BUILDING SERVICES

ENGINEERING I
DBG 223

DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
UiTM PERAK
 Students should be able to:
COURSE
+ Define and gain knowledge in
OUTCOME water supply, sanitation,
drainage and sewerage
systems, mechanical ventilation
and air conditioning system.
+ Apply and develop skill in the
technology and methods of the
system.
+ Describe the implementation
and installation accordance to
relevant legislations and
regulations.
COURSE + The general aim of the course is
to provide sufficient knowledge
DESCRIPTION
and understanding of the water
supply, sanitation, drainage,
sewerage system, mechanical
ventilation and air conditioning
system.
+ This course also covers the
provision for the integration of
these systems into a building or
structure with emphasis on the
technology and installation of
such systems.
TEACHING
ASSESMENT
METHODOLOGY
• Lectures Coursework 50%
• Tutorial / Blended Learning + Assignment/ Report 15%
• Site Visit + Tutorial 10%
+ Test 10%
+ Presentation 5%
Final Exam 60%
 • Introduction
• Water Sources
Water • Water Sources_Water Cycle

• Introduction
• Processes
Water Cycle

• Introduction
• Characteristic
Water • Objective
Treatment • Processes
 INTRODUCTION of WATER
• Water is a substance with the chemical formula
H2O.
• A water molecule contains one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.
• Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it
often co-exists on Earth with its solid state for
example ice, and gaseous state for example water
vapor or steam.
• Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near
hydrophilic surfaces.
• Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and
is vital element for all known forms of life.
• On Earth, 96.5% - oceans, 1.7% -groundwater,
1.7% -glaciers & ice caps and 0.001% in the air
as vapor, clouds and precipitation.
• Water on Earth
moves continually
through the
hydrological cycle.
• Safe drinking
water is essential
to humans and
other life forms.
WATER SOURCES
WATER SOURCES _ WATER CYCLE
 INTRODUCTION of WATER CYCLE

The Water Cycle (hyrological cycle) is the journey water takes

as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.
 PROCESSES of WATER CYCLE
• Accumulation / Storage - the
process in which water pools
in large bodies (like oceans,
seas and lakes).
• Condensation - the process in
which water vapor (a gas) in
the air turns into liquid water.
Condensing water forms
clouds in the sky. Water drops
that form on the outside of a
glass of icy water are
condensed water.
• Evaporation - the
process in which liquid
water becomes water
vapor (a gas). Water
vaporizes from the
surfaces of oceans and
lakes, from the surface
of the land, and from
melts in snow fields.
• Precipitation - the
process in which water
(in the form of rain,
snow, sleet, or hail) falls
from clouds in the sky.
 • Subsurface Water
Runoff - rain, snow
melt, or other water
that flows in
underground
•Transpiration - the process in streams, drains, or
sewers.
which some water within plants
• Surface Water
evaporates into the atmosphere. Runoff - rain, snow
Water is first absorbed by the melt, or other water
plant's roots, then later exits by that flows in surface
evaporating through pores in the streams, rivers, or
canals.
plant.
 INTRODUCTION of WATER TREATMENT
• Water is treated before it can be used.
• The treatment process depends on the properties of raw
water and the properties of water (physical, chemical and
biological).
• The water from the surface sources may have some
characteristic which are unsuitable for human
consumption, industrial use, commercial use etc.
• The impurities in
water:
+ Macro (debris
such as garbage,
twigs, leaves
etc).
+ Micro (very
fine and cannot
be seen by
eyes).
 CHARACTERISTIC

RAW WATER CLEAN WATER

• turbid • turbid
• colour • colour
• odour • odour
• acids, salts and • acids, salts and
gases gases
• bacteria • bacteria
RAW WATER vs CLEAN WATER
 OBJECTIVE OF WATER TREATMENT
• Water is treated to
remove those
impurities and to make
the water suitable for
domestic, industrial and
commercial uses.
• The process also
eliminates foul odour,
taste, colour and
remove microorganism
(bacteria and virus).
 PROCESSES of WATER TREATMENT
• Water treatment process begins with water intake
and ends with adjustment of PH.
 • A screen is placed at the water entrance of
SCREENING inlet gate.
• Coarse screen is placed to exclude large
To prevent floating sized impurities (steel bar / 25 mm).
impurities such as • Fine screen is placed after the coarse screen
rubbish, twigs, to remove finer impurities that passed
through the coarse screen (wire mesh / 5
plastic, textile, mm).
animal carcases • After screening process...
and aquatic life • Water undergoes grit removal process in
from entering the grit chamber. Grit (small stone and
sand) content in water which must be
pumping chamber. allowed to settle in the grit chamber)
AERATION There are 4 types of aeration method;
a
• Spray aeration (a)
To increase • Cascade aeration (b)
dissolved oxygen • Multiple tray aeration (c)
content in water, • Diffuse aeration (d)

enhance freshness
c
of water and
reduce hydrogen
sulphide odour in
b
water. d
CHEMICAL • Chemicals are added into raw water
immediately after aeration process.
DIFFUSION • The chemical are added in the channel that
transports water from aeration process
To generate basin to flocculation process tank.
thickening agent to • Coagulants normally used are aluminium
sulphate (alum), ferric chloride and ferric
trap micro sulphate.
impurities in water.
 • Alum acts as thickening agent that allow
FLOCCULATION small particles to combine and form
AND flocculants.
• The flocculants then traps other small
COAGULATION particles, forming bigger and heavier
To trap and form particles which finally settled to base of
basin.
particles and settle
• Coagulation is a process where fine
easily. flocculants combined to form larger and
heavier flocculants so as it settle easily
during settling process (slow full slow / 30
min).
 • The solid flocculants formed settles through
SEDIMENTATION gravity.
• The settled flocculants form sludge and this
To remove sludge has to removed from time to time so
suspended solid as the volume of the tank is unaffected.
• Sedimentation tank should possess laminar
from water. flow characteristics so that finer flocculants
settled easily and larger settled flocculants
are prevented from dispersing.
 • The filtering process is carried out by
FILTRATION passing the water through porous medium
(sand or gravel), that can trap suspended
To remove the sediment.
• Some bacteria still remain in water.
finer particles.
FLUORIDATION • Fluoride is added to water.
• Chemical compound in the fluoridation
process is sodium silicofluoride.
To reduce dental
problems among
consumers.
 •
CLORINATION Chlorine agent (solid, liquid or gas) is added
into water at specific dosage.

To destroy bacteria
in water.
 • Acidic water (low pH value) causes
ADJUSTMENT corrosion to the distribution pipe.
OF PH • Corrosion of metal pipes must be controlled
to ensure the pipe is long lasting so as to
reduce operational cost.
To prevent
corrosion in pipe.
WATER • Treated water must measure up to the
Drinking Water Quality Standard as
QUALITY specified international by WHO.
• Compliance to the standard is determined
by testing the samples of treated water.
• Testing of water is normally carried out at
the Chemistry Department laboratory or
other accredited private laboratories.
Thank u…