EEE371 Electric Machines

Lab # 06 :Three-phase transformer: star and

delta transformation

Name Abdul Wahab

Abdullah

Registration Number FA20-BEE-010

FA20-BEE-012

Class BEE-6A

Instructor’s Name Prof. Adeel Iqbal

Lab Assessment

Post Lab Total

Pre-Lab In-Lab Data
Data Analysis Writing Style
Presentation
INTRODUCTION:
Every three-phase device (e.g. transformers, generators or motors) has elements or
windings that can be segregated into three divisions. It is usual to describe each
division as a phase. The two usual ways of connecting the three divisions are
known as star and delta. Figure 6.1 shows the two connections.

Figure 6. 1

The term Vline refers to the line voltage, that is, the voltage between any two lines
of a three-phase system. The term Vphase refers to the phase voltage, that is, the
voltage between a line and a common reference potential (generally neutral).
However, this should be regarded with care as it can also be used to mean the
voltage across the winding or windings associated with one phase.
Delta connected windings
It can clearly be seen from Figure 6.2(a) that for the delta connected system the phase
voltage is the same as the line voltage. Hence:
Vphase = Vline

Figure 6.2
This is demonstrated in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2(a) shows how the voltages in the
windings sum to zero. Figure 6.2(b) shows the three voltages as separate phasors,
symmetrically spaced at 120o to each other. Note there is no neutral point.
Star connected windings
Consider the voltages in the system. From Figure 6.1(b), it is apparent that each
line voltage is the phasor difference of two of the phase voltages. That is, the line
voltage VAB is obtained by subtracting VB from VA. Figure6.3 shows the phasor
diagram for the voltages in the star connected system.

Figure 6.3
From this the relationship between the phase and the line voltages can be
calculated.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1.
How to calculate Vp and VL with meter?
Answer: Wattmeter can be used to measure the line and phase voltages directly.
To calculate the phase voltage one knob of the wattmeter is placed across a line of
the three phase transformer and the other one at the neutral (ground). Whereas for
the line voltage both the knobs are placed across any two lines of a three - phase
system.
2.
What is the line voltage in a delta connected winding rated at Vphase =
230V? Answer: As Vphase=Vline In delta connections so line voltage is equal to
230Volts.
3.
What is the line voltage in a star connected winding rated at V phase = 230V?
Answer: As Vline=1.732xVphase in Star connections so the line Voltage is equal
to approx. 400Volts.
4. Which voltages are greater? VP or VL?
Answer: Voltage Vline is greater From this relationship.
Vline=1.732xVphase.

In Lab Tasks
Lab Task 1: Delta-star connected transformer

Calculation Table:
Delta Connected Primary Star Connected Primary
Primary Line Voltage(V) Phase Voltages(V) Line Voltages(V)
400V Va1a2 125 Va1b1 212

Discussion:
A delta-Star transformer is a type of three-phase electric power transformer that has delta-
connected windings on its primary side and wye/star connected windings on its secondary side.
It may have a neutral wire on the wye output side. This design allows for the circulation of third-
harmonic currents within the transformer, while preventing them from flowing in the supply line.
Delta-Star transformers are not commonly used for higher transmission voltages due to the
higher insulation cost compared to wye connections. These transformers introduce a phase shift
of 30, 150, 270, or 330 degrees, which makes them incompatible for paralleling with star-star or
delta-delta transformers. However, they can be paralleled with identical or certain different
configurations of other delta-star or star-delta transformers with proper consideration.

Lab Task 2: Star-star connected transformer

Calculation Table

Star Connected Primary Star Connected Primary

Line Voltage(V) Phase Voltage(V) Phase Voltage(V) Line Voltage(V)
400V 230V Va1a2 130 Va1b1 232

Discussion:
In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has one terminal
connected to a common junction, or neutral point with the three remaining ends of
the primary windings connected to the three-phase mains supply. The number of
turns in a transformer winding for star connection is 57.7 per cent, of that required
for delta connection.
Lab Task 3: Star-delta connected transformer

Calculation Table

Star Connected Primary Delta Connected Primary

Line Voltage(V) Phase Voltage(V) Phase/Line Voltage(V)
400V 230V Va1a2 130

Discussion:
As Primary in Star connected Line voltage on Primary side = √3 X Phase voltage
on Primary side. So Phase voltage on Primary side = Line voltage on Primary side
/ √3 . Now Transformation Ration (K) = Secondary Phase Voltage / Primary Phase
Voltage Secondary Phase Voltage = K X Primary Phase Voltage. As Secondary in
delta connected: Line voltage on Secondary side = Phase voltage on Secondary
side. Secondary Phase Voltage = K X Primary Phase Voltage. =K X (Line voltage
on Primary side / √3)
Lab Task 4: Delta-delta connected transformer

Calculation Table:
Delta Connected Primary Delta Connected Primary
Primary Line Voltage(V) Phase/Line Voltages(V)
397V Va1a2 125

Discussion:
In a delta connected (Dd) group of transformers, the line voltage, V L is equal to the
supply voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given
as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is the line current.
One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that each
transformer must be wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example above 100V)
and for 57.7 per cent, line current.
Critical Analysis/Conclusion:
n our recent lab, we focused on three-phase transformers and their various connections,
including Star-Star, Star-Delta, Delta-Star, and Star-Star connections. A three-phase transformer,
also known as a 3φ transformer, can be constructed in two ways. One method involves
connecting three single-phase transformers together to form a three-phase transformer bank. The
other method involves using a pre-assembled and balanced three-phase transformer, which
consists of three pairs of single-phase windings mounted onto a single laminated core.

The advantage of using a single three-phase transformer is that it is generally smaller, cheaper,
and lighter compared to using three individual single-phase transformers connected together.
This is because the copper and iron core of the transformer are used more effectively. The
methods of connecting the primary and secondary windings are the same, whether using a
single three-phase transformer or three separate single-phase transformers.

When transformers are used to provide three or more phases, they are commonly referred to as
polyphase transformers. The three available voltages in a three-phase system, each displaced
from the other by 120 electrical degrees, not only determine the type of electrical connections
used on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer, but also affect the flow of
currents in the transformer.

In a three-phase system with three single-phase transformers connected together, the magnetic
fluxes in the three transformers differ in phase by 120 degrees. On the other hand, in a single
three-phase transformer, there are three magnetic fluxes in the core that differ in time-phase by
120 degrees. Understanding the differences in connections and flux phases is important in
designing and working with three-phase transformers in electrical systems.