International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology

Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 4894-4907

Schema In English Classrooms- A Review

1
G.ANBURAJ, 2SUNITHA.V
1
Assistant Professor, SSL, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
2
Assistant professor (Senior), SSL, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Writing review papers demands accurate evaluation of matured views, arguments and its counter without
any bias. The author of the paper should be dared to accept flaws and flawless execution of all his
endeavours. This review paper is conceived with such a daring tendency and unbiased attitude.
According to us an English classroom is one of the most interesting and real time interactive classes
involves the participation of all students. It’s a place where exchange of various diverse ideas and
thoughts occur .It’s a classroom which provides a big room for one’s creativity and imagination. All the
subjects like science, mathematics etc change as we come in new standards in school or college, but
English is a language or to say a subject which never changes .English classroom is a place where
students can learn to speak a whole new and the most internationally important language to expand the
boundaries of their minds beyond imagination. Students learn to express themselves in front of others,
increase their listening, writing and speaking skills making them a student with a personality, with
confidence. In this article we are not only describing about the schema theory has helped a lot to students
in order to express their talents and skills which come out of learning English language learning
nonetheless it has equal counter misunderstanding and demerits. This review papers has discussed the
various methods recommended by different linguistic scholars and researchers for English class rooms
for university learners especially those who are learning English as second language, moreover it has
evaluated and compared different perspectives which has flaws and flawless for the present day English
language learners.

Key words: random, experimental, pedagogic, Schemata, hallmark, Passive participant, idiosyncrasy

Kaplan (1966), Long (1989), and Nostrand (1989) also indicate that the journey of classroom in our life
starts in first standard. The first thing we did while entering in classroom first time is nothing rather than
we cried. In ancient times students go to teachers homes which were called as ‘’ASHRAMS” for their
studies. They live with teachers for years. Things taught were also according to the requirement of that
time like learning to handle various war equipments. Primary school classrooms were full of innocence of
students and freedom given by teachers. Strictness in classes increases with increase in standards. They
start with basic things like alphabets and teach us very innovatively. They relate alphabets with the things
that usually occur in a primary student’s life. Primary student’s school life is like just accepting all the
matter taught by their teacher without any thinking. Teachers make classes interesting so that student
should attend classes regularly. The classrooms were full of posters and paintings. Then we face exam
first time which we think too easy now, but it was too hard at that time. We never study for those exams.
Winfield and Barnes-Felfeli (1982) observed education has come to second phase in all our classrooms
that is secondary school or high school. Here we start studying with some application. As Aebersold &
Field (1997) assert Teaching in these classrooms was somewhat difficult for teachers. Many new things
like labs, projects, experiments happen in secondary school. The chapters taught by teachers, we have to

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Vol. 29, No. 7, (2020), pp. 4894-4907

apply them while doing practical which helps us to understand concepts through its application. In
projects we get chance to apply the concepts learned and invent something new. While doing experiments
we get knowledge to handle apparatus and chemicals neatly. Difficulty of projects also increases with
increase in standards. Clark and Silberstein (1977, quoted in Brown 2001) there are different types of
projects we have like we do some collection type projects in which we collect some specific things with
different types. In this type of projects our categorizing ability increases. Some projects are of information
type. In these projects we collect information about that topic and create one power point presentation. In
higher schools like universities we do experimental type of projects. In these projects we first understand
all the concept related to that topic and do some experiments to create something new. In secondary
schools we start speaking languages and learn to write also.
And the last phase of our classroom is college life. Full of freedom but most important time. It does not
matter how we start but how we end matters. Our whole career depends on our university performance.
This is final chance to choose our path.
English is not only just a subject, it is a way to communicate among people which makes it one of the
most vital thing to be known. As a student, just practicing from some thousand pages book is not the way
to create interest among student for this language. As pointed out by Carrell & Eisterhold (1983, p. 80)
this is seen as completely baseless since it becomes only a mundane work to be done for students. Instead
of this, activities like public speaking, role playing shall be performed among students which make it a far
more interesting thing and also a greater learning exercise. These exercise would not only be beneficial
for improvising on language skills but also on aspects like vocabulary, how to present your thoughts and
convey your opinion among others.

