2014 Sixth International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks
State of the Art: Mobile Cloud Computing
Stojan Kitanov
Faculty of Information Systems Visualization
Multimedia and Animation
University of Information Science and Technology
“St. Paul the Apostle”
Ohrid, Macedonia
stojan.kitanov@uist.edu.mk
Abstract—Today, mobile devices such as smartphones, and
tablets, have become primary computing devices for many
users, replacing the conventional PCs. However, mobile devices
have limited capabilities due to the computation power,
memory, storage, and energy. Mobile Cloud Computing
(MCC) will overcome these obstacles and will provide services
to mobile users by offloading tasks and data on the Internet,
rather than on individual devices, and will provide resources to
a local client on demand. In parallel, the latest 4G wireless
network technology, LTE/LTE-Advanced has just been rolled
out in commercial use. The system characteristics of 4G and
beyond 4G systems (5G) are high data rate (throughput), low
latency (delay), high mobility (speed), and high capacity. These
technological enhancements are expected to deliver new
innovative multimedia services and applications that will
benefit both end users and businesses. However many issues
remain to be solved before mobile cloud computing could
reach its true potential. The main obstacles are: battery life-
time, interaction latency, Quality of Service/Experience
(QoS/QoE), and seamless mobility. This paper provides a
survey of the MCC including definition, architecture, services
and applications, current research trends and issues, as well as
future research directions of MCC.
Keywords- 4G; 5G; Cloud Computing (CC); LTE/LTE-
Advanced; Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC);
I. INTRODUCTION
Today smart mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets are capable of supporting a wide range of applications
and services. They have become primary computing devices
for many users, replacing the conventional PCs. However
mobile devices are resource-constrained devices due to their
obstacles related to their performance (battery life, memory,
storage, bandwidth, processing power), environment
(heterogeneity, availability and scalability) and security
(reliability and privacy). Fortunately, cloud computing may
offer virtually unlimited dynamic resources for computation,
storage and service provision that will overcome the
constraints in the smart mobile devices [1].
Cloud computing provides delivery of services, software
and processing capacity over internet, reducing cost,
increasing, automating systems, decoupling of service
delivery from underlying technology, and providing
978-1-4799-5076-8/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CICSyN.2014.41
Toni Janevski
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information
Technologies
Ss Cyril and Methodius University
Skopje, Macedonia
tonij@feit.ukim.edu.mk
flexibility and mobility of information. Mobile Cloud
Computing (MCC) is an integration of Cloud Computing
(CC) technology in mobile environment and provides all the
necessary resources to overcome the obstacles of the mobile
devices [2]. MCC is an infrastructure used by mobile
applications where both the data storage and data processing
are moved away from the mobile device to powerful and
centralized computing platforms located in the clouds.
Mobile cloud computing can be referred to in two
perspectives [3]:
• infrastructure based – where the hardware
infrastructure is static and provides cloud services
to mobile users
• ad-hoc mobile cloud – where a group of mobile
devices acts as a cloud and provides cloud services
to other mobile devices
In parallel, the latest 4G wireless network technology,
LTE/LTE-Advanced has just been deployed in commercial
use. The system characteristics of 4G and beyond 4G
systems (usually referred to as 5G) are high data rate
(throughput), low latency (delay), high mobility (speed),
and high capacity [4, 5]. These technological enhancements
are expected to deliver new innovative multimedia services
and applications that will benefit both end users and
businesses.
However many issues remain to be solved before mobile
cloud computing could reach its true potential. The main
obstacles are: battery life-time, interaction latency, Quality
of Service/Experience (QoS/QoE), security, availability
seamless mobility, and billing [6].
This paper provides a survey of the MCC including
definition, architecture, services and applications, current
research trends and issues, as well as future research
directions of MCC. The structure of the paper is organized
as follows. Section II provides the possible models for
mobile cloud computing. Section III provides the possible
architecture of mobile cloud computing. Section IV
provides information about the advantages, as well as the
possible services and applications for MCC. Section V
explains the MCC current research trends and issues.
Section VI provides conclusion and future work directions.
153
 II. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING MODEL
Mobile cloud computing is made up of complex network
and relationships of and in between infrastructure Providers,
Application/Services Providers, End-Users and Developers,
all producing and/or consuming applications and/or services
on web [6]. Such MCC model is given on Fig. 1.
