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DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHY USED FOR 95% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

& IT’s SETTING CALCULATION

Article · June 2020

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Akhilesh Yadav Hunny Garg

Adani Power Maharashtra Limited Adani Power Maharashtra Limited
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TechSpace

L ow voltage generators are solidly grounded or

low resistance grounded, whereas HV generators
are high resistance grounded, connected to earth via
300 MW Unit Data is taken for example-

'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŽƌZĂƟŶŐ 300 MW
neutral grounding transformer to limit the stator earth Terminal Voltage 20 KV
fault current within 5 to 10 Amps. When single-phase
earth fault occurs close to the generator neutral, the ƌŽŬĞŶĞůƚĂWdZĂƟŽ ¥/ (.11/3) kV
driving voltage will be low, and hence the value of E'dƌĂƟŽ 20 /0.220 kV
fault current will also be extremely less. For faults in EdZĂƟŽ 5/5 Amp
the last 5% of the winding from star point, the earth
fault current is too low that it cannot be detected by Load Resistor 0.45 ohm
protective relay and hence it is YHU\ GLIÀFXOW WR GHWHFW Table-1
stator earth fault through current based protection.
Therefore single-phase earth fault of stator winding Stator Earth Fault Current in Solidly Grounded System-
can be protected by using voltage-based protections The earth fault current value depends on voltage level and
(Residual over voltage or Neutral voltage displacement) fault resistance. For example 20kV generator is solidly
or by third harmonic voltage protection function. There grounded, and if single-phase earth fault occurred, then
are different philosophies used for detecting earth fault fault current will be-
in stator winding. In this paper we are showing most
common used philosophies, its setting calculation and Vph
If
interlock. R

Line to line voltage is 20kV and let’s considers earth

Introduction
fault resistance is approx. 1 ohm, and then fault current
If synchronous generator is not grounded through high will be-
resistance, than extremely high magnitude of earth fault
FXUUHQWZLOOÁRZIURPHDUWKIDXOWSRLQWWRQHXWUDOWKURXJK 20 / 3
If
stator core. At the location of earth fault, the stator core 1
damage will be high due to high magnitude of earth If 11547.3 A
fault current. Once stator core is damaged due to earth
Stator Earth Fault Current in High Impedance Grounded
fault, it cannot be repaired at site. Hence to protect
System-
synchronous generator stator core during earth fault, it
must be grounded through high resistance to limit earth Here earth fault current value depends on neutral
fault current. grounding resistance.

June 2020 67
TechSpace

We know that, system this balance is upset and a ‘residual’ voltage

is produced that can be measured at the secondary
Transformer impedance transformation ratio is-
terminals of a voltage transformer having “broken delta”
Z1 V12 secondary connection. Note that this condition causes
Z 2 V 22 a rise in the neutral voltage with respect to earth that is
commonly referred as ‘Neutral Voltage Displacement’.
Z1 20kV 2
This can be understand from the below attached vector
0.45 220 2
diagram-
&DOFXODWHG5HÁHFWHGSULPDU\VLGHUHVLVWDQFHLV

Z1 = 3719.0 Ohm

Stator earth fault current, when single-phase earth fault

occurred at terminal of generator is-
20kV / 3
Ie
3719.0

Ie = 3.10 Amp
So, when there is earth fault at 5% of the winding, this
current will be extremely less and hence stator earth
fault is detected by using voltage-based concept.
Note – Table -1 data is used for setting calculation of all
philosophies.
Philosophy - 1
Residual Voltage of Generator Neutral Point-
Figure-2. Vector Diagram Of Normal And Faulted System
Operation Criteria for relay -
Relay will give trip command when neutral displacement
voltage is greater than setting value.
V0 > Setting Value
Where,
V0 is the measured neutral displacement voltage.

