Logical Thinking F2020 Assignment 2

Logical Thinking, Fall 2020
Assignment #2
Please read the following instructions:
1. Please print out this document and write your answer in the space
provided.
2. Plagiarism or Cheating is not allowed. Even if you cheat in only one

question, you will be marked zero in the entire assignment.
3. Some of the questions are from Chapter 1 of the book. Contact me in

office hours if you are unable to access the book from the link in the
portal
4. To submit: Staple the sheets, sign the declaration on the last page and
hand it over to me in class.
5. SECTION: ____________________________________________________________________________
6. ROLL NUMBER:
____________________________________________________________________________
7. NAME: ____________________________________________________________________________
8. SUBMISSION DATE:
____________________________________________________________________________
Total marks: 270
Submission Due date: 23-24 November, 2020 (first class of that week)
Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 1

Your not-so-secret powers – Polya’s recommended problem-solving techniques
■ Make a list of the known information.

■ Make a list of information that is needed.
■ Draw a diagram.
■ Make an organized list that shows all the possibilities.
■ Make a table or a chart.
■ Work backwards.
■ Try to solve a similar but simpler problem.
■ Look for a pattern.
■ Write an equation.
■ If necessary, define what each variable represents.
■ Perform an experiment.
■ Guess at a solution and then check your result.
■ Use indirect reasoning.
Link to download book:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/yqd4rrp8t46pgsl/Mathematical%20Thinking%20and%20Quan
titative%20Reasoning.zip?dl=0
(Ignore the sign-up / sign in dialog box and click on the download arrow near the top-right of
the screen)

1. With a friend or family member, play three games of 3-Spot Sprouts. Did each of the 3-
Spot Sprouts that you played have at least 2(3) = 6 moves and at most 3(3)-1 = 8 moves?
Game #1
Start Player #1, Move #1 Player #2, Move #1
Player #1, Move #2 Player #2, Move #2 Player #1, Move #3
Player #1, Move #5 Player #2, Move #5 (…)

Game #2

Game #3

2. In a 2-Spot Sprouts game, the second player can always play in a manner that will guarantee a
win. In the following exercises, you are asked to illustrate a winning strategy for the second player in
three situations.
a. In a 2-Spot Sprouts game, the first player makes the first move as shown here:
What move can the second player make to guarantee a win? Explain how you know this
move will guarantee that the second player will win.  
Answer:

b. In a 2-Spot Sprouts game, the first player makes the first move as shown here:
What move can the second player make to guarantee a win? Explain how you know this
move will guarantee that the second player will win.  
Answer:

c. In a 2-Spot Sprouts game, the first player draws a curve from A to B and the second player draws
a curve from B back to A as shown here:
At this point, the game can progress in several different ways. However, it is possible to show that
regardless of how the first player responds on the third move, the second player can win the game on
the fourth move.
Choose, at random, a next move for the first player and demonstrate how the second player can win
the game on the fourth move.
Answer:

3. Use inductive reasoning to find the most probable next element in the list:
a. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ?
Answer:
b. 3/5, 5/7, 7/9, 9/11, 11/13, 13/15, ?
Answer:
c. 2, 7, -3, 2, -8, -3, -13, -8, -18, ?
Answer:
4. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next letter in the following list:  
O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, . . .  
Answer:
Hint: Look for a pattern that involves letters from words used for counting.  
5. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next symbol in the following list.  
Hint: Look for a pattern that involves counting numbers and symmetry about a line.  
Answer:

6. The Foucault Pendulum For the World’s Fair in 1850, the French physicist Jean Bernard
Foucault (foo-ko) installed a pendulum in the Pantheon in Paris. Foucault’s pendulum had a
period of about 16.4 seconds. If a pendulum with a length of 0.25 meter has a period of 1
second, find the length of Foucault’s pendulum.
The data in this table may help you:
Length of Pendulum Period (in heartbeats)

1 1
4 2
9 3
16 4
Answer:

7. Open Page 12 of the book and attempt the following questions:
17 (on Page 12).

Answer:
19 (on Page 12).

Answer:
21 (on Page 12).

Answer:
23 (on Page 12).

Answer:
24 (on Page 12).

