Chapter 01: Introduction

 Introduction
 Background of the thesis
 Related Work
 Specific Objectives
 Layout of thesis
1.1 Introduction:
In this chapter the reader will get a view on background of the study, basic
idea of winding, related works, motivation, objectives and layout of the
study.

1.2 Background of the thesis:

Vector diagrams are diagrams that depict the direction and relative magnitude of
a vector quantity by a vector arrow. Vector diagrams can be used to describe the
velocity of a moving object during its motion. In a vector diagram, the magnitude
of a vector quantity is represented by the size of the vector arrow. In electrical
engineering, a vector group is the International Electro-Technical Commission
method of categorizing the high voltage winding and low voltage winding
configurations of three-phase transformers. The vector group indicates the phase
difference between the primary and secondary sides, introduced due to that
particular configuration of transformer windings connection. The Determination
of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting two or
more transformers in parallel.
Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary winding, one for each
phase and three sets of secondary winding wound on the same iron core. Separate
single-phase transformer can be used and externally interconnected to yield the
same results as a 3-phase unit.
The primary winding is connected in one of several ways. The two most common
configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected
to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities
(or polarity) ends are connected together. The secondary winding is connected
similarly. This means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and
secondary winding connected the same (delta-delta or star-star), or differently
(delta-star or star-delta).
It is important to remember that the secondary voltage waveform is in phase with
the primary waveform when the primary and secondary winding are connected the
same way. This condition is called “no phase shift.” But when the primary and
secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage waveform
will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveform by 30 electrical
degrees. This is called a 30 degree phase shift. When two transformers are
connected in parallel, their phase shifts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will
occur when the transformers are energized.” The Determination of vector group of
transformers is very important before connecting two or more transformers in
parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are connected in parallel,
then phase difference exist between the secondary of the transformers and large
circulating current flows between the two transformers which is very detrimental.
A vector group test ensures all the primary and secondary winding ends have been
identified and terminated correctly. Most importantly it confirms that the start and
finish of each winding have been identified and connected correctly.

It is possible to have two transformers of identical rating and appearance with

identical output phase-to-phase and phase-to neutral voltage readings. But if for
example one transformer has all its secondary winding starts connected to the star
point, and the other has its finishes connected to the star point, each output of one
transformer will be 180 degrees out of phase with the same output of the other.
This means any attempt to parallel the transformer outputs to achieve redundancy
will fail.

A properly conducted vector group test will uncover this type of fault before
dispatch. Also it is common practice for the customer to specify the required vector
grouping, e.g. Dyn11. And it’s always a good idea to follow a customer’s
specifications where possible.

Figure: Vector group of Transformer

1.3 Related Work:

The connection of all the windings in a three-phase transformer is indicated by a

vector group symbol. This symbol indicates the winding connections and their
relative phase displacement by means of a numerical index.

Transformer (TX) is a very costly unit in an electrical distribution network.

Whenever we connect two transformers in parallel, we need to make sure that the
phase difference b/w secondary of both the transformer are identical.
Unfortunately, if any phase difference exists b/w TX secondary then large current
(S/C condition may occur) will flow b/w two transformers and it may damage both
the transformer.

The vector group of a transformer indicates what type of connection is made

between the winding of that transformer. So we must know the vector group when
connecting two or more transformers in parallel. Because if we connect two
transformers of different vector groups in parallel, a large amount of circulating
current will flow between those two transformers which will affect the
transformers and their working.