The Infrastructure Providers provide hardware and
software infrastructure, or services and applications, and/or
all the above. The Application/Services Providers are 1st tier
consumer of Cloud Computing. They are typically business
consumers of cloud computing infrastructure and providers
of applications and/or services. The Developers are 2nd tier
consumer of Cloud Computing, and they develop
applications and services that are typically hosted on the
Cloud. The End Users also known as 3rd tier consumer of Figure 1. (Mobile) Cloud Computing Model.
Cloud Computing, are typical end users of applications.
They consume applications that in turn consume services on
the cloud, and they care whether the application works well
when needed with the necessary availability level and the
security.
Depending on the requirements different deployment
models for (mobile) cloud computing exist. The deployment
models can be: private cloud, community cloud, public cloud
and hybrid cloud [7, 8].
The Private Cloud (Corporate Cloud, or Internal Cloud)
is a proprietary computing architecture for an organization
that provides hosted services on private networks. The Figure 2. Hybrid Cloud Computing Model.
deployment, the maintenance, and the operations of the
cloud infrastructure are performed by the organization itself. Software as a Service (SaaS)
The operation may be in-house or with a third party on the Platform as a Service (PaaS)
premises. However, this model has its own disadvantages,
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
since the organizations still need to purchase, set up and
manage their own clouds. Data Centers
The Community Cloud infrastructure is a private cloud Figure 3. Service Oriented Cloud Architecture.
that is shared among a number of organizations with similar
interests and requirements. This may help limit the capital Management System (CMS) will be responsible for the
expenditure costs for its establishment as the costs are shared administration of hybrid clouds. The CMS should contain
among the organizations. The operation may be in-house or some functionality such as security management, resource
with a third party on the premises. scheduling (e.g., immediate, on-demand, or for later use),
The Public Cloud (External Cloud) infrastructure is resource allocator, and monitoring the university activities
available to the public on a commercial basis by a cloud and performance. This information can be used to determine
service provider. This enables a consumer to develop and the required resources that need to be allocated in the future.
deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial outlay An example of hybrid cloud computing model is given in
compared to the capital expenditure requirements normally Fig. 2.
associated with other deployment options. The users are
connected to the cloud data centers that provide the cloud III. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
services via the public Internet.
Once a cloud is established, how its cloud computing
The Hybrid Cloud can be a combination of private and services are deployed in terms of business models can differ
public clouds that support the requirement to retain some depending on requirements [2, 7]. A layered architecture of
data in an organization, and also the need to offer services in cloud computing that demonstrates the effectiveness in terms
the cloud. The clouds in this model have the ability through of meeting the user’s requirements is given on Fig. 3.
their interfaces to allow data and/or applications to be Data centers layer provides the hardware facility and
moved from one cloud to another. The hybrid cloud offers a infrastructure for clouds. A number of servers are linked with
suitable environment for the needs of the enterprises, but it high-speed networks to provide services for customers.
also introduces the complexity of determining which Usually, data centers are built in less populated places, with
services and applications should be distributed across the high power supply stability and a low risk of disaster.
private, public, or both clouds. In this model the Cloud

154
 The Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) layer is built on top
of Data centers layer. The consumer is not able to manage
the underlying cloud infrastructure. However IaaS provides
provision processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources where the consumer is
able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
operating systems and applications.
The Platform as a Service (PaaS) layer provides an
advanced integrated environment for building, testing and
deploying custom applications. The consumer does not
control the underlying cloud infrastructure such as network,
servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over
the deployed applications and possibly application hosting
environment configurations.
The Software as a Service (SaaS) layer provides
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. These
applications can be accessed by various client devices by
using a thin client interface such as a web browser. The
consumer is not able to manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities.
The consumer may control and manage only limited user-
specific application configuration settings.
Currently mobile devices can access cloud computing
services, through mobile or wireless network as it is shown
in Fig. 4. Mobile devices are connected to the mobile or
wireless network (GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA, LTE, LTE-
Advanced, WiMAX, or WiFi) through a base station (BTS,
UTRAN, nodeB, enodeB), satellite link or access point
(WiFi or WiMAX). The mobile or wireless network provides
internet connectivity to the Users. Therefore, the users can
access cloud based services through Internet, if they have
mobile devices that support network connectivity.