Stator earth fault can be detected by measuring neutral Setting Values-

point voltage of the generator. For a machine connected Vo = 6.0 Volts
to the system via a step-up transformer the evaluation of
Setting Calculation-
WKHGLVSODFHPHQWYROWDJHLVVXIÀFLHQW
Please refer Figure-2. & Table -1 Data,
If single-phase earth fault occurred at terminal of
generator, then voltages appeared between neutral and
ground of generator will be-
Vph
Vng
3

Where Vph is generator terminal voltage

20kV
Vng
3

Vng 11.55kV
Considering 95 % of the winding to be protect, then
Figure-1. Connection Diagram for Residual Voltage of voltage appeared across 5 % of the winding from
Generator Neutral Point neutral point will be-
On a healthy three-phase power system, the addition
5 % of Vng = 0.5775 kV
of each of the three-phase to earth voltage is nominally
zero, as it is the vector addition of three balanced As relay is measuring voltage across NGT secondary
vectors at 120° to one another.
However, when an earth fault occurs on the primary 20kV 0.5775kV
220 V sec.
68 June 2020
TechSpace

Vsec. = 6.35 V Secondary voltage of Broken Delta PT would be-

Vsec. is nothing but a neutral displacement voltage V0 20kV / 3 1.7325kV
that would appeared when earth fault will occur at 5% of 110 / 3 V sec.
the stator winding from neutral point. Hence to protect
95% of winding, setting should be less than 6.35 Volt Vsec = 5.5 V
Setting Value = 6.0 Volt Hence to protect 95% of winding, setting should be less
than 5.5 Volt.
Philosophy -2 Setting Value = 5.0 Volt
Residual Voltage of Generator Terminal Point-
Stator earth fault can be detected by measuring residual
Philosophy -3
over voltage across open delta PT output connected at Residual voltage of generator terminal and neutral
terminal of generator. point
Stator earth fault can be detected by measuring neutral
point voltage of the generator keeping open delta PT
voltage (zero sequence voltage) as an interlock to avoid
undesired trip due to external fault.

Figure-3. Connection Diagram for open Delta Voltage

Measurement
Operation Criteria for relay -
Relay will give trip command when open delta voltage is )LJXUH &RQQHFWLRQ 'LDJUDP IRU &RPELQDWLRQ RI
greater than the setting value. Residual Voltage & Open Delta Voltage Measurement
Ǽ9!6HWWLQJ9DOXH Operation Criteria for relay -
Where,
Ǽ9LVWKHPHDVXUHGRSHQGHOWDYROWDJH
Setting Values-
Ǽ9 – 5.0 Volts

Setting Calculation-
Please refer Table -1 Data
We know that, Figure-5. Trip logic for philosophy-3
When there is earth fault occur on terminal of winding, Setting Values-
then Generator Zero Sequence Voltage at Terminal is
V0 - 6.0 Volts
equal to Generator Neutral point Voltage and voltage
developed across open delta VT will be hence 3 times Ǽ9 – 5.0 Volts
the zero sequence voltage. Note - Setting Calculation has been already done in
So, according to above statement- philosophy -1 & 2.
Vng = Vo
Philosophy-4
Ǽ9 9R 9QJ  N9
Residual Voltage of Generator Terminal Point and
Ǽ9 N9 neutral point current
As per the setting consideration for 95 % of winding to When generator is directly connected to bus bar, it
be protect, open delta voltage will be- VHHPV GLIÀFXOW WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ D JULG HDUWK
RIN9  N9 fault and a generator earth fault by only measuring

June 2020 69
TechSpace

the residual voltage. For particular this case stator WKHQHDUWKIDXOWFXUUHQWZLOOÁRZWKURXJK1*7LV

earth fault can be detected by measuring residual over
20kV / 3
voltage across open delta PT output keeping neutral Ie
point current as an interlock to avoid undesired trip due 3719.0
to external grid earth fault. Ie = 3.10 Amp

Hence to protect 95% of winding, setting should be 5

% of 3.10 Amp
5 % of 3.10 = 0.155 Amp
Setting Value Ie = 155 mA
Note – Open open delta voltage setting calculation
already shown in philosophy 2

Philosophy-5
Third Harmonics voltage ratio measurement of
Generator Neutral & Terminal point
Generator during normal running operation naturally
generates third harmonic currents due to imperfection
Figure-6. Connection Diagram for Combination of Residual in stator windings, pitch of the stator windings and
Voltage & Earth Fault Current YDULDWLRQ LQ DPRXQW RI ÀHOG H[FLWDWLRQ 7KH YROWDJHV
developed due to third harmonic currents are used in
Operation criteria for relay- protection of stator winding earth fault.
7KLUGKDUPRQLFYROWDJHSURÀOHLQKHDOWK\FRQGLWLRQDQG
fault condition are shown below-

