Subduction zones are often associated with intense volcanism.

True

What is 'orogenesis'?

The process of mountain building

What process is responsible for causing buildings to tilts during earthquakes?

Liquefaction

The prime risk of ashfall is famine.

True

What is the prime risk for airplanes flying through volcanic ash clouds?

Those ash particles will interfere with the jet engine

The Phillipine Plate is younger, hotter, and more buoyant than the Pacific Plate

True

Where do we see crustal extension?

In the back arc

Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide:

Find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA).

How deep are most of the Earthquakes along this boundary?

less than 33 km

Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide:

Find the plate boundary between the Nazca (NZ) and the South American Plate (NA). As the

distance from the oceanic trench increases, earthquake depth...

Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide:

Find the Mariana Subduction Zone at the boundary between the Pacific (PA) and Phillipine Plate

(PH). Which plate is being subducted?

The Pacific Plate

The Mediterranean Ocean is a dying ocean. Would you characterize the age of oceanic crust in

eastern Mediterranean Ocean as being…

Very Old

Would you expect a plate that was subducting at a steep angle to have…

A narrower Benioff Zone

Lahars can strike any time.

True

Examine the image of Mount St. Helens. What do we call the cloud of hot gas and rock

descending downslope? (image source: USGS)

A pyroclastic flow

Many parts of Greater Vancouver are built on soft deltaic sediment. What risk are they most

susceptible to during an earthquake?

Liquefaction

Continent-Continent collision makes larger mountain belts than in oceanic-continent

convergence zones.

True

What is pushing Africa northwards into Europe?

The opening of the Mediterranean

Orogens typically form at what type of convergent boundary?

Ocean-continent

The Mariana Subduction zone is an example of what type of convergence

Ocean-ocean

Module 5:

Which of the following is the most felsic?

Granite

Which of the following terms describes the process of turning sediment into sedimentary rock?

Lithification

What is the name for an intermediate igneous rock that cooled very quickly?

Andesite

What mineral is common in all igneous rock types?

Plagioclase Feldspar

What of the following could be the parent rock of a schist?

Shale

What type of metamorphism changes the rock through fluid alteration?

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Which of the following rock types forms from cooling of magma?

Igneous Rocks

Which of the following is the most mafic?

Basalt
Which rocks resemble a Christmas Pudding?

Diamictite

The largest boulder in the Rock Walk is composed of what rock type?

Marble

What is the most common type of rock found in the Rock Walk?

Granite

How can you tell whether a magma cooled at surface or underground?

The size of its component crystals

The Whirlpool Sandstone is especially associated with what iconic Toronto building. What is it

Queen’s Park

Where is a marble monument close to University of Toronto, Scarborough (UTSC)?

Guild Inn

Where is a Gothic skyscraper made of limestone?

Whitney Block

What quartzite commemorates a very uncivil battle?

Gandesa quartzite

What is the source of the many bricks that were used to build Toronto in the late nineteenth

century?

Don Valley Brickyard

Gooderham and Worts Distillery is made of what rock type from Kingston?

Limestone

Whose hands are ‘made of stone’ and where is he found?

Hockey player at Ryerson University

What Ontario museum lies on a fault?

Science North

Module 6

MODULE 6: (GOT 18/20)

What are bricks made of?

Crushed rock or aggregate and cement

The two most valuable commodities mined in Ontario are?

Nickel and Gold

What is the deepest mine in Ontario?

Kidd Creek Mine?

From which region did Paleoindians extract copper to use in trade?

Lake Superior

Native Copper around Lake Superior is associated with what geologic structure?

The Mid Continent Rift

During storms, what happens in a river within a "hardened" watershed?

No change in rate of discharge

Why was the Kamiskotia Mine so environmentally treacherous?

Crushed sulphide minerals reacted with water to create sulfuric acid

On what geologic feature is the generation of hydroelectric power primarily based in Ontario?

The Niagara Escarpment

What geologic feature are the gold deposits in Timmins located within?

The Abitibi Greenstone Belt

What commodity is mined at the Red Lake Camp?

Gold

What commodity is Elliot Lake famous for?

Uranium
What commodity was mined from the Atikokan Region following WWII?

Iron

What commodities are often found in ancient "black smoker" systems?

Base Metals

Where do we find most of our industrial-quality feldspar?

The Grenville Belt

What element is "Pitchblende" rich in?

Uranium

What rock type/feature are most minerals in the Canadian Shield associated with?

Greenstone Belts

What mineral is iron found in at the Sir James Mine near Wawa?

Siderite

What commodity is used to make cement?

Lime Mud (marl)

What commodity is used to make ceramics?

Feldspar minerals

What commodity is used to make stainless steel alloys?

