________________________________________________________
7. You can see a lot of people at the zoo on Sunday. _______________________________________
8. Dick doesn’t get a lot of mail because he doesn’t write a lot of letters. ____________________
_______________________________________________________
9. Chicago has a lot of skyscrapers. Montreal has a lot of tall buildings too. ___________________
_______________________________________________________
10. Mary is lazy. She doesn’t do a lot of work. _______________________________________
11. I don’t drink a lot of coffee. _______________________________________
12. Don is a friendly person. He has a lot of friends. _______________________________________
13. Do you usually buy a lot of fruit at the market? _______________________________________
14. Do you read a lot of books? ____________________________________________________

Complete the questions with many or much.

1. How _______much_______ money do you have in your wallet?
2. How _______many_______ roommates do you have?
3. How __________________ languages do you speak?
4. How __________________ homework does your teacher usually assign?
5. How __________________ tea do you drink in a day?
6. How __________________ sugar do you put in your tea?
7. How __________________ sentences are there in this exercise?
8. How __________________ water is there in an Olympic-size swimming pool?

Use a / an or some with count nouns in the following sentences. Are the nouns singular
or plural?
1. Bob has _____a_______ book on his desk.
2. Bob has ____some_____ books on his desk.
3. I see ________________ desk in this room.
4. I see ________________ desks in this room
5. Are _________________ students standing in front of the room?
6. Is __________________ student standing in front of the room?
7. I’m hungry. I would like ____________________ apple.
8. The children are hungry. They would like ____________________ apples.
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9. _________________ children are playing on the street.

10. _________________ child is playing on the street.
11. We are doing __________________ exercise in class. .

Use a, an or some with the nouns in the following sentences. Are they singular count
nouns or non-count nouns?
1. I need ______some______ money.
2. I need _______a_________ dollar.
3. Alice has __________________ mail in her mailbox.
4. Alice has __________________ letter in her mailbox.
5. I’m hungry. I would like _________________ fruit.
6. I would like ___________________ apple.
7. Jane is hungry. She would like __________________ food.
8. She would like __________________ sandwich.
9. I’m thirsty. I’d like _________________ water.
10. I’d like __________________ glass of water.
11. Ann would like _____________________ milk.
12. I need _____________________ sugar for my coffee.
13. I want to make ___________________ sandwich.
14. I need ____________________ bread and __________________ cheese.
15. I’d like to have ______________________ soup with my sandwich.

Use a / an or some.
1. Sonya is wearing _______some______ silver jewelry. She’s wearing ______a______ necklace and
___some____ earrings.
2. We have ___________ table, ___________ sofa, and _______________ chairs in our living room.
3. We have __________________ furniture in our living room.
4. Sue has a CD player. She is listening to __________________ music.
5. I’m busy. I have ____________________ homework to do.
6. Jane is very busy. She has _____________________ work to do.
7. Jane has ___________________ job. She is ____________________ teacher.
8. I’m hungry. I would like _________________ orange.
9. The children are hungry. They would like __________________ oranges.
10. I need ____________________ information about the bus schedule.
11. I’m confused. I need ____________________ advice.
12. I’m looking out of the window. I see _______________ cars, ____________ bus, and ___________
trucks on the street.
13. Bob is having _______________ beans, ________________ meat, and _______________ bowl of
soup for dinner.
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LESSON 6. – VERBOS AUXILIARES MODALES

CAN / COULD MAY / MIGHT WILL WOULD
CAN: is use for ability: Can you drive a car with a shift? But it can be used for permission as well: can I
drive your car?
COULD: is use for possibility: could I borrow your car this weekend?
MAY: is use for permission or possibility: You may borrow my car this weekend. (permission). I may
arrive late. (possibility)
MIGHT: is also use to denote possibility.
WILL is use to denote future tense: I will drive to Caracas this weekend.
WOULD: Is usually used in a sentence when you are offering something. Or when you want to have
or do something right now or in the future

In all situations CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT will be followed by another verb.
CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT are never conjugated
CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT are always followed by the simple form of the verb.
COULD, MAY and MIGHT are words that are used to express possibility. When they are in a sentence,
they change the meaning of the sentence. For example:
 They are sick. This means that the speaker is sure that: they are sick.
 They could be sick. This means that the speaker isn’t positive.
 They may be sick. This means that the speaker isn’t positive.
 They might be sick. This means that the speaker isn’t positive.

