Exercise 3.

1
Solving Mathematical Problems by Inductive Reasoning

Name: ________________________________________________________
Score:
Course-Block: _________________ Schedule: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________________________

A. Predict the next number in the sequence.

1. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, 45, _____
5 7 9 11 13 15
2. , , , , , , ___
3 5 7 9 11 13
3. -18, -8, -13, -3, -8, -2, -3, 7, 2, _____
4. 8, 15, 24, 35, 48, _____
5. 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, ______
6. 1, 5, 11, 19, 29, _____
7. 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, _____
1 1 1 1 1
8. 1, , , , , , ______
2 3 4 5 6
3 5 7 9
9. , , , , ______
12 34 56 78
10. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, _____

B. Find the nth term of the sequence

1. 10, 10, 12, 16, 22, 30, …
2. 17, 15, 25, 53, 105, 187, …
1 1 3 2 5 3
3. , , , , , ,…
3 2 5 3 7 4
4. 2, 14, 36, 68, 110, …
3 21 55
5. ,5, ,18, ,39, …
2 2 2

C. Solve the following problems by induction:

1. Think of a positive number. Multiply it by 4. Add 8 to the result. Divide the new result by 2.
On the table below, list down the numbers you thought of and the result of performing the
indicated mathematical operation.

Number being thought of

Result of performing the

math operations

2. Study the table carefully and find the formula to find the number being thought of easily.

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

3. Find the units digit of .

4. Ancient Filipinos exchange their gold for porcelain wares and jade of the Chinese. The
exchange rate are as follows:
2 pieces of gold = 20 pieces of jade
15 pieces of gold = 6 baskets of jade
10 baskets of jade = 1 bowlful of gold
How many pieces of jade are there in 1 bowlful of gold?

5. One cut of a metal rod produces two pieces of metal rods. Two cuts produce three pieces.
three cuts produce four pieces. How many pieces are produced in 7 and 9 cuts? Predict the
nth term formula for the number of pieces of metal rods that are produced by n cuts of a
metal rod.

6. Prove that the following statements are false:

a. The sum of two odd counting numbers is always even.

b. For all number x, x  5  x  5 .

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

x 2  25
c. For all number x,  x 5.
x 5

d. For all number x, x 2  x .

e. For all number x, x2  36  x  6 .

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

Exercise 3.2
Solving Mathematical Problems by Deductive Reasoning

Name: ________________________________________________________
Score:
Course-Block: _________________ Schedule: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________________________

A. Find the first three terms of the sequence whose nth terms is as follows:

1. 4n2  1

2. n3  3n  4

1
3.
n  2n
2

1
4.
2n n

5. 3n1

6. n  n  1  n  2 
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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

1
7.
2n

8. n 2n

n3
9.
n  n  1 n  2 

10. 3n  1

B. Evaluate the following using the terms in the Fibonacci Sequence

1. 4Fn  2Fn2 when n = 10

2. FnFn2  Fn1Fn2 when n = 7

3. 6Fn  Fn3  2Fn1 when n = 8

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

Fn
4. when n = 15
Fn 3

F3n
5.  3F5 when n = 4
Fn2

C. Solve the following problems by deduction:

1. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following produces always the number 3.
Pick a number. Add 5 to it. Subtract 7 from the result. Subtract twice the original
number from the previous result.

2. Use deductive reasoning to show that the following produces always the original number
increased by 2.
Pick a number. Multiply it by 4. Add 8 to it. Divide the result by 4.

3. The nth term formula for the maximum number of pieces of baked cheese cake, Pn, that can
n  n  1
be produced by n straight cuts is Pn  .
2
a. Use the nth term formula to determine the maximum number of pieces that can be
produced by 7 straight cuts.

b. What is the smallest number of straight cuts that you can use if one wishes to
produce at least 45 pieces?

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

4. Four friends Sheldon, Raj, Leonard and Howard decided to invest their 50,000 dollars
savings in stocks. Each chooses a different stock. One chooses a blue chip stock, another a
growth stock, the other chooses an income stock and another chooses a penny stock. From
the following clues, determine who bought which stock.
a. Sheldon and the owner of the blue chip stock purchased their shares through an
online brokerage, while Raj and the owner of the growth stock did not.
b. The gain in value of Leonard’s stocks is twice the gain in the value of the growth
stock.
c. The income stock is traded on American Stock Exchange, whereas the stock that Raj
bought is trades on the Chicago Stock Exchange

5. Three chess players, Garry , Anatoly and Vishy competed for fun. Two of them won and one
lost. Determine who won and lost by using the following clues:
a. Anatoly won his match, if Garry lost his match.
b. If Garry won his match, then Vishy lost his match.
c. Anatoly lost his match, if Vishy won his match.

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

Exercise 3.3
KenKen Puzzle and Magic Square

Name: ________________________________________________________
Score:
Course-Block: _________________ Schedule: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________________________

Solve the following KenKen puzzles and Magic Squares

1. KenKen
22+ 6+

40× 4 6×

30× 5÷

2. KenKen
160× 45×

1 20×

15× 20×

12+ 4 2÷

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

3. Magic Square

4. Magic Square

5. Magic Square

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

Exercise 3.4
Cryptarithm

Name: ________________________________________________________
Score:
Course-Block: _________________ Schedule: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________________________

A. Each letter in the cryptarithm represents one of the digits 0 through 9. Determine which digit is
represented by each of the letters in the given cryptarithm.

1. KL
 C C
KL
+KLF
CFAL

2. BE
 EB
BE
+BBA
BCDE

3. PQRS
+TQRQ
PUVPV

4. AOA
 Y E S_
MORE
+ T YSE
ERUO
EEMYEE

5. ONE
ONE
+ ONE
ONE
TEN

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

Exercise 3.5
Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy

Name: ________________________________________________________
Score:
Course-Block: _________________ Schedule: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________________________

A. Solve the following using Polya’s problem solving strategy.

1. How many varieties of pizza flavors can be made from 4 meat toppings, 2 kinds of
mushroom, 4 kinds of cheese and 3 fruits?

2. How many plate numbers consisting of three letters and three digits can be created using
the letters in the English alphabet and the digits from 0 to 9?

3. Mario and Luigi are on their way from work to home. Mario runs half the time and walks
half the time. Luigi runs half the distance and walks half the distance. If both Mario and
Luigi walk and run at the same speed, who arrives home first?

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

4. In a volleyball league consisting of 10 teams, each team plays each of the other teams
exactly twice. How many league games will be played?

5. In how many ways can you change a 20-peso bill using the 1-peso coins, 5-peso coins, and
10-peso coins?

6. In how many ways can you answer a 15-question true or false test if you answer the first
two questions with true and rest with a true or a false answer?

7. A pair of shorts and a shirt together costs 500 php. The shirt costs 300 pesos more than the
shorts. What is the cost of each garment?

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 Chapter 3. Problem Solving and Reasoning

8. How many different direct routes are there from City A to City B in the following figure?
City A

City B

9. There are 5 different roads from City A to City B and 3 different roads from City B to City C.
In how many ways can one go from City A to City C passing through City B?

10. Using the digits 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9, how many five-digit numbers can be formed if the number is
divisible by 2 and repetition of digits is not allowed?

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