What commodity is used to make stainless steel alloys?\

Chromium

Module 7:

Lake Superior follows what ancient geologic structure formed about 1.1-1.0 billion years ago?

The Mid Continent Rift

Which geologic province formed at the edge of Arctica?

The Superior Province

Which rocks record the formation of Rodinia?

The Grenville Province

Which subprovince of the Superior Province is the oldest?

Winnipeg River Subprovince

Which of the following subprovinces of the Superior Province are granite-greenstone?

Quetico ? Albeit

Which type of "belt" probably originated as a volcanic arc similar to japan?

Granite-greenstone belts

What structure, if traced southwards under the Paleozoic cover would track just east of Toronto?

The CMMBZ

The CMB stands for 'Crystalline Metamorphic Belt"

False

When continental crust is stretched, it is typically accompanied by subsidence

True

The Grenville Orogeny occurred when Nena collided with Arctica

Group of answer choices

Fasle

What minerals are mined at the site of Canada's largest meteorite impact?

Nickel, copper, platinum

What supercontinent does the Grenville Province record the growth of?

Rodinia

What process makes continents grow larger?

Plate subduction

How did many of the rocks of the Wabigoon Subprovince originate?

From landslides off of volcanic islands

What was the depositional setting of the 2.4 billion year old Lorraine Quartzite?

Sands deposited in rivers and beaches

What was climate like during deposition of the Gowganda Formation 2.4 billion years ago?

Very cold, possible glaciated

What belt was generally subjected to higher depths, pressures, and temperatures?
The Central Gneiss Belt

What is gabbro?

Coarse grained mafic (dark-coloured) igneous rock

In what structure were sediments of the Sibley Group deposited?

Mid Continent Rift

What is diabase?

A coarser-grained version of basalt

Module 8:

What units are exposed directly beneath the Lockport Dolostone in the Niagara Gorge?

The Clinton and Cataract Groups

Which of the following Paleozoic formations is known for having many fish fossils?

The Bertie Formation

What is the age range of rocks in the Algonquin Arch?

Middle Ordovician to Upper Devonian

Limestone typically forms in shallow water relative to shale

True

Before the Cashel Peneplain was covered bylayered Paleozoic rocks, it was probably very rough,
steep, mountainous terrain.

False
No Paleozoic rocks were ever deposited between the northern and southern exposure of the Great

Unconformity

False

Layering in sedimentary rock is caused by changing environmental conditions

True

Which rock units would you expect to see in the Niagara Escarpment?

All other options are correct

What is the name of the ocean that flooded Ontario 500 million years ago?

Iapetus

What process has created the Monteregian Hills?

Igneous intrusions?

Highstanding areas of the Canadian Shield became what in the Paleozoic Sea?

Islands

What does the Great Unconformity separate?

precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks ?

What were the waters of the Michigan Basin like?

Highly Saline

What is a "tempestite"?

A sedimentary bed deposited during a storm

What is a "seismite"?

A geologic structure made by deformation during an earthquake

Why did many coral reefs die in the Ordovician?

Why did many coral reefs die in the Ordovician?

They were smothered by sediment

Why is "Petrolia" famous?

The first oil well in the world

What was used before oil was pumped from rocks?

Whale oil

What is a "diatreme"
A volcanic pipe that extends from mantle to surface

Why is there a Paleozoic Outlier in the Lake Temiskaming area?

They were preserved by subsidence while uplifted rocks were eroded

Module 9: (20/20)

What was the major continental river system prior to the Pleistocene Glaciations?

The Bell River

What is the name of the ice lobe that once covered Lake Simcoe?

The Simcoe Lobe

During glacial periods, the oxygen 18 concentration of water in ice sheets is…

Low

Which term describes a sinuous ridge of sediment formed by subglacial rivers?

Esker
What water bodies did the Laurentian Channel connect?

Georgian bay and Lake Ontario

Where in Canada is the land surface subsiding?

Southern Prairies

When was ice last in southern Ontario (approximately)?

13,000 years ago

An outwash plain is formed by rivers washing out from an ice sheet.

True

The waterway that connected the Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario prior to the glaciations was

called the Laurentian Channel.

True

Recessional moraines form before (earlier than) terminal moraines?

False
Where are you most likely to find a fissure cave?

Along the Niagara Escarpment

How and when did many of Toronto's ravines form?

During ice retreat about 12000 years ago when glacial Lake Iroquois drained suddenly.

Why is there so much carbonate rock in central Ontario tills?

The local bedrock was quarried by ice

What force carves out deep channels and potholes?

Pressurized subglacial meltwater laden with sediment

What is an ice stream?

A corridor of fast-flowing ice

What is flow switching?