WOULD LIKE Vs. LIKE

I would like to go to the zoo Means: I want to go to the zoo
I like to go the zoo Means: I enjoy the zoo

 Would like indicates that I want to do something right now or in the future.
 Like indicates that I always, usually, or often enjoy something
MUST El verbo auxiliar modal MUST (tener que / deber) se utiliza para expresar deberes y
obligaciones.

Examples:
We must protect earth
They must not throw away all the trash, they must recycle
Must you cut down the old oak?
Este auxiliar también se utiliza para expresar una suposición:
Examples: The girl is crying. She must be sad
The children are asleep. They must be tired
Paul isn’t home. He must be at work.
USED TO El verbo auxiliar used to se utiliza para hablar de hábitos y rutinas en el pasado que se han
abandonado. Used to significa “haber tenido la costumbre de….

Examples: Susan used to cook special meals every Sunday.

I used to ride horses on my dad’s farm when I was a boy.
We used to go to the beach on vacation every year.
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SHOULD El auxiliar modal should se utiliza para dar consejos o dar recomendaciones y sugerencias.

Examples: You should go to the doctor

Should I take any medicine?
Susan should study hard for her finals.

Complete las oraciones usando Can y Can’t. -

1. Where _______ I see a good rock concert?
2. Can Lisa speak French? No, she ________
3. What ________ you do?
4. Can Lucy drive? Yes, she ________.
5. Where ________ I buy a new camera?
6. _______ you read in Portuguese? Yes, I can.
7. Can I invite my friends? Yes, they _______
come.
8. _______ you help me, please?
9. ________ you play the piano?
10. I _______ find my keys. Where are they?
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Ask and answer polite questions using: May I, Could I, Can I.

Example: Richard has a pencil. You want to borrow it
A. Richard may I borrow your pen, please?
B. You certainly may. Here it is.
C. Thank you
D. You’re welcome.
Peter has a dictionary. You want to borrow it
a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________

Carlos has an eraser. You want to use it for a minute

a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________

Maria has a book. You want to take a look.

a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________

You are at Luis’ house. You want to use the phone.

a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________

You are at a restaurant; you call the waiter. You want to have a cup of coffee.
a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________

You are on a taxi. You want to go to the airport

a) _______________________________________________________________________?
b) _______________________________________________________________________
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Selecciona las repuestas correctas.

1 Bob ___________________________ English 1 in the fall.

a.I. mays take
b.II. may take
c.III. may takes
d.IV. mays takes
2 George eats breakfast at McDonald's.
I. George might eats breakfast at McDonald's.
II. George mights eat breakfast at McDonald's.
III. George mights eats breakfast at McDonald's.
IV. George might eat breakfast at McDonald's.
3 The students go to the cafeteria during breaktime.
I. The students could go to the cafeteria during breaktime.
II. The students could went to the cafeteria during breaktime.
III. The students coulds go to the cafeteria during breaktime.
IV. The students could going to the cafeteria during breaktime.

4 Allen _____________ a new car this year.

I. might buy
II. may buy
III. could buy
IV. none of the above
V. could buy or may buy or might buy

5 Vanrith might ______________ to San Francisco this weekend.

I. Drives
II. Driven
III. Drove
IV. Drive
6 María _________________________ go shopping tomorrow.

I. Might
II. May
III. neither may nor might
IV. both may and might
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GRAMMAR FOCUS Modal Verbs WOULD and WILL for request.

What would you like? I’d like the lamb kebabs. I’ll have a small salad.
What kind of dressing would you like? I’d like blue cheese, please. I’ll have vinaigrette.
What would you like to drink? I’d like an iced tea. I’ll have coffee.
Would you like anything else? Yes, please. I’d like some water No, thanks, that’ll be all
Complete the conversation.
Waitress: What ________________ you like to order?
Customer: I _______________ have the fried chicken.
Waitress: ________________ you like rice or potatoes?
Customer: Potatoes, please.
Waitress: What kind of potatoes would you ___________? Mashed, baked or French fries?
Customer: I ____________ like mashed potatoes.
Waitress: Ok. And _____________ you like anything to drink?
Customer: I guess. I ____________ have a cup of coffee.
Waitress: Would you ___________ anything else?
Customer: No. That _____________ be all for now. Thanks.
Later
Waitress: Would you ____________ some dessert?
Customer: Yes, I ______________ like some ice cream.
Waitress: What flavor would you ____________?
Customer: Hmmm. I ____________ have chocolate, please.
Waitress: Ok. I’ll bring it right away.