Steffensen, Joag-Dev and Anderson (1979, cited in Bernhardt, 1991) Teachers should focus on bring the
practical approach of this subject and should encourage ways which can attract student to this illustrious
language. Teachers should possess the ways to mend different students of different capabilities to make
them equal in every aspect of gaining the upper hand over this language by not just providing names of
some random ‘text-book’ thing and just completing them blindfold which bring to the situation of ‘Jack
of all trades and master of none’. Instead activities like role play which not only teaches us to memorize
line but also teaches us about how important language skills like vocabulary, pronunciation really are.
Without these, great works of poets, authors wouldn’t exist. Also teachers should understand the
capabilities of each student and assimilate the abilities of them and work upon them. Teachers should also
encourage public speaking which shows us how much and in what manner we can raise our opinion and
express it toward others. This helps us in regions of cooperate management, analyzing which cannot be
taught by some books.

An analysis conducted by Koh (1986) to show that teachers should also engross in digitalization ways of
teaching English. Various applications like face to face chatting in English language etc. should be
adopted which increases communication skills as well as language skills. Thus these are the ways in
which teachers should manipulate their ways in order to arise the interest among students towards this
subject so that they would pursue their carrer in this language and would revolutionize the world through
their speech and their writings.

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1. Teacher’s perspective

Armbruster (1996, as quoted by Driscoll) also encourages the ideal English classroom shall consist of
students with basic knowledge of functional day to day vocabulary used by people in different parts of the
world. As the classroom consists of people from different backgrounds if students in the classroom do
possess these elementary vocabularies then teaching becomes a lot more fun, as now we have to focus on
enhancing the vocabulary of the students and focusing on the accent they might have to opt for
communicating with colleagues in different parts of the world. Gagne and Glaser (1987, as quoted by
Driscoll, 1994) Further challenges like public speaking must be opted sincerely by the students as it helps
them to increase confidence and help them share innovative ideas on the projects they may work in the
future thus public speaking helps in promoting innovative ideas, and boosting ones confidence. Further
role playing exercises should be opted by students in such a way that they choose to be a character which
is of a different culture and provides a moral learning, as this helps one mix in different cultures.
Schwartz et al (1998) came to a conclusion that because an individual may have to travel to distinct places
for a long time either for work or for business then one has to opt for that places culture and tradition for
survival. The aim of listening skill task is to help an individual grasp the important details from the
conversation and put it to use. For instance this skill can be used by an individual for active learning skill
as the individual now is choosing the important points out of the conversation and put it to use. Students
must feel free to communicate with teacher and share the problem they are facing, as this will help us
improve the teaching process as even we learn by the students.

How it should be?

In 1974 Richard A Schmidt brought forth his own comments states that not only for English, but the basic
purpose behind learning any language is to express thoughts and feelings freely in that particular language
as people do in their regional language/mother tongue. Without a proper accent and fluency, the learning
would lose its basic motive. Today, in the era of international trades and business, it has become a
necessity to learn English. English classroom, therefore, should be smartly organized. Practicing and
communicating with mouth is the best way to develop accuracy in the language. In 1970 the computer
scientist Marvin Minsky strongly suggests that being an English teacher should never ask their students to
stop communicating. She/he would rather organize various activities like group discussions, public
speaking, performing among the masses in order to build the self-confidence within the individual. Now
suppose you already have maintained your speaking skills enough that now you are well confident,
teacher should realize this and concentrate on other important skills. Dealing with literature is an
important part in learning English or any foreign language. Literature makes the person relate the
language with its past to the present and future as well. Teacher should continuously keep a check on the
students about their language knowledge. Students should not limit their language up to a certain level as
a language is a never ending dictionary. A dream class is just not confined to the four walls of the room
but is a sheer bliss of friendly, supportive and encouraging environment. Teacher can encourage the
students to go out, sit in the lap of nature and admire its beauty. It is a very fruitful way of increasing the
vocabulary. Another important perspective of learning English is to strengthen the grammar of language.
This will help the students to improve their speaking skills as well. Making grammatical errors while
speaking is very odd and will create a bad impression on the speaker. Writing is also considered an
important practice while learning any language. It makes the writer to express his/her feelings in a
complete manner which is not sometimes possible while speaking. This is the reason why people usually