Mobile users’ requests and user’s profile are transmitted
to the central processors that are connected to servers
providing mobile and wireless network services. Mobile and
wireless network operators can provide services
authentication, authorization and accounting for mobile users
based on the Home Agent (HA) and subscribers’ data stored
in databases. After that, the subscribers’ requests are
delivered to a cloud through the Internet. In the cloud, cloud
controllers process the users’ requests and provide the
corresponding services from the Cloud Computing Service
Provider to mobile users.
Recently mobile applications have begun to adapt to
Figure 4. Mobile Cloud Computing Architecture
155
cloud computing environment. However these applications
are often linked with server instances running in the cloud.
Because of this, the MCC users may face some problems
such as congestion due to the limited bandwidth, network
disconnection, and the signal attenuation caused by mobile
users’ mobility. They will cause delays when MCC users
want to communicate with the cloud, so QoS and QoE are
significantly reduced.
CloneClouds and Cloudlets are some of the possible
solutions that will reduce the network delay [2]. CloneCloud
uses nearby computers or data centers to increase the speed
of running smart phone applications, by cloning the entire set
of data and applications from the smartphone onto the cloud
and selectively executing some operations on the clones,
reintegrating the results back into the smartphone. Cloudlet
is a trusted, resource-rich computer or cluster of computers
that has good Internet connection to the Internet and it is
available for use by nearby mobile devices. The MCC users
may use a cloudlet if it is available if they do not want to
offload to the cloud (maybe due to delay, cost, etc).
IV. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES
Mobile cloud computing will provide many benefits and
advantages for cloud computing providers, mobile network
operators, and cloud computing consumers such as:
• Sharing information and applications without the
need of complex and costly hardware and software
since data processing is running on the cloud;
• Enhanced features and functionalities of mobile
devices through new cloud applications;
• Easy access to mobile cloud computing through a
browser;
• Possibility one application to be shared and
accessed by many mobile device users;
• Broader reach and dissemination of mobile cloud
computing applications;
• Increased battery power for mobile devices;
• Improved data storage capacity and processing
power since MCC will enable mobile users to
store/access and to process the big data such as
modeling of 3D graphics visualization and
animation in ecology, global climate solutions,
financial risks, healthcare and medical learning,
 decoding genome projects, etc. through the
wireless and mobile networks on the cloud where
High Performance Computing (HPC) system
resides;
• Higher level of availability than the conventional
Cloud Computing Environment;
• Improved reliability since data and computer
applications are stored and backed up on a number
of computers; and
• Possibility for Distance Learning system in mobile
cloud computing environment.
Mobile cloud computing will provide to the consumers
the following basic services: platform services, application
services and context-rich support services [9]. Platform
services include the following: storage, database, memory
caching, content distribution, processing and computing.
Cloud computing provider may also offer the following
application services: presence service for location based
applications, video transcoding and streaming proxy for
video streaming applications, push notifications, and speech
and image recognition.
In the near future, many applications will become more
personalized, and more context-aware. They will be able to
recognize user’s identity, user’s location, and user’s
preferences. To support these applications Cloud Computing
providers should support context-rich support services such
as context extraction service, recommendation service and
group privacy service. Of particular importance is the
context extraction service that performs data mining analysis
of mobile data combined with other forms of data such as
social networking data, and sensor network data in order to
extract contextual clues relevant to the user. Data mining
services should be able to scale and analyze large group of
people and large quantities of data (big data) that that they
generate in order to extract collective trends among the
population of users in real time. Additionally crowd
actuation services, such as recommendation services based
on collective group context rather than individual context
need to be created and scaled. By using these clues, a layer
of cloud recommendation services can be built that creates
output that is adjusted to a user or set of users with those
contextual characteristics.
V. MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING ISSUES AND CURRENT
RESEARCH TRENDS
Although there are many advantages offered by MCC,
still there are still many obstacles for MCC, including service
availability, mobility management, security, privacy, energy
efficiency, QoS and QoE, billing etc. These problems must
be carefully addressed before MCC could become
completely operational. Current research trends are focused
into this direction to resolve these issues.
In parallel the latest 4G wireless network technology,
LTE/LTE-Advanced has just been rolled out in commercial
use, which offers high data rate (throughput), low latency
156
Figure 5. Network End-to-end sensor m-Health Model.