LESSON 7. – WORK / JOBS

Si queremos saber a qué se dedica una persona o cual es su profesión, usamos la pregunta:
WHAT DO YOU DO? I’m a firefighter
WHAT DOES HE/SHE DO?
Para preguntar por el lugar donde trabaja alguien, utilizamos:
WHERE DO YOU WORK? I work at the fire station.
WHERE DOES HE/SHE WORK?

PROFESSIONS / OCCUPATIONS
ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH
Plumber Firefighter
Salesperson Receptionist
Teacher Messenger
Scientist Dentist
Lawyer Cashier
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Musician Waiter / Waitress

Police Officer Pediatrician
Mechanic Engineer
Soccer Player Journalist
Dancer Secretary
Driver Paramedic
Actor / Actress Teller
Singer Optician
Newscaster Writer
Accountant

IMPORTANT
Agregando – or o er – al final de algunos verbos podemos formar nombres de profesiones:
Act + or = Actor Teach + er = Teacher
La mayoría de los nombres de las profesiones y ocupaciones funcionan tanto para masculino como
para femenino. Sin embargo, algunas profesiones tienen dos formas, una para el masculino y otra para el
femenino.
Waiter / Waitress Actor / Actress
Observa que en estos casos, el femenino termina en ess
Listen and Repeat
Chris: Where does your brother work?
Ann: In a hotel.
Chris: Oh, really? My brother works in a hotel too. He’s a front desk agent.
Ann: How does he like it?
Chris: Not very much. He doesn’t like the manager.
Ann: That’s too bad. What hotel does he work for?
Chris: The Plaza.
Ann: That’s funny. My brother works there, too.
Chris: Oh, that’s interesting. What does he do?
Ann: Actually, he is the front desk manager.

I. True or False
______ 1) "Singer" sings songs
______ 2) "Chef" takes care of teeth
______ 3) "Postal worker" fights fires and drives a fire engine
______ 4) "Dentist" takes care of teeth
______ 5) "Student" studies at school
______ 6) “Teacher" cooks food in a restaurant
______ 7) "Firefighter" fights fires and drives a fire engine
______ 8) "Bus driver" drives a bus
______ 9) "Doctor" works in a post office and brings letters
______ 10) "Police officer" works at the police station and fights crime
______ 11) "Waiter" studies at school
______ 12) "Truck driver" works at the police station and fights crime.
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II. Match the professions and occupations with the definitions. -

_____ Journalist 1) Person who drives a bus.
_____ Teacher 2) He/She works in a school and teaches students.
_____ Police Officer 3) Rescues people from burning buildings.
_____ Accountant 4) Works in a hospital and helps doctors.
_____ Business Person 5) Defends people's rights in court.
_____ Doctor 6) Flies an airplane.
_____ Nurse 7) Takes people's orders in a restaurant and serves them food.
_____ Pilot 8) Works in a police station and maintains public security.
_____ Taxi Driver 9) Works in a bank and keeps records of money.
_____ Bus Driver 10) Works in a hospital and treats patients.
_____ Manager 11) Answers phone calls and does office work for his/her boss.
_____ Chef 12) Drives a taxi.
_____ Actor 13) Person who reports news on TV, radio or Newspaper.
_____ Actress 14) Does the cooking in a restaurant or hotel.
_____ Firefighter 15) A woman who plays a role in a movie.
_____ Waiter 16) Manages the affairs of a company or business.
_____ Lawyer 17) One who does business.
_____ Secretary 18) A man who acts in a movie.
 Define la profesión u oficio con la descripción

