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Volume 1-Policy 2014: AASHTO Drainage Manual
Volume 1-Policy 2014: AASHTO Drainage Manual
Volume 1—Policy
2014
www.transportation.org
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 4 Documentation
Chapter 9 Hydrology
Chapter 10 Channels
Chapter 11 Culverts
Chapter 17 Bridges
Chapter 21 Construction
Chapter 22 Maintenance
viii
SCOPE
The TCHH has incorporated its numerous years of experience into this drainage manual
to provide guidance on most aspects of highway drainage. Design, concepts, practices,
manuals, policies, and procedures are condensed and written for use by the hydraulics
engineer. Where appropriate, relevant existing AASHTO guidelines, including parts of
the Highway Drainage Guidelines, are referenced.
This manual has been developed to provide hydraulics engineers with a basic working
knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics. All basic design elements are included such that
the hydraulics engineer can design highway drainage with minimal assistance. However,
this manual cannot provide guidance on complex hydrologic or hydraulic problems, and
it is no substitute for experience or engineering judgment.
MANUAL FORMAT
The manual is divided into two volumes. Volume One provides states with guidelines or
examples for drainage design policies, criteria, and standards. Volume Two provides
ix
Volume One chapters can generally be grouped into the five parts listed below:
• Part 1, General (Chapters 1–4). The introduction and chapters on legal aspects, data
collection, and documentation provide recommended policies that apply to all
drainage topics.
• Part 2, Planning and Environment (Chapters 6–8). Chapters on planning and location,
surface water environment, and wetlands provide guidelines for policies and practices
that are normally accomplished with the interaction of a hydraulics engineer before
design.
• Part 5, Construction and Maintenance (Chapters 20–22). Chapters about erosion and
sediment control, construction, and maintenance provide guidelines for hydraulics
engineers to provide assistance in these areas.
Volume Two chapters can generally be grouped in the five parts listed below:
• Part 2, Planning and Environment (Chapters 6–8). Planning and location, surface
water environment and wetlands provide guidelines for procedures that are normally
accomplished before design with the interaction of a hydraulics engineer.
• Part 4, Bridge Hydraulic Design and Floodplains (Chapters 16–19). Stream stability,
bridges, channel and stream bank stabilization, and coastal zone chapters provide
design procedures for facilities typically designed by bridge hydraulic engineers.
• Part 5, Construction and Maintenance (Chapters 20–22). The erosion and sediment
control chapter provides guidelines for hydraulic engineers to provide assistance in
these areas.
• Design Procedures that the TCHH determined were frequently used have either:
o step-by-step procedures and design examples that can be worked by hand;
o step-by-step procedures and design examples that can be solved with the
FHWA Hydraulic Toolbox, FHWA HY-8, and other public domain software;
or
o reference to worked examples for procedures (e.g., storm drain design,
bridge design, and coastal engineering) that are commonly solved with
software that requires substantial expertise.
• References to recommended guidelines for less common procedures.
xi
Section Page
1.1 PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.4 MANUAL FORMAT ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.5 MANUAL USE ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.7 CONTENT QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.8 ERRORS, ADDITIONS, AND UPDATES .................................................................................. 1-3
Section Page
2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.3 Order of Authority ........................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.4 Related Publications ........................................................................................................ 2-2
Section Page
3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.3 Accuracy of Data ............................................................................................................. 3-1
Section Page
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 4-2
4.1.4 Phases .............................................................................................................................. 4-3
4.1.4.1 Preliminary Engineering ................................................................................ 4-3
4.1.4.2 Design ............................................................................................................ 4-3
4.1.4.3 Construction .................................................................................................. 4-3
4.1.4.4 Operation ....................................................................................................... 4-3
Section Page
6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 6-1
Section Page
7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1.2 General Definitions .......................................................................................................... 7-2
7.1.3 Surface Waters ................................................................................................................. 7-3
7.1.4 Sensitive Surface Waters ................................................................................................. 7-3
7.1.5 Functional Values ............................................................................................................ 7-3
7.1.6 Impact and Significance................................................................................................... 7-4
7.1.6.1 Impact .............................................................................................................. 7-4
7.1.6.2 Significance ..................................................................................................... 7-4
7.1.7 Threshold Value ............................................................................................................... 7-5
7.1.8 Reversible Effects ............................................................................................................ 7-5
7.1.9 Practicable ........................................................................................................................ 7-5
7.1.10 Design Alternatives.......................................................................................................... 7-5
Section Page
8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.3 Wetland Definition .......................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.4 Wetland Functions ........................................................................................................... 8-3
Section Page
9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 9-1
Section Page
10.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 10-1
Section Page
11.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11-1
Section Page
12.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.1.2 Definition ....................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.3 HEC-14 .......................................................................................................................... 12-1
Section Page
13.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.2 Inadequate Drainage ...................................................................................................... 13-2
13.1.3 General Design Guidelines ............................................................................................ 13-2
13.1.4 Detention Storage .......................................................................................................... 13-2
Section Page
14.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.1.1 Quality ......................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1.2 Quantity ....................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.2 Location Considerations ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.1.3 Detention and Retention ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.1.4 Design Practice .............................................................................................................. 14-2
Section Page
15.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 15-1
15.1.3 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 15-2
15.1.4 Design Considerations ................................................................................................... 15-2
Section Page
16.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 Location of Stream Crossing ......................................................................................... 16-1
Section Page
17.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Purpose of Chapter......................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.2 Bridge Definition ........................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.3 Hydraulic Design (Culvert or Bridge) ........................................................................... 17-2
17.1.4 Design Goals .................................................................................................................. 17-2
17.1.5 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 17-2
Section Page
18.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
18.1.1 Overview............................................................................................................................. 1