(delay), high mobility (speed), and high capacity. It is
expected that many of the MCC issues to be resolved with
4G (LTE/LTE Advanced) and beyond 4G Networks (usually
referred to as 5G). Therefore some of the researchers explore
the MCC Environment in 4G and 5G networks. Below are
mentioned some of these research trends.
The implementation of cloud computing platform
(cloudification) in LTE Systems is given in [10]. Here the
term network cloudification is explained as a process of
virtualizing a network that is be composed of a radio access
network, mobile core network, virtual local area network
(VLAN), a virtual private network (VPN), active and
programmable networks and overlay networks. It is
concluded that cloudication of the LTE would require one or
more cloud computing platforms to cloudify the e-RAN,
EPC and the Operator's services infrastructures. In this way
the LTE virtual networks that are elastic and are based on a
pay-as-you-go model can be enabled on-demand, to third
party LTE service operators and users. Additionally it was
explored whether the existing cloud computing platforms
(Open Stack, Eucaliptus and OpenNebula) can be applied in
LTE Systems. It was concluded that none of the platforms
satisfy the cloudification criteria for LTE systems and it was
given what enhancements to the modules of these platforms
should be made in order to satisfy the cloudification of LTE.
A prototype design of cloud based 4G LTE system and
its application in Mobile augmented reality is given in [5].
Mobile Augmented Reality (Mobile AR or MAR) [2, 3] is
defined as AR applications running in a mobile environment.
Particularly MAR can be applied navigation/tourism
applications for indoor and outdoor, collaborative urban
design, and multiuser interactive motion learning systems.
Augmented reality is a live view of physical real-world
whose elements are augmented (enhanced) by virtual
computer-generated data and/or images. A further
investigation will be performed on QoS and QoE aspects of
mobile augmented reality applications.
Reference [11] addresses the following challenges in 4G
Mobile cloud: energy efficiency, latency, QoS/QoE and
Handover i.e. Mobility. LTE/LTE-Advanced has its own
QoS features. However it does not consider either Cloud-
based adaptive regulation mechanisms or QoE parameters.
Implementation of QoE with LTE in Cloud environment is a
new field to be explored. Finally it is suggested end-to-end
whole 4G architecture with MCC environment to be studied,
instead of previous approaches focusing on either Cloud or
4G individually.
 A novel framework for measuring Quality of Service
(QoS) in an end-to-end sense for sensor-based mHealth
networks is given in [12]. The entire path coverage is given
in Fig. 5 and starts from the biomedical sensor application,
and includes the link technology (linking the sensor to the
smartphone), Long Term Evolution (LTE)’s eNB (eNodeB),
and the mobile cloud. From an end-to-end perspective, the
biomedical data acquisition is initiated at the sensor side,
where data is captured, digitized, and transmitted to the
smartphone via a link-technology. The smartphone collects,
aggregates, and prioritizes mHealth data before transmitting
to the cellular network. The data goes through the
cloud/Internet before reaching the other end. Additionally a
novel framework of Biomedical Sensing Analyser (BSA),
that is capable to formulate the QoS measurements in an
end-to-end sense is presented. Additionally BSA is
compared with the with the VoIP’s Mean Opinion Square
and R-rating (MOS-R). The Simulation was performed with
LabView programming environment.
Analysis of Wireless Cloud Implementation in LTE-
Advanced is given in [13]. The work consists of the
introduction of datacenters as well as development of an
algorithm for traffic balance among data centers in a LTE-A
network with a very high load, followed by an analysis of
network capacity and data center load. The simulation and
analytical results show that, depending on the network
configurations and average throughput per radio units, the
number of required data centers to cover the whole city is
between one and three, and also no latency problem occurs.
Additionally the capacity of the network was reduced.
A seamless distributed mobility management solution in
cloud based LTE Systems is elaborated in [14]. Distributed
Mobility Management (DMM) is a set of solutions
developed to overcome the limitations posed by currently
deployed centralized mobility management schemes. DMM
offers to operators a more efficient network deployment
driven by a distributed placement of core network entities
close to the edge (access) of the network. In this work a
novel architecture is defined to support DMM by means of
redirecting the traffic to the relocated mobility anchor point
in order to allow IP address continuity to flows kept active
by the UEs upon movement. Traffic redirection occurs in the
transport network above the Evolved Packet System (EPS)
via encapsulation-free forwarding schemes based on two
different technologies: Network Address Translation (NAT)
and OpenFlow. The simulation is performed with NS3
network simulator and the results confirmed that OpenFlow
protocol is more efficient than NAT.