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write diaries. In 1980 the cognitive psychologist David Rumelhart developed on Minsky's ideas in a
different way, he incorporated that newspaper reading should be encouraged in classes which will help
the students to know the way of professional writing and editing the language. Apart from all these,
listening the language also helps a lot in improving and developing the proper accent. This should be
surely encouraged in the classrooms. With this all, it would be interesting for the students to understand a
language. For the teachers as well, they would get a chance to express their knowledge and help the
learners to learn the language properly and accurately.

in Rumelhart's classic 1980 paper, he came to a conclusion that new and advanced methods are needed to
change the ancient way of English language teaching. Technically, this can be supported by introducing
new software which boosts more and more usage of this language. For example, such software can be
introduced which digitally perform interview with the interviewee. A pre recorded voice can ask
questions and the respondents have to answer those questions in a given time. By this practice, students
can get into a habit of tackling unusual questions from anonymous people. If same technique is practiced
with known people or friends or teachers then a tinge of biasness can grow unknowingly, which will
indirectly result as unhelpful for the student. But as this method is purely digital, then that case will not
come into consideration.

in Anderson's classic 1977 paper on schemata in education, he accurately gets a broader perspective the
broad view was when analog approaches are considered for English language teaching then we get to
know that these methods get ignored and inactive very easily in comparison with the mechanical way.
Teachers do conduct debates, speeches, extempore and many more so that the students get into
convention of conversing in the corporate world. But it’s not necessary that if the result is a serious cause
then the procedure will also has be sober and genuine.

In a 1991 research article on terminology in education, Patricia Alexander, Diane Schallert, and Victoria
Hare denote that Language teaching is all about how we express ourselves and deal with the populace. If
that can be done in a lively way then more and more students show interest towards language teaching.
To talk in a precedent manner, dramatizing situations executes itself as a better process than imagining
situations. Making it impromptu will be more favorable for English learning. If a student faces a framed
situation as he can face in communal world properly then surely this proves that the student is able to
overcome with adverse situations. Bringing changes in access of English training frequently will renew
students’ perception for viewing world in different manner and this will indirectly comfort the corporate
world.

2. CONCLUSION

F. C. Bartlett in Remembering (2000) concludes that today in this technological age the world has become
a small global village with lots of people and amenities. It is very essential and very important to connect
with the people in this age efficiently through internationally recognized and understood language which
is the English language. Change is the salt of life. Everything evolves itself to become superior and better
than the previous form. In this article we have not only described about the English language but also
have celebrated the glimpses of the most amazing classroom, the English classroom. An easily understood
language with an easy syntax makes it more beautiful. But however the learning and teaching methods of
the English language should be evolved to make it digitally more convenient. In this information era we
need a digital and a whole new way of learning. This would even help the future generations to break the

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barriers of the English language. The future ages will be more technologically advanced. So my team has
taken this step towards revolutionizing the world of learning the English language. This would be
fantastic experience by both the student as well as the teacher.

It is suggested many new innovative ideas to overcome this. As every revolution was an idea first my
team has also thought some new and technologically advanced ideas which will surely help the learning
and teaching styles of the English language. This world is full of diverse languages and culture. In order
to combine and connect them all in a better way a new methodology is required. A new way is the
solution to make the student as well as the teacher more comfortable and convenient to both learn and
teach respectively. Many reputed universities like VIT University has some totally new and more efficient
ways of learning and teaching the English language. As a student it’s not only our responsibility but also
our duty to make and evolve the teaching and learning styles of the English language. In this review paper
it has been described how the English classroom was in the past and how it is now from both students as
well as the teacher’s perspective in order to understand where the present system is lacking. It is hoped
that methods suggested by this unbiased reviews surely will be successfull and it will create history in the
golden words in the field of English language education.

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