NAME: MOHAMMED Sahel MOHAMMED ABDI

ID: 13071

ANSWERS TO SECTION B
Q1:

The history of aviation has extended over more than two thousand years,
from the earliest.
forms of aviation, Leonardo da Vinci's Ornithopter design kites and attempts
at tower jumping, to supersonic, and hypersonic flight by powered, heavier-
than-air jets. Kite flying in China dates back to several hundred years BC and
slowly spread around the world. It is thought to be the earliest example of
man-made flight. Some kites in China and Japan were capable of carrying a
man into the air. The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis
“bird” with suffixation, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume
Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812– 1886) in “Aviation ou Navigation Arianne
sans ballons”.
Aviation industry may be a strategic and essential element for any economy to
flourish. With the favorable economic environment and therefore the massive
infrastructure projects within the region, the outlook of aviation industry is
bright and that we believe more investments are going to be channeled to the
present industry within the region benefiting all related sectors of the aviation
industry.
The aviation industry features a remarkable historical background that's worth
acknowledging and understanding. The aviation sector has evolved from the
age of mere natural philosophers and theorists like Aristotle, Archimedes, and
Leonardo Leonardo, to real experimentalists like Sir George Cayley, William
Henson, Thomas Walker, and Frederick Lanchester, the Wright brothers,
and Curtiss.
These early engineers changed several airplane models from the shapeless
planes to the designable aircraft. They changed the engines, modified the
landing lanes, corrected the balancing, improved the fueling systems, and
modified the technicalities of the planes. Before NASA could emerge in
1958s, the first developers had already improved many things.
 TIMELINE 1800 TO 2020

1800.
1. Sir George Cayley builds and files the world’s first success model glider.
2. Marie Madeleine Sophie Blanchard, wife of balloonist jean Pierre Blanchard, killed her
hydrogen balloon catches fire as she watches a fireworks display. She is the first woman
to lose her life while flying.
3. Matthew Boulton obtains a British patent on a design for ailerons as control surface.
4. John j, Montgomery builds a glider, flying it downhill and landing safely.
5. experiments with several curved airfoil shapes in a wind tunnels to discover the secrets
of soaring flights.
6. Samuel p. Langley the third secretary of the Smithsonian institution, succeeds in
launching the first reasonably large steam powered model aircraft on flights of up to
three quarters of a mile over the Potomac river.

1900.

1.The Wright brother make their first flight.

2.The first flight of the Zeppelin, a rigid airship that is the first aircraft to use large metals
structure.
3. The Wright brothers apply for patents on their improved glider and flying machine
4.The wrights brothers builds their second machines ,but their total flying time during
1904 is only 45 minutes.
5. first international aviation competition in Rheims.
2000
Air France concord F-BTCS suffers a tyre burst during takeoff from Paris Charles de
Gaulle and crashes in flames into a hotel at geneses killing all 109 on board as well as four
on the ground and injuring six other peoples all concords in the air France and British
airways fleets are subsequently grounded.

2001
The X-35B completes its first airborne transitions from STOVL propulsion mode to
conventional mode, completing a supersonic mission on the same flights. Terrorist fly
three Boeing airliners into new York’s twin tower and the pentagon a fourth aircraft
crashes in Pennsylvania changing history and aviation security in the 21 venture
2002
First flights of the Boeing 747-ER which can carry 15000 more pounds of people or cargo
and can fly about 410 nautical miles farther than existing 747-400s. the first successful
flights test of a hypersonic scramjet engine in Australia this air-breating scramjet engine,
which burns hydrogen fuel could theoretically power aircraft at mach 8 for two hours
trans-Atlantic flights.

2003
The bell Augusta 609 the worlds first civilian tiltrotor aircraft rose vertically for the first
time from bell textrons flights research enter in Arlington texas .the maiden flights lasted
36 mintues and inckuded hovering turns forward and backwa
rds flights as well as four takesoff and learning .

2004
Steve fossestt sets an aviation world record for speed around the world solo non stop
and non refueledcomleting the journey in a plane called global flyer in 67 hours and 1
min.

2005
The airbus A380 double-deck wide body superjumbo successfully make its maiden flights
leaving blagnac international airport in Toulouse France at 10.29 hours local time from
runway 32l it is the world largest airliners with accommodation for 525 passengers in a
three class configuration or upto 853 in an all economy class com=ngiguration a cruising
speed of mach 0.85 and sufficient range to fly from new York to Hong Kong.

2006
first flight of U.S air force aircraft a B-52 stratofortress powered solely by a blend of
synthetics jet fuel, produced by syntroleum.

2007
The airbus A380 the worlds biggest commercial airliner make first flights to the united
states with one touching down in new York at john F.kennedy international airport and
another in California at los Angeles international airport.