Additionally, the EU FP7 MCN project [15] integrates
the use of the Cloud Computing concept in LTE mobile
networks in order to increase LTE’s performance. This is
accomplished by building a shared distributed LTE mobile
network that can optimize the utilization of virtualized
computing, storage and network resources and minimize
communication delays. The use of DMM can be applied in
such environments not only to enhance the LTE mobility
management performance and provide session continuity to
users across personal, local, and wide area networks without
interruption, but also to support traffic redirection when a
157
Figure 6. Cloud Integration with Telecommunication Network.
virtualized LTE entity, like the PGW, running on a
virtualization platform is migrated to another virtualization
platform and ongoing sessions supported by this P-GW need
to be maintained.
Reference [16] reveals how the networks will evolve
from voice centric to data centric (content-centric)
architectures that will deliver pervasive (ubiquitous)
connectivity. Further is mentioned that LTE and cloud
computing are the central technologies that will transform
communication services. The following three key drivers for
the convergence of IT and telecom at the mobile edge:
richness of services, speed of delivery and performance and
return of investment (ROI). Telecom operators are
investigating how they can make the best use of their assets,
and how future network investment can be aligned with a
cloud model. One option is to make use of network
equipment to host server modules to create telecom-grade
clouds. This could include a mix of centralized cloud and a
distributed cloud using access network and RAN elements,
as shown in Fig. 6. Currently hosting content and
applications in the RAN has become popular. By placing
storage and computing resources at, or close to, the cell site,
operators can improve response times for the services
requested by the users in the prevailing radio conditions.
This might be useful for congestion control, or rate
adaptation for video streams. On the network side, cell site
caching can reduce demand on the backhaul network, and
potentially play a role in limiting signaling to the core
network. The two primary advantages of placing content
close to the radio and close to the user are application
performance and network efficiency. One emerging
application where both application performance and network
efficiency could work together in a distributed cloud model
is LTE Broadcast that uses evolved Multimedia Broadcast
Mulsticast (eMBMS) technology.
The possibility to use RapidIO protocol for cloud radio
access small cell network is provided in [17]. This is because
the RapidIO protocol has been used in many wireless RAN
systems (3G and 4G) and it continues to offer superior QoS
with very low power consumptions as well as scalability
with lowest latency in traditional, cloud and small-cell access
networks.
 Recently the research in TROPIC FP7 project is about
mobile femto cloud computing where home cloud enhanced
Node B’s (HceNB), are used to provide not only short range
wireless access but also proximity storage/computation
resources [18].
Some of the researcher began to envision how cloud
computing will shape the next generation of mobile and
wireless network 5G, that will have user centric (human
centric) concept [19, 20]. The mobile user is accorded
priority. The terminals will simultaneously have access to
different wireless technologies and the terminal should be
able to combine different flows from different technologies
[21]. Telecom operators will most likely invest in developing
new context aware applications that will provide seamless,
continual and versatile mobile experience to the end-user
The terminals will simultaneously have access to different
wireless technologies and the terminal should be able to
combine different flows from different technologies. They
will be cloud based cognitive devices will have the main role
to make the shift from network centric to user centric
concept. Additionally cloud computing will shape the core
part of 5G (super core, nano core, or master core). A central
remote server that will maintain data and applications in 5G
networks would be a content provider, which will provide a
set of context-rich support services. Also the users will be
able to access their private files and use their applications
from by using the multi-core cloud computing technology.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper provided a survey for mobile cloud
computing. Initially MCC was defined. Then different MCC
models as well as architectures were considered. Also MCC
advantages, services, applications and issues were discussed.
Finally some of the current research trends of mobile cloud
computing with particular reference to the integration of
Cloud Computing with 4G were overviewed. Also the
influence of MCC in 5G Network was discussed. It can be
concluded that many issues such as battery life-time,
interaction latency, Quality of Service/Experience
(QoS/QoE), security, availability seamless mobility, billing,
etc. remain to be solved before MCC reach its true potential.
In future we plan to address some of these issues, such as
resource management and scheduling algorithms for mobile
cloud computing, as well as the cloudification
(virtualization) of 5G Network.
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