Answer:

8. Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive:
Argument Inductive Deductive

A number is a “neat” number if the sum of the cubes of
its digits equals the number. Therefore, 153 is a “neat”
number.  
Since
11 x (1)(101) = 1111
11 x (2)(101) = 2222
11 x (3)(101) = 3333
11 x (4)(101) = 4444
11 x (5)(101) = 5555
we know that the product of 11 and a multiple of 101 is

a number in which every digit is the same.
The following equations show that n2 - n + 11 is a prime
number for all counting numbers n = {1, 2, 3, 4,.... }
n=1 (1)2 - 1 + 11 = 11  
n=2 (2)2 - 2 + 11 = 13  
n=3 (3)2 - 3 + 11 = 17  
n=4 (4)2 - 4 + 11 = 23  
When trying to decide, you may ask yourself the following questions:
- Can there be a counter-example to the conclusion?
- Is there a pattern or is there a structure in the argument?
- Is there a general rule among the premises?
- True or False: (the conclusion is not about something in the future) OR (the conclusion
is about something in the future AND the general rule has explanatory power).
- Is it well-bounded, such that its claims can be verified within those bounds?
- Is the conclusion specific?
- Is the conclusion well-bounded? That is, does it talk about specific instances from the
same world as the general premises in the argument?
- Gut check: Do you feel confident betting your life on it, as long as the premises are true?

9. Finding Counter-examples Open the book to Page 13 and answer the following questions:
33 (on Page 13).

Answer:
36 (on Page 13).

Answer:
38 (on Page 13).

Answer:
39 (on Page 13).

Answer:
42 (on Page 13).

Answer:

10. Watch this video about the Monty Hall problem:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xp6V_lO1ZKA&t=238s
You can also find it on YouTube by searching for: “Probability and the Monty Hall problem |
Probability and combinatorics | Precalculus | Khan Academy”
Answer these questions based on what you learned in the video:

a. Why is the probability of winning when you switch = 2/3 ?
Answer:
b. Imagine a variation of the Monty Hall problem where there are four doors, three goats and
one car. What is the probability of winning the car when your strategy is to never switch after
the host shows you a goat behind one of the other doors?
Answer:

11. A farmer needs to get a dog, a rabbit, and a basket of carrots across a river. The farmer has
a small boat that will only stay afloat carrying the farmer and one of the animals or the farmer
and the carrots. The farmer cannot leave the dog alone with the rabbit because the dog will eat
the rabbit. The farmer cannot leave the rabbit alone with the carrots because the rabbit will eat
the carrots. How can the farmer get across the river with the critters and the carrots?
Answer:

12. Counting at Gauss’ party

a. If 15 people greet each other at a meeting by shaking hands with one another, how many
handshakes will take place?
Answer:
b. Find the sum of the first 15 natural numbers.
Answer:

13. Muzzammil, Zarmeen, Runaas, and Eemaan are attending UCP. One student is a computer
science major, one is a chemistry major, one is a business major, and one is a biology major.
From the following clues, determine which major each student is pursuing.
a. Muzzammil and the computer science major are next-door neighbors.
b. Zarmeen and the chemistry major have attended UCP for 2 years. Runaas has attended UCP
for 3 years, and the biology major has attended UCP for 4 years.
c. Eemaan has attended UCP for fewer years than Muzzammil.
d. The business major has attended UCP for 2 years.
Answer:

14. Map Coloring The following map shows seven countries in the Indian subcontinent. Four
colors have been used to color the countries such that no two bordering countries are the same
color.
a. Can this map be colored, using only three colors, such that no two bordering countries are
the same color? Explain.  

b. Can this map be colored, using only two colors, such that no two bordering countries are the
same color? Explain.  

15. The following bar graph shows the percents of the U.S. population, age 25 and over, who
have attained bachelor’s degrees or higher for se- lected years from 1940 to 2000.
a. During which 10-year period did the percent of bachelor’s degree or higher recipients
increase the most?
Answer:
b. What was the amount of that increase?

Answer:

16. Palindromic numbers read the same from left to right as they read from right to left. For
instance, 37,573 is a palindromic number. Find the smallest palindromic number larger than
1000 that is a multiple of 5.
Answer:
17. Is the set of natural numbers a proper subset of the set of whole numbers?
Hint: Table on Page 33 of the book
Answer:
18. Is the set of real numbers a proper subset of the set of rational numbers?
Hint: Table on Page 33 of the book
Answer:
19. List all the subsets of the following sets:

a. {s, u, n}
Answer:
b. {aanna, dawaana, chawanni, athanni}

Answer:
c. {I, II}
Answer:

20. Draw Venn diagrams to check whether the following pairs of expressions are equal for all
sets A, B and C:
a. A’ ⋃ (B ⋃ C) and (A’ ⋃ B) U (A’ ⋃ C)
Answer:
b. A ⋂ (B’ ⋂ C) and (A ⋃ B’) ⋂ (A ⋃ C)
Answer:
21. Draw a Venn diagram with each of the given elements in the correct region:
U = {e, h, r, d, w, s, t }
A = {t, r, e} 
B = {w, s, r, e}
C’ = {s, r, d, h}
Answer:

22. A Television Survey A survey of 250 families in a housing society was taken to determine
how they acquired their television service. The survey found that the families acquired their
television service through a cable service, through a satellite service (dish antenna), or by
using a regular antenna. Of the families surveyed:
 155 used a cable service.
 142 used a satellite service.
 80 used an antenna.
 64 used both a cable service and a satellite service.
 26 used both a cable service and an antenna.
 55 used both a satellite service and an antenna.
 14 used all three methods to acquire their television service.
How many of the families in the survey:
a. used only a cable service to acquire their television service?
b. used only a satellite service to acquire their television service?
c. did not use any of the three methods?