18.1.2 Policy .................................................................................................................................. 1
18.1.3 HEC-23 ............................................................................................................................... 2
18.1.4 Stream Stability................................................................................................................... 2
18.1.5 Bank and Revetment Failure Modes ................................................................................... 3
18.1.6 Hydraulic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 4
Section Page
19.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.3 Symbols and Definitions ................................................................................................ 19-1
Section Page
20.1 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL POLICIES .............................................................. 20-1
20.1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.2 Federal Policy ................................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.3 AASHTO Policy ............................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.4 State Policy .................................................................................................................... 20-2
20.1.5 State Program ................................................................................................................. 20-3
Section Page
21.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 21-1
21.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 21-1
21.1.2 Construction Considerations .......................................................................................... 21-2
21.1.3 Cost Considerations ....................................................................................................... 21-2
21.1.4 Effects of Changes to Site Conditions ........................................................................... 21-3
21.1.5 Contract Plans and Construction Meetings .................................................................... 21-4
Section Page
22.1 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.2 Maintenance Program .................................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.3 Records .......................................................................................................................... 22-2
22.1.4 Problems ........................................................................................................................ 22-2
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 4 Documentation
Chapter 5 Software
Chapter 9 Hydrology
Chapter 10 Channels
Chapter 11 Culverts
Chapter 17 Bridges
viii
Section Page
1.1 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Section Page
2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS .......................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Environmental Classification ........................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Wetland Finding .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.3 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)........................................................... 2-2
2.1.4 Dewatering Plan ............................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.5 Section 7 Biological Opinion ........................................................................................... 2-2
Section Page
3.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 Data Requirements ........................................................................................................... 3-1
Section Page
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 Flood Events .................................................................................................................... 4-1
Section Page
5.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Chapter Content ............................................................................................................... 5-2
5.1.3 Coordination with Other Chapters ................................................................................... 5-2
Section Page
6.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Flood Hazards .................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.3 Stormwater Management ................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.4 Construction Problems ..................................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.5 Maintenance Problems ..................................................................................................... 6-2
Section Page
7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
Section Page
8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
Section Page
9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.2 Symbols and Definitions .................................................................................................. 9-1
9.1.3 Concept Definitions ......................................................................................................... 9-1
Section Page
10.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 10-1
10.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 10-1
10.1.3 Channel Definition ......................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.4 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 10-2
Section Page
11.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 11-1
11.1.3 Culvert Definition .......................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.4 Concepts......................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.1.5 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 11-3
Section Page
12.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 12-1
12.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.1.3 Definition ....................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.4 HEC-14 .......................................................................................................................... 12-1
Section Page
13.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 13-1
13.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 13-1
13.1.3 Inadequate Drainage ...................................................................................................... 13-2
13.1.4 General Design Guidelines ............................................................................................ 13-2
13.1.5 Detention Storage .......................................................................................................... 13-3
Section Page
14.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 14-1
14.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.3 Location Considerations ................................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.4 Detention and Retention ................................................................................................ 14-2
Section Page
15.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 15-1
15.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 15-1
15.1.3 Design Considerations Overview .................................................................................. 15-1
Section Page
16.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 16-1
16.1.3 Stable versus Unstable Stream ....................................................................................... 16-2
16.1.4 Channel Restoration Concepts ....................................................................................... 16-2
Section Page
17.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 17-1
17.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 17-1
17.1.3 Bridge Definition ........................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.4 Hydraulic Design (Culvert or Bridge) ........................................................................... 17-2
17.1.5 Design Goals .................................................................................................................. 17-2
17.1.6 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 17-2
Section Page
18.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 18-2
18.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 18-2
18.1.3 Symbols and Definitions ................................................................................................ 18-2
Section Page
19.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 19-1
19.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 19-1
19.1.3 General Definitions ........................................................................................................ 19-1
19.1.4 Symbols and Their Definitions ...................................................................................... 19-2
19.1.5 Guidelines for Coastal Zones and Ocean Front Locations ............................................ 19-4
19.1.6 Guidelines for Lakes and Tidal Basins .......................................................................... 19-5
19.1.7 Guidelines for the Pacific Coastlines ............................................................................. 19-6
Section Page
20.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 20-1
20.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.3 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.4 Control Measures ........................................................................................................... 20-2
Section Page
G.1 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 1