Figure-7. Trip Logic for Philosophy-4

Setting Values-

IE Setting - 155 mA

Ǽ96HWWLQJ9%URNHQ'HOWDYROWDJH

Setting Calculation-

Please refer table-1 data

Figure-8. 3rd +DUPRQLF 9ROWDJH 3URÀOH LQ 'LIIHUHQW
7RFDOFXODWHHDUWKIDXOWFXUUHQWÀUVWWUDQVIHU1*7ORDGLQJ
Conditions
resistance to primary side.
Third harmonic voltage ratio protection is generally
We know that, used as a backup of 95% stator earth fault and 100%
Impedance transformation ratio is earth fault.
Z1 V12 Condition-1
Z2 V 22
When measured 3rd harmonic voltage ratio is of terminal
Z1 20kV 2 open delta to NGT residual voltage then it provides
backup to 95% stator earth fault.
0.45 220 2
Condtion-2
Z1= 3719.0 Ohm
When measured 3rd harmonic voltage ratio is of NGT
When single-phase earth fault occurred at terminal, residual voltage to open delta voltage, then it provides

70 June 2020
 TechSpace

backup to 100% stator earth fault. Figure-11. Trip Logic for Post Sync Condition

Note - Here we will only discuss about condition -1 Setting Values-

Figure-9. Connection Diagram for 3rd Harmonic Voltage Ratio
Here relay will measure only 3rd harmonic content of Vo
Ǽ9
Operation Criteria for relay-
When generator connected with the grid the third
harmonic voltage of generator terminal and neutral
point changes due to variation of equivalent capacitive
reactance at generator terminal, therefore two different
settings can be adopted for protection before and after
connection of generator with system.
Different OEM provide different type of setting
calculation for 3rd harmonic voltage ratio protection, but
the best way is to measure actual 3rd harmonic voltage
ratio during commissioning of generator.
Pre Sync Setting- 150 % of the maximum measured
third harmonic voltage ratio during normal condition
before the generator is connected to the power system.
Post Sync Setting- 150 % of the maximum measured
third harmonic voltage ratio during normal condition
after the generator is connected to the power system.
Conclusion
Out of all the philosophies, Philosophy number-3 is
providing the best protection against internal earth faults
and blocking the protection in case of undesired trip
during grid earth faults and hence maximum utilization
of the available function.

Relay will generate alarm when the ratio of third
harmonics voltage at neutral point to generator terminal
is greater than its Pre Sync or Post Sync ratio setting.
Note- Pre Sync/Post Sync setting can be made active
by taking GCB position contact feedback.
Pre Sync Condition-
Also 3rd harmonic voltage ratio can be club along with
any philosophy, which provides additional backup to
95% or 100% of stator earth fault protection.
REFERENCE
1 Dr K Rajamani and Bina Mitra, (May 2013, IEEMA
Journal, Page 76 to 80) stator earth fault protection
of large generator (95%)- part I

2 Dr K Rajamani and Bina Mitra, (Aug 2007,

IEEMA Journal, Page 89 to 97) generator neutral
grounding practices

3 Dr K Rajamani and Bina Mitra, (May 2013, IEEMA

Journal, Page 81 to 86) stator earth fault protection
of large generator (100%)- part II
Figure-10. Trip Logic for Pre Sync Condition  'U . 5DMDPDQL $SSOLFDWLRQ JXLGH IRU SRZHU
engineers part-1
Post Sync Condition- 5 IEEE Standard. (April 2006) .Guide for AC
Generator Protection, C37.102/D7-200X

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6 User Manual & Trouble shooting guide for
(3rdHarmonic
Content) Vo
> PostSync Multifunction Generator, Motor and Transformer
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(3rdHarmonic
Protection Siemens 7UM62 Relay
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7 User Manual & Trouble shooting guide for PCS-

AND Alarm
985G Generator Relay, NR Electric Co., Ltd Ɠ
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Feedback

Akhilesh Kumar Yadav

ȴVisvoltagemeasuredacrossopendeltaPT and Hunny Garg
VoisvoltagemeasuredacrossNGTsecondary
Adani Power Maharashtra limited,

June 2020 71

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