23. A Famous Puzzle The mathematician Augustus De Morgan wrote that he had the
distinction of being x years old in the year x2. He was 43 in the year 1849.
a. In which year was Augustus De Morgan born?
b. Explain why people born in the year 1980 might share the distinction of being x years old in
the year x2.
Note: Assume x is a natural number.
c. What is the next year after 1980 for which people born in that year might be x years old in
the year x2.
24. If it were two hours later, it would be half as long until midnight as it would be if it were an
hour later. What time is it now?
‫اگر ابھی سے دو گھنٹے کے بعد کی بات کریں تو رات کے بارہ بجٹے میں جننا وقت رہنا وہ ابھی سے ابک گھنٹے بعد کی نسبت آدھا ہوگا۔ ابھی کنا وقت‬
‫ہوا ہے؟‬

25. How many children are there in a family wherein each girl has as many brothers as sisters,
but each boy has twice as many sisters as brothers?
‫ مگر ہر بنٹے کے جنٹے بھائی ہیں اس سے دو گنا زبادہ بہنیں ہیں۔ اس خابدان‬،‫ابک خابدان میں ہر بنٹی کے ا تٹے ہی بھائی ہیں کہ جنٹی بہنیں ہیں‬
‫میں کل کنٹے بچے ہیں؟‬

26. Floor Design A square floor is tiled with congruent square tiles. The tiles on the two
diagonals of the floor are blue. The rest of the tiles are green. If 101 blue tiles are used, find the
total number of tiles on the floor.
Note: The following figure is not drawn to scale.

27. Navigation and networks Alia wants to walk from point A (top-right of map) to point B
(bottom-left of map), avoiding points C and D.
How many direct routes can Alia take?
B D

Please include this declaration of originality of your work in your assignment with your
signature:
DECLARATION:
I am aware of and understand the University’s policy on plagiarism and I certify that
this assignment is my own work, except where indicated by referencing, and that I
have followed the good academic practices noted above
Signed ...........................................................................................................................

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Logical Thinking, Fall 2020

Please read the following instructions:

2. Plagiarism or Cheating is not allowed. Even if you cheat in only one

3. Some of the questions are from Chapter 1 of the book. Contact me in

Total marks: 270

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 1

Your not-so-secret powers – Polya’s recommended problem-solving techniques

■ Make a list of the known information.

Link to download book:

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 2

Start Player #1, Move #1 Player #2, Move #1

Player #1, Move #2 Player #2, Move #2 Player #1, Move #3

Player #2, Move #3 Player #1, Move #4 Player #2, Move #4

Player #1, Move #5 Player #2, Move #5 (…)

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 3

Start Player #1, Move #1 Player #2, Move #1

Player #1, Move #2 Player #2, Move #2 Player #1, Move #3

Player #2, Move #3 Player #1, Move #4 Player #2, Move #4

Player #1, Move #5 Player #2, Move #5 (…)

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 4

Start Player #1, Move #1 Player #2, Move #1

Player #1, Move #2 Player #2, Move #2 Player #1, Move #3

Player #2, Move #3 Player #1, Move #4 Player #2, Move #4

Player #1, Move #5 Player #2, Move #5 (…)

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 5

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 6

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 7

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 8

a. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ?

b. 3/5, 5/7, 7/9, 9/11, 11/13, 13/15, ?

c. 2, 7, -3, 2, -8, -3, -13, -8, -18, ?

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 9

The data in this table may help you:

Length of Pendulum Period (in heartbeats)

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 10

7. Open Page 12 of the book and attempt the following questions:

17 (on Page 12).

19 (on Page 12).

21 (on Page 12).

23 (on Page 12).

24 (on Page 12).

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 11

8. Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive:

Argument Inductive Deductive

we know that the product of 11 and a multiple of 101 is

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 12

33 (on Page 13).

36 (on Page 13).

38 (on Page 13).

39 (on Page 13).

42 (on Page 13).

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 13

10. Watch this video about the Monty Hall problem:

Answer these questions based on what you learned in the video:

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 14

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 15

12. Counting at Gauss’ party

b. Find the sum of the first 15 natural numbers.

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 16

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 17

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 18

Assignment #2 19-Nov-20 Page 19

b. What was the amount of that increase?