1. This person repairs cars: _____________________________

2. This person helps sick animals: ________________________
3. This person helps her boss: ___________________________
4. This person helps a doctor: ___________________________
5. This person makes furniture: __________________________
6. This person sells flowers: _____________________________
7. This person cooks good food. __________________________
9. This person styles hair: ______________________________
10. This person sells meat: ______________________________
11. This person bakes the bread: __________________________

LESSON 8. – ADVERBIO TOO

El adverbio too se usa para expresar exageración. Cuando usamos too, lo hacemos
generalmente para referirnos a algo que no nos gusta o nos parece excesivo.
Examples:
This sweater is too tight That t-shirt is too small
These shoes are too big I’m too tired to keep running
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FORMAS COMPARATIVAS DE LOS ADJETIVOS

Para hacer comparaciones agregamos -ER- al final del adjetivo
Tall + er = taller short + er = shorter
Cuando la palabra termina en -y-, quitamos la -y- y agregamos -IER-
Pretty – prettier ugly – uglier
Para comparar dos cosas entre si se usa la palabra THAN, que significa “Que”.
Pedro is taller than Roberto A cow is bigger than a dog
Para comparar adjetivos de más de dos silabas anteponemos MORE
Comfortable – more comfortable Intelligent – more intelligent
Con More al igual que con los demás comparativos, hacemos uso de Than para formar la comparación
An airplane is more comfortable than a helicopter Rosa is more intelligent than Mario
Los adjetivos que no forman su comparativo agregando er, ni anteponiendo more se llaman irregulares
ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO
Good Better
Bad Worse
Far Farther
Con los comparativos irregulares también hacemos uso de than
Examples:
Traveling on an airplane is better than traveling in a car
Maracaibo is farther from here than Caracas
The traffic in San Fernando is worse than ever

ADJETIVOS SUPERLATIVOS
El superlativo de los adjetivos de una o dos silabas terminados en -y-, se forma quitando la -y- y
agregando -iest- al adjetivo. También hay que agregar el artículo definido “The”

Heavy = The Heaviest

The blue whale is the heaviest animal in the world.

El superlativo de los adjetivos terminados en -e- se forma agregando -st-

Late = The Latest
This magazine has the latest news on the celebrities.

Si el adjetivo termina en una consonante precedida por una vocal, repetimos la consonante y agregamos -
est-.
Big / The Biggest
The Blue Whale is the biggest animal on earth
El superlativo de los adjetivos de dos silabas que no terminan en -y- y de los de tres silabas o más, se
forma anteponiendo The Most al adjetivo
Intelligent = The Most Intelligent
They say the dolphin is the most intelligent animal
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I. Usa formas comparativas para llenar los espacios en blanco

1. John is tall, but Peter is _____________________ than him.
2. My dog is pretty, but Jose’s dog is ____________________ than mine.
3. Caracas is far away from here, but Maracaibo is _____________________
4. Traveling in your own car is ______________________ than traveling on a bus.
5. Sleeping on a bed is ________________________ than sleeping in a sleeping bag.
6. I’m short but Janet is ________________________ than me
7. Maria’s cat is ugly but Alex’s cat is ____________________
8. Sailing on a cruise ship is ______________________ than sailing on a canoe.
(Safe)

II. Usa los superlativos correspondientes para llenar los espacios en blanco.
1. The elephant is one of the biggest animal on earth, but the ___________________________ is the
giraffe
2. Dogs are very intelligent, but dolphins are the ____________________________________ animals.
3. Tigers are very fast when they hunt, but the cheetah is the ____________________animal on earth.
4. Elephants are heavy, but the blue whale is the _______________________ in the world.
5. Some people were late today, but Carmen was _________________________ to come to class.

ADVERBIOS.
Así como describimos a las personas, los animales, y las cosas, también podemos describir las
acciones que realizan. Para ello utilizamos los adverbios. Cuando se describe una acción, el adverbio va,
por lo general después del verbo.
La mayoría de los adverbios se forman agregando – ly – a los adjetivos.