If we do not know the vector group of a transformer, then we cannot find out the
no-load current, iron loss properly. Hence vector group test is important when we
want to connect the two transformers in parallel. But it is also mandatory to check
the vector group even if we are connecting it in single

If we do not know the vector group of the transformer, then we also cannot draw
the proper input, output voltage, and current wave forms.
Yy0

Figure: Connection of star-star(Yy0) vector group of Transformer

Dd0

Figure: Connection of delta-delta (Dd0) vector group of Transformer

Yy6

Figure: Connection of star-star (Yy6) vector group of Transformer

Dd4

Figure: Connection of delta-delta (Dd4) vector group of Transformer

Dy5

Figure: Connection of delta-star (Dy5) vector group of Transformer

Dy11

Dyn11 vector group

Figure: Connection of delta-star (Dy11) vector group of Transformer

Yd1

Yd1 vector group

Figure: Connection of star-delta (Yd1) vector group of Transformer

Yd11

Yd11 vector group

Figure: Connection of star-delta (Yd11) vector group of Transformer
Yd5

Figure: Connection of star-delta (Yd5) vector group of Transformer

1.5 Specific Objectives:
 To know about the basic of vector group of transformer. It’s very important
to draw the proper input, output voltage, and current wave forms.

 The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary and

secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration
of transformer windings connection.
 The determination of vector group of transformers is very important before
connecting two or more transformers in parallel.
 The vector group designation indicates the windings configurations and the
difference in phase angle between them.
 Reducing voltage unbalance in system when the transformer is supplying not
equally distributed loads. Its lower zero sequence impedance causes higher
short circuit currents for ground faults and consequently provides better
over-current protection.
 The vector group of a transformer indicates what type of connection is made
between the windings of that transformer.
 To find out the no-load current, iron loss properly.
 To ensure all the primary and secondary winding ends have been identified
and terminated correctly.

1.6 Layout of thesis:

This thesis divided into five chapters-

Chapter 1: This chapter at present the reader a view on the background of the
study, related works, specific objectives, layout of the thesis.
Chapter 2: This has the literature review that is based on the background of the
problem. The chapter also includes material studied and which is pertinent to the
study. There is a brief review of transformer basic idea of all winding, polarity,
how to vector grouping of 3-phase transformer.

Chapter 3: It involves fundamental of software, design of the system, simulations

and also application of transformer according of vector group.

Chapter 4: This chapter has the results and discussion with regard to this thesis.

Chapter 5: This chapter has the conclusion and recommendations for further work
with regard to this thesis.

Chapter 02: Fundamentals

  Introduction
 Transformer
 Basic Idea of Winding
 Polarity
 Additive polarity
 Subtractive polarity

2.1 Introduction:
In this chapter the researcher reviews what other researcher have found about
chosen research topics. Here the research looks at the research topics from the
different angles of analysis exciting literature.

2.2 Transformer:
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from
one electrical circuit to another or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one
coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core,
which induces a varying electromotive force across any other coils wound around
the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without
a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due
to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Three-winding Transformer Definition: Sometimes in high rating transformer,

the third winding is constructed in addition to the primary and the
secondary winding. The third winding is called the tertiary winding, and because
of the three winding, the transformer is called the three winding transformer.

Figure: 3-phase Transformer

2.3 Basic Idea of Winding:

A three-phase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary winding,
each set wound around one leg of an iron core assembly. Three phase transformer
core has three sets of winding. Those sets of primary and secondary winding will
be connected in either Δ or Y configurations to form a complete unit.
 Figure: Basic winding of 3-phase Transformer

2.4 Polarity:
When facing three-phase transformers from the low-voltage side, the low-voltage
bushings are arranged X0, X1, X2, and X3 from left to right. The terms
"additive polarity" and "subtractive polarity" do not apply to three-phase
transformers.
Each terminal of the primary and secondary winding in a transformer are positive
and negative as shown in the below circuit. The positive and negative terminals of
the primary winding are A1, and A2, whereas the positive and negative
terminals of the secondary winding are a1, and a2.

Figure: Additive polarity and Substractive polarity

Winding connection designations

 First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.

  D=Delta, S=Star, N=Neutral

 Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.

  d=Delta, s=Star, n=Neutral.

 Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number

(1,5,6,7,11).