Changes in the directionality of ice flow

What sediment is often deposited along the shorelines of glacial lakes?

Sands and gravels

Where was glacial lake Iroquois?

on present day Lake Ontario

Where would you go to see the process of "cambering"

Niagara Escarpment

Where are most Alvars in Ontairo?

On the northern edge of the Paleozoic cover strata

Module 10: (15/20)

Examine the Channels through Toronto Islands on The First Geological Map of Toronto. Why do

you suppose these were built?

To facilitate shipping routes into the protected Toronto Harbour

Hyde Park Landfill is

A large chemical waste site which is smaller than the notorious chemical waste site at Love

Canal

How does watershed hardening influence the dynamics of large rainfall events in urban centers?

Impervious surfaces divert rainfall through overland flow directly into lakes and rivers leading to

flooding and erosion

Imagine you are walking north from Toronto's downtown core (north of Toronto Harbour on The

First Geological Map of Toronto), how will you know that you have walked passed the shoreline

of Glacial Lake Iroquois?

You would have walked up a noticeable rise in topography

A device for lifting and lowering ships across steep topographical barriers is called what?

A lock

Cootes paradise is known for its

Loss of wetland and environmental degradation due to anthropogenic activities

What is a local example of a 'misfit' stream?

Welland Canal

Using The First Geological Map of Toronto, are the sediments composing the Toronto Islands

older or younger than those underlying Toronto's current downtown area?

Younger

Examine the shape of the coastline near Union Station within Toronto Harbour on The First

Geological Map of Toronto. Is this a natural coastline?

No

Canals such as the Chippewa Queenston Canal provide drinking water to the Greater Toronto

Area

False

The re-purposing of Niagara Falls for hydroelectric power generation has led to

Increased water flow over the falls

Examine the topographic contours on The First Geological Map of Toronto. Which of the

following is true?
Lake Iroquois sediment (yellow stippling) forms a flat plain

The use of berms at the Scarborough Bluffs has had what consequence?

Reduction of erosion and sediment supply to the beaches and Toronto Islands to the west

Using the interactive image on the "Sprawling north on Highway 404" slide, which statement

best characterizes the changes to the area?

Urban sprawl has lead to widespread development and paving which result in watershed

hardening

Which site exhibits slope failure of canal side walls constructed in soft sediments?

Love Canal

Deep ravines in the Toronto area (east of the current downtown area) were carved by

Flowing rivers eroding into soft sediment when Glacial Lake Iroquois was draining

What is the large yellow region north of Victoria Park Ave. and Kingston Road on The First

Geological Map of Toronto ?

A Lake Iroquois sandspit or island

Low oxygen conditions observed in Frenchman's Bay during the summer can be attributed to

A lack of runoff entering the bay due to the preservation of significant green space around the

bay

Deforestation ravaged High Park (Toronto) between 1954 and 2016

False

Interact with the image showing Frenchman's Bay. Which of the following has occurred as a

result of watershed hardening?

The marshy land once occupying the back of the embayment has been eroded
Exam questions :

● 1. A negative magnetic anomaly could indicate: a) a body of buried iron ore b) the

magnetic field strength is higher than the regional average c) an intrusion of

gabbro d) the presence of a kimberlite pipe e) none of the above

● 2. Some of the youngest rocks in the world are found in the Slave Province of the

Northwest Territories. a) True b) False

● 3. Evidence for the opening of the Iapetus Ocean can be found in the ophiolites of

● Newfoundland. a) True b) False

● 4. Permafrost is: a) ground that remains unfrozen except for a thin surface layer b)

ground that is perennially frozen c) ground that was frozen during the Precambrian

d) ground that is annually frozen e) none of the above.

● 5. A sub-bottom profiler measures what?

● a) the topography of the lake floor b) water depth c) sediment layers below the lake

floor c) all of the above

● 6. Are DNAPLs are less dense than LNAPLs? a) True b) False

● 7. The tectonic construction of North America has taken 2000 million years. a) True

b) False
 ● 8. Rocks of the Canadian Shield are exposed in the Grand Canyon in Arizona. a)

True b) False

● 9. Rocks of the Burgess Shale in western Canada give a unique insights into life

on Earth about 45 million years ago a) True or b) False?

● 10. Hardening of watersheds by urbanization results in enhanced infiltration of

rainwater into the ground a) True b) False

Answer :

1.c) an intrusion of gabbro

2. False

oldest rocks

3.true

4. B. ground that is perennially frozen

5.d all of the above

6. False

DNAPL - dense non aqueous phase liquid is denser than LNAPL liquid non aqueous phase

liquid

7. False

30-2.5 million years ago

8. True

9.false

it was 500 million years ago

10. false

reduces infiltration