Sad ly = Sadly Happy ly = Happily

Neat ly = Neatly Eager ly = Eagerly
Quick ly = Quickly Smooth ly = Smoothly
Proud ly = Proudly Slow ly = Slowly
Examples: An airplane flies smoothly A concord travels quickly
They lived happily ever after
AS….AS / LIKE
Cuando los elementos que se comparan son muy similares o iguales, usamos as….as
(tan…como) o like (como).
Examples: Neptune is almost as big as Uranus Earth is round like an orange
The light of a shooting star is as bright as a glowworm’s
CONJUNCIONES
Las conjunciones son palabras que se usan para unir otras palabras, frases u oraciones. Algunas
muy utilizadas en inglés, como en español, son AND – OR – BUT
Examples: In spring is usually sunny and warm.
Do you prefer fall or winter?
I like summer, but I hate winter
SINONIMOS Y ANTONIMOS (synonyms and antonyms)
Un SINÓNIMO es una palabra que tiene un significado igual, o muy parecido, al de la otra.
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To begin – To start Trash can – Dust bin Error – Mistake

Thin – Skinny End – Finish Flame – Fire
Rabbit – Cony Happy – Joyful Stone – Rock – Pebble
Trash – Garbage – Waste
Un ANTÓNIMO es una palabra que tiene un significado opuesto al de la otra.
Silence – Noise Pick-up – Throw away Empty – Full
Dark – Light Dry – Wet Dull – Colorful
Hard – Soft Rich – Poor Win – Lose
Far – Near Beginning – End Fast – Slow
Left – Right Liquid – Solid Heavy – Light
Dirty – Clean Bad – Good

PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS (indefinite pronouns)

Los pronombres indefinidos son palabras que remplazan a los nombres o sustantivos sin precisar
a cuáles.
 ANYTHING = I rather eat anything else but that.
 SOMEBODY = SOMEONE Can somebody/someone clean the house?
 EVERYHTING = We have everything we need for the trip.
 ANYBODY = Anybody can play this game.
 NOTHING = I have nothing, if I don’t have you.
 ANOTHER = I will have another cookie.
 SOMETHING = There is something I have to tell you.
 NOBODY = NO ONE That is nobody’s problem but mine.
 EVERYBODY = EVERYONE Everybody should recycle to help with global warming.
Everyone I know is coming to the party.

PREFIJOS (prefixes)
Los prefijos son grupos de letras que se agregan al comienzo de una palabra para cambiar su
significado y formar una nueva palabra. Estos son algunos muy comunes en ingles:
Dis – indica lo opuesto o lo negativo de una palabra.
Dis + like = dislike No gustar
My dad dislike noisy music
Re – indica que algo se hace nuevamente
Re + write = rewrite Reescribir
The writer has the rewrite her play
Un – significa lo negativo, la falta de algo, o lo opuesto a algo.
Un + happy = unhappy Infeliz
The actress is unhappy with her role
Pre – significa “antes” de algo o de alguien, o que se hace como preparación a algo.
Pre + view = preview preestrenar
We attended the preview of the new James Cameron’s movie

MORE PREFIXES
 To redo / re + do = rehacer Susan has to redo the file cabinet
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 To unplug / un + plug = desenchufar Unplug the vacuum cleaner when you

finish.
 To renew / re + new = renovar Caroline is renewing her kitchen.

 To undo / un + do = deshacer I have to undo the cake decoration,

 To disbelieve / dis + believe =
no creer / dudar de
 To review / re view = revisar
 unfair / un + fair = injusto/a
because she doesn’t like it.
I disbelieve what Peter said about the
accident.
Maria has to review all the files
My boss was very unfair for not giving
me the promotion.

 Unpleasant / un + pleasant =
Desagradable
 Unreal / un + real = ireal
 Preschool / pre + school =
preescolar
 Prehistoric / pre + historic =
prehistoria
The smell of that garbage is very unpleasant.
The magic show was very unreal.
Frank’s younger daughter is in preschool.
Dinosaurs are an important part of human
kind prehistoric era.

PALABRAS HOMOFONAS (homophones words)

En ingles hay palabras que se pronuncian igual, pero se escriben de manera distinta y tienen diferente
significado.

