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Abstract
An analytical solution for constant producing pressure conditions for a well near a nonintersecting
finite-conductivity fault, of infinite length in a naturally fractured reservoir, is presented. The solutions
for the dimensionless flow rate are based on a model presented by Abaszadeh and Cinco-Ley. In this
work the model was extended to include constant producing pressure in infinite systems. Flow along
and across the fault plane is considered. It is demonstrated that a graph of q D vs t Ddf for long times
produces a straight line with slope -1/4, it is proportional to F CD . Type curves in terms of fault
conductivity and diffusivity ratios are presented. Finally, a field pressure-buildup test and production
history data from a faulted reservoir that exhibit characteristics predicted by the analytical model are
analyzed. The results show that the initial decline could be a key factor in deciding when to change or
abandon a well, and for a practical viewpoint, given an initial value to the flow rate, it is important to
know the time required to deplete the system composed by the naturally fractured reservoir and the
finite conductivity fault.
1 ≤ rD < d fD (8)
Diffusivity ratio:
Initial condition:
k / φ c + φ c µ p ( r ,0 ) = 0
fbi
fbi tfbi mbi tmbi
i (9)
η = (5) fD D
k / φ c + φ c µ
D
where:
sC
A= K d sf ( s ) − Ko sf ( s ) / π sf ( s )
Internal boundary: 1 fD
p
faD
(0,t )= p (r ,t )
D fD D D
(14)
B = I sf ( s ) / π sf ( s ) + I sf ( s )
1 1
External boundary:
lim p x ,t = 0
x →∞
( ) (15)
C=−I sf (s) K d sf (s) + I d sf (s) K sf (s)
f 1D D D
D
I
1 fD
I
fD
1
Linear transient flow in the formation and (23)
perpendicular towards the fault plane.
∂ 2
p (y D ,tD ) 1 ∂p (y D ,tD ); f (s ) = 1 +
FCD 2 s
+
s
=
f 1D f 1D
∂y 2
η ∂tD πs FCD η f 1D η faD
D f 1D
Initial Condition:
p
f 1D
(y ,0 )= 0
D
(17)
Although the skin is not explicitly considered
in the model, it can be included by the
Internal boundary: convolution scheme in Laplace space27.
p
f 1D
d ,t = p x ,t
fD D faD D D
( ) (18) A Laplace inversion algorithm, such as the
Stehfest routine28, was used to numerically
External boundary: invert Eq. 15, or its extension including a
lim p y ,t = 0
y →∞ f 1D
( D D
) (19) wellbore skin. An analysis should be performed
D to select the value of N, since for each solution
in the Laplace space, there is a value of N that
The pressure drop across the fault. results in the correct numerical inversion
The reservoir and fault flow problems are toward real space, as compared with analytical
coupled at the fault plane by preserving continuity solutions (in this case N was taken as 12).
of pressure and fluxes. An altered region around
the fault is also considered during the coupling of Results
the reservoir and fault solutions. The pressure drop
In the discussion to follow we first review the Dominant fault
basic constant rate results of Abbaszadeh and For high-conductivity cases, the fault plane
Cinco21, because of its close similarity to the initially acts as a linear constant-pressure
constant pressure production decline behavior. boundary13 on a pressure derivative plot (a
Next we show results for the flow rate behavior of straight line with a negative unit slope). As time
a well producing at constant pressure conditions, progresses, pressure at the fault plane
and the analysis of a field test of a well completed decreases, causing fluid entering the fault
nearby a finite conductivity fault. linearly from the reservoir, flowing linearly
along it, and exiting from the fault plane
Effects of Fault Conductivity towards the producing well. This flow
Fig. 5 shows drawdown pressure and pressure- characteristic is seen as a bilinear flow on a
derivative type curves when the skin factor across pressure derivative plot (a straight line with a
the fault plane is equal to zero, and the reservoir quarter slope)23. At later times, when transients
properties on both sides of the fault are the same21. practically have passed the fault system, the
Wellbore storage and well skin effects are not behavior reflects the entire reservoir response,
included. Several curves as a function of and the derivative curves again reach
conductivity of the fault plane, ranging from 10-1 asymptotically the 0.5 line (note that the
to 10+8, are shown on this figure. The derivative mobility ratio for this example is unity).
type curves start at the 0.5 level, which represents It is interesting to note that the pressure-
radial flow in the left hand-side reservoir. transient behavior for intermediate values of
Transparent fault fault conductivity is similar to that exhibited by
The curves deviate from the 0.5 level at tDf=0.25 NFR. The presence of a single conductive fault
when pressure transients reach the fault plane. The in a homogeneous reservoir can give the
degree of deviation depends on the conductivity of appearance of a naturally fractured reservoir on
the fault plane. For conductivities less than 0.1, the pressure-transient tests13. However the
pressure derivative stays on the 0.5 line, indicating quarter-slope straight-line bilinear flow
that there is no flow along the fault plane and that signature, is not developed on transient-
fluid transfer occurs only across the fault. pressure responses. This is in contrast to
This behavior is caused by the presence of very pressure-transient behavior of finite
low conductivity that creates a large resistance to conductivity fractured wells, where both
flow along the fault, while a zero fault skin factor pressure and pressure derivative exhibit
would indicate no resistance to flow across the quarter-slope straight lines parallel to each
fault. Therefore, fluid flow is from the right hand- other.23
side reservoir to the left hand-side reservoir across The absence of the bilinear flow signature on
the fault, as would occur if the fault plane would pressure responses is attributed to the existence
not exist. of pseudoskin, due to an incompressible flow
A zero fault skin factor can occur when there is region around the well at the time when the
no altered region and either, the fault permeability effect to the fault is sensed at the wellbore.
is infinitely large or the fault plane is infinitely The wellbore pressure for the bilinear flow
thin. The corresponding fault conductivities (Eq. regime when there is a contrast in reservoir
6) for these two limiting cases are FCD → ∞ as mobilities at both sides of the fault is:27
2.45
k f → ∞ , and FCD → 0 as w f → 0 , respectively; p ( t )= t
1/ 4
+C
wD Df
2F [ M +1 ]/ M Df 1
basically the latter condition would mean that the CD