Chapter 03: Simulation & Implementation

 Introduction
 Fundamental of software
 Simulation
  Yy0 connection
 Yy6 connection
 Dd0 connection
 Dd6 connection
 Dy1, Dy11, Dy5, Dy7 connection
 Yd1, Yd11, Yd5, Yd7 connection

 Application of Transformer according to vector group

3.1 Introduction:
This chapter showcase about the “MATLAB” software, simulation of the different
vector group of 3-phase transformer connection and also the application of
transformer according to vector group.
3.2 Fundamental of software:

For vector group of transformer, here we are using “MATLAB” software.

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical
uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does
not require dimension. This allows us to solve many technical computing
problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the
time it would take to write a program.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and
advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science
. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research,
development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes.
Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow us
to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive
collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB
environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic,
wavelets, simulation, and many others.

3.2 Simulation:

Yy0 &Yy6
(0 Degree & +180 Degree phase displacement)
 Figure: Model of Yy0 and Yy6 connection of transformer with wave shape

Dd0 & Dd6

(0 Degree & +180 Degree phase displacement)
 Figure: Model of Dd0 and Dd6 connection of transformer with wave shape

Yd11 & Yd1

(+30 Degree & -30 Degree phase displacement)
 Figure: Model of Yy0 and Yy6 connection of transformer with wave shape

Yd5 & Yd7

(-150 Degree & +150 Degree phase displacement)
 Figure: Model of Yd5 and Yd7 connection of transformer with wave shape

Dy11 & Dy1

(30 Degree & -30 Degree phase displacement)
 Figure: Model of Dy5 and Dy1 connection of transformer with wave shape

Dy7 & Dy5

(+150 Degree & -150 Degree phase displacement)

Figure: Model of Dy5 and Dy7 connection of transformer with wave shape

3.3 Application of Transformer according to vector group:

(1)  Star-Star (Yy0 or Yy6)
 Mainly used for large system tie-up Transformer.
 Most economical connection in HV power system to interconnect between
two delta systems and to provide neutral for grounding both of them.
 In This Transformers. Insulation cost is highly reduced. Neutral wire can
permit mixed loading.
 Triple harmonics are absent in the lines. These triple harmonic currents
cannot flow, unless there is a neutral wire. This connection produces
oscillating neutral.
 A tertiary mesh connected winding may be required to stabilize the
oscillating neutral due to third harmonics in three phase banks.

(2) Delta – Delta (Dd0 or Dd6)

 This is an economical connection for large low voltage transformers.
 Large unbalance of load can be met without difficulty.
 Delta permits a circulating path for triple harmonics thus attenuates the
same.
 It is possible to operate with one transformer removed in open delta or” V”
connection meeting 58 percent of the balanced load.

(3) (Dy11, Dy1, Yd1, Yd11)

 Common for distribution transformers.
 Normally Dy11 vector group using at distribution system. Because
Generating Transformer are Yd1 for neutralizing the load angle between 11
and 1.
 We can use Dy1 at distribution system, when we are using Generator
Transformer are Yd11.
 In some industries 6 pulse electric drives are using due to this 5thharmonics
will generate if we use Dy1 it will be suppress the 5th harmonics.
 Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase consumer
connections.
 The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabilizes star point potential.
 A delta-Star connection is used for step-up generating stations. If HV
winding is star connected there will be saving in cost of insulation.
  But delta connected HV winding is common in distribution network, for
feeding motors and lighting loads from LV side.
 Three phase units cannot have this facility. Mixed single phase loading is not
possible due to the absence of neutral.

4) (Dy5, Dy7, Yd5,Yd7)

 Common for distribution transformers.
 Normally Dy5 vector group using at distribution system. Because
Generating Transformer are Yd5 for neutralizing the load angle between 5
and 7.
 The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabilizes star point potential.
 A delta-Star connection is used for step-up generating stations. If HV
winding is star connected there will be saving in cost of insulation.
 But delta connected High Voltage winding is common in distribution
network, for feeding motors and lighting loads from Low Voltage winding.