I – Eye Ant – Aunt Meet – Meat Rose – Rows Right – Write

Nose – Knows Flower – Flour Live – Leave Maid – Made
To – Too – Two
PALABRAS HOMOGRAFAS (homographs words)
Son palabras que se escriben y se pronuncian igual, pero tienen diferente significado y en algunos casos
se pronuncian diferente.
Bat – Bat Ball – Ball Bank – Bank Light – Light
Ruler – Ruler Sheet - Sheet Dust – Dust Live - Live

LESSON 9. – PRESENT PERFECT (presente perfecto)

The present perfect is form with the verb have + the past participle
THIS ARE THE DIFFERENT SITUATIONS WHEN YOU CAN USE
THE PRESENT PERFECT
Puts emphasis on the results She has written five letters
Action that is still going on School has not started yet
Action that stopped recently She has cooked dinner
Finished action that has influence on the present
I have lost my keys
Action that has taken place once, never, or several
times before the moment of speaking I have never been to Australia

PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS – AFFIRMATIVES – NEGATIVES

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 Have you lived here for a long time?

Question form of the present perfect
 Has Jose been in this class since the
beginning of the term? Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle
 I have lived here for a long time
Affirmative form of the present perfect
 Jose has been in this class since the
beginning of the term Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle
 I have not (haven’t) lived here for a long time
Negative form of the present perfect
 Jose has not (hasn’t) been in this class since
the beginning of the term. Subject + Have/Has + not + Past Participle

Complete las siguientes oraciones en Presente Perfecto.

1. I (not/work) _______________________________________________ today
2. We (buy) ________________________________________________ a new lamp.
3. We (not/plan) ____________________________________________ our holiday yet.
4. Where (be/you) ___________________________________________?
5. He (write) _______________________________________________ five letters
6. She (not/see) ____________________________________________ him for a long time.
7. (be/you) ________________________________________________ to school?
8. School (not/start) _________________________________________ yet.
9. (speak/he) ______________________________________________ to his boss.
10. No, he (have/not) _________________________________________ the time yet.
Construye oraciones utilizando el presente perfecto.
Example: onto his house / climb / snoopy
Snoopy has climbed onto his house.

1. Football / Brian / play / today. _____________________________________________________________

2. Read / her new book / Susan ______________________________________________________________
3. Some money on the street / find / I. _________________________________________________________
4. Have / The Bakers / an accident ____________________________________________________________
5. Tom / the volleyball match / win ____________________________________________________________
6. Alison / lose / the swimming competition _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
7. Mr. Martin / breakfast for the boys / make. ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
8. Some wood for the campfire / The girls / bring _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
9. The Snows / a van / buy / for their holidays ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10. Mrs. Black / wash / the dishes ______________________________________________________________
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Complete las oraciones con las palabras en paréntesis. Use presente perfecto
o pasado simple.

1. Maria got some bad news last week. She (be) __________has been__________ sad since she
(get) ____got________ the bad news.
2. I started school since I was five years old. I (be) ___________________________ in school since
I (be) ___________________ five years old.
3. Ann’s brother arrived a few days ago to visit her. She loves her brother and is happy to be with him.
She (be) ____________________________ happy since her brother (come) _________________.
4. Jack moved to Hong Kong after he graduated from the University. Jack (be) __________________
_________________ in Hong Kong since he (graduate) _______________________ from the
University.
5. The weather was hot and dry for many weeks. Two days ago it rained. The weather (be) ________
_________________ cool and wet, since it _____________________.
6. Jake broke his leg five days ago. He’s in the hospital. He (be) ______________________________
In the hospital since he (brake) _______________________ his leg.

Complete las oraciones usando el presente perfecto

1. (Mr. Jackson / teach) ________Has Mr. Jackson taught________________ biology for a long time?
2. Ms. Smith is a new teacher. She (teach / not) _____________________________ biology for a long
Time.
3. (you / know) _____________________________________ Mary Adams since you were a child?
4. I met Mary Adams only two months ago. I (know / not) ___________________________________
Her for a long time. I’ve known her for only a short time.
5. (She / be) ______________________________________ a good friend of yours for a long time?
6. She (be / not) ______________________________________ a friend of mine for a long time.
7. (your parents / live) _________________________________________ near Mexico City for a long
time?
8. I (read) _________________________________________ that book several times.
9. Martha (wear) ____________________________________ those pants many times.
10. The kids (grow) _____________________________________ so much.