2008
Lockheed martin makes the first F-35B short-take-off-and-vertical-landing(STOVL) in
conventional-take-off(CTOL)mode, clearning the way for funding to be released for
production of the first six U.S marine crops aircraft. The 44 mintues flights of aircraft BF-
1.
2009
The Boeing 787 dream liner long range mid-size wide body twinjet, largely constructed of
carbon fiber material make its first flights.
2012
Airbus begins final assembly of the first A350 XWB . the company has order for 548
A350s,a family of long –range 250-350 passenger wide body airliners with both fuselage
and wing structure made primarily from carbon fiber -rein forced polymer. The first flight
is planned for mid.

2011 TO 2020

FIRST FLYING CAR

In 2011, the world's first flying car was introduced name, 'The Terrafugia Transition'
which may be a road able aircraft – an airplane which will begin and land at any airport
and, with the push of a button, fold up its wings and drive down the road. In 2015, André
Borschberg and Bertrand Piccard flew during a solar-powered plane, Solar Impulse 2. The
flight took nearly five days; during the nights the aircraft used its batteries and therefore
the P.E. gained during the day.

JET-POWERED FLYBOARD AIR

On Bastille Day 2019, Frenchman Franky Zapata attracted worldwide attention when he
participated at the Bastille Day military parade riding his invention, a jet powered
Flyboard Air. 24 July 2019 was the busiest day in aviation. Quite 225,000 flights were
recorded thereon day which incorporates helicopters, private jets, gliders, sight-seeing
flights, also as personal aircraft. On 10 June 2020, the Pipistrel Velis Electro became the
primary electric airplane to secure a kind certificate from EASA.

Q2
Traveling allows you to meet people of different cultures, with diverse traditions and
distinctive lifestyles. As you travel and discover these newly found worlds, take a moment
to reflect not only on the differences that you observe in their lifestyle and behavior but
on the things that unite us.
Reasons Why Travel is the Best Education
You Learn to Step in Today’s World
You Feel Sense of Independence to do New Things.
You Learn About History and Human Race
Magic of Nature Will Help You Find the New You
Traveling Gives You Sense of Infinity

Travel Benefits to Reduce Stress out of Life

1- New Environment Steals your Stress.
2- You Become Healthier with Delightful Traveling
3- Let it Go your Worries, Past and Sadness
4- Traveling Makes You Find Better Version of YOU
5- You are no More in the Cage of Depression

Q3

(I)

The word 'occurrence' is used to mean any accident or incident. the aircraft is missing or
is completely inaccessible. Incident – means any occurrence, other than an accident, that
is associated with the operation of an aircraft and affects, or could affect, the safety of
operation.

(II)

A movement area, as defined by ICAO, is "That part of an aerodrome to be used for the
takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the
apron(s)." In Canada, the movement area consists of the maneuvering area and aprons.
In the United States, the movement area excludes aprons.

(III)
The distress phase exists when you’re reasonably certain that a subject is at risk of
death, injury, or harm, and require immediate help.
The key words for the distress phase are grave or imminent danger and immediate
assistance.
Examples of situations that should be identified as distress phases are when:

•a coordinating authority receives information about an officially and commonly

accepted distress signal.
• investigations have not resulted in subjects being found after they have been
reported overdue, and the incident cannot be classified in a lower phase.
• communication with an overdue vessel has been lost, and it was categorized in the
‘uncertainty’ or ‘alert’ phase.
• the fuel on an aircraft is thought to be exhausted or insufficient to reach safety.
• information indicates an aircraft is not operating correctly and a forced landing is
likely.
• following the alert phase, unsuccessful attempts to contact the vessel or aircraft
and further investigation indicates the vessel or aircraft is likely to be in distress.
• information indicates the vessel or aircraft is not operating correctly and is likely to
be in distress.

Urgency phase
An emergency situation is one in which the safety of the aircraft or of persons on board
or on the ground is endangered for any reason.

An abnormal situation is one in which it is no longer possible to continue the flight using
normal procedures but the safety of the aircraft or persons on board or on the ground is
not in danger.

Emergency or abnormal situations may develop as a result of one or more factors within
or outside an aircraft, for example:

• Fire on board the aircraft.

• Aircraft component failure or malfunction (e.g., engine failure, landing gear
malfunction or loss of pressurization).
• Shortage of fuel (or other essential consumable substance).
• Flight crew uncertain of position.
 • Worsening weather;
• Pilot incapacitation (e.g., as a result of illness);
• Aircraft damage (e.g., as a result of collision, bird strike or extreme weather.
• Illegal activity (e.g., bomb-threat, willful damage, or hi-jacking).
An emergency or abnormal situation may result in it being impossible to continue the
flight to destination as planned, resulting in one or more of the following outcomes:

• Loss of altitude.
• Diversion to a nearby aerodrome.
• Forced landing.