Chapter 04: Results and Discussion

  Introduction
 Vector group at different phase displacement
 Simulation Results
 Yy0 &Yy6 (0 Degree & +180 Degree phase displacement)
 Dd0 & Dd6 (0 Degree & +180 Degree phase displacement)
 Yd11 & Yd1 (+30 Degree & -30 Degree phase displacement)
 Yd5 & Yd7 (-150 Degree & +150 Degree phase displacement)
 Dy11 & Dy1 (30 Degree & -30 Degree phase displacement)
 Dy7 & Dy5(+150 Degree & -150 Degree phase displacement)

4.1 Introduction:
In this chapter has the results and discussion with regard to this thesis. The vector
group at different phase displacement with clock nation in shown in this chapter
and also simulation result with wave shape.

4.2 Vector group at different phase displacement:

Clock Nation 0

Figure: Clock nation of Yy0 and Dd0 connection

Clock Nation 1
 Figure: Clock nation of Yd1 and Dy1 connection

Clock Nation 5

Figure: Clock nation of Yd5 and Dy5 connection

Clock Nation 7
 Figure: Clock nation of Yd7 and Dy7 connection

Clock Nation 11

Figure: Clock nation of Yd11 and Dy11 connection

4.3 Simulation Results:

 Phase Shift (Degree) Connection Remark

0 Yy0 Dd0

30 lag Yd1 Dy1

150 lag Yd5 Dy5

150 lead Yd7 Dy7

180 lag Yy6 Dd6

30 lead Yd11 Dy11

Yy0 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Yy0 connection

Yy6 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Yy6 connection

Dd0 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Dd0 connection

Dd6 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Dd6 connection

Yd11 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Yd11 connection

Yd1 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Yd1 connection

Yd5 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Yd5 connection

Yd7 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Yd7 connection

Dy11 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Dy11 connection

Dy1 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Dy1 connection

Dy7 Connection
 Figure: Phase displacement of Dy7 connection

Dy5 Connection

Figure: Phase displacement of Dy5 connection

 Chapter 05: Conclusion and Future Works

 Conclusion

 Future works

5.1 Conclusion:
By altogether going through these Simulink results we have presumed that all
transformers ought to have same vector bunches resembling transformers. In any
case enormous circling flows will stream lastly they cause short circuit between the
transformers. We likewise found that for the conveyance reason we should choose
transformer with Dy11 vector bunch when creating side is Yd1 associated also,
Dy1 vector when the creating side is Yd11connected. This vector bunch Dy11 has
numerous benefits, for example, it doesn't permit zero arrangement flows to pass
across the transformer, and consequently the y side of transformer is independently
inferred framework, in which all earth issue flows should move through the
unbiased of transformer. With this design, earth shortcoming security is
conceivable what's more, functional. Similarly, earth shortcoming security on
the essential side isn't influenced by earth deficiencies on the optional side of
transformer whenever given transformer is associated in Dy11 style.

5.2 Future Work:

This thesis establishes a new direction of research related to vector grouping of 3-
phase transformer systems and the importance of before connecting two or
more transformers in parallel. Based on the research presented in this thesis, some
of the studies that can be carried out in the future are summarized in the following:

 For proper output power create an opportunity make improved design.

 Many users are of the opinion that they are procuring the lowest cost
transformers by ordering based on the lowest evaluated cost bid. Effective
specifications will help procure transformers with the lowest life cycle cost.

 Thorough specifications are the first step in establishing long term reliability
of transformers.

 Manufacturers should realize that in most of the situations there is a specific

reason for a specific clause in the specifications. It is important that the
 manufacturers not to make any assumptions in interpreting the
specifications, but rather check with the user if a clarification/explanation is
needed.

 There are many ways to meet the system needs. At the time of preparation of
specifications, users will benefit by interacting with manufacturers and by
choosing the most cost effective and technically acceptable parameters to
include in the specifications.

 Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase
consumer connections.

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2) Lalit Prakash A Stupid Engineer || Spiritual || Pragmatic ||

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