Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021

Department

INTERMEDIATE APPAREL PRODUCTION NTQF Level -II

Learning Guide -#30
Unit of Competence: - Mark, Lay-up and Cut Complicated Fabrics and Lays
Module Title:-Marking, Laying-up and Cutting Complicated Fabrics and Lays
G Code: -IND IAP2 M09 09 19 LO1-LG30
LM Code: -IND IAP2 TTLM1, 09 19 v1

LO5:-PREPARE WORK STATION

Information Sheet-1 Occupational health safety (OHS) practices

Introduction
Occupation: - “Occupation” is the kind of job a person performed at his or her place of work. These jobs are described in many
ways. Some are patternmaking, sewing, finishing, etc.
OHS Practice includes three main activities at work place. This includes: Hazard identification and control, Risk assessment and
Risk reduction measures implementation.
1.1 Hazard identification and control:
Introduction:
Concepts of hazards:
Hazard: Anything (e.g. condition, situation, practice, behavior) that has the potential to cause harm.
Hazard Identification:
This is the process of examining each work area and work task for the purpose of identifying all the hazards which are “inherent
in the job”.
Types of Hazards in a Workplace:
Commonly they are of four types. These are ergonomic hazards, physical hazards, biological hazards, chemical hazards and
psycho- social hazards.
Ergonomic hazards:
Ergonomic hazards are problems that can occur when a worker’s physical workplace do not match up with his physical size or
work positions. These types of hazards may occur in both office and industrial settings. Example: poor seating in computer class
and weaving class.
Physical hazards:
These are workplace hazards that can affect the body. They may include radiation and excessive noise levels, falls.
Chemical hazards: This may result if an employee inhales or absorbs harmful chemicals through his mouth, nose or via skin
contact. Chemical hazards can come in several forms, such as liquids, vapors, gases or solids.
Biological work hazards:
It may occur if workers are exposed to living organisms, such as parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria. These types of work
hazards may also come from toxins.
Psycho-social hazards: This can arise out of the many different ways that people interact with each other. This type of hazard
may show up as negative work place conditions like bullying, violence or sexual harassment. This is due to stress outside or
inside the work place, the type of work being done or the attitudes and behaviors that different people bring to their jobs.
Contributing factors for work place hazards:

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

These are categorized into four (4) types. People, materials, equipment and environment.
Materials: Thinking about whether a material is proper for the job or not.
Environment: It refers to how conditions around workers and supervisors further impact hazard and work place safety.
Example- are work areas too cold or too hot?
Equipment’s: this is determining whether equipment, tools and even protective equipment are proper for the job.
People: this is considering how the action or no-action of people influences work place hazards and situations.
1.2 Risk assessment:
Risk Assessment Is defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with each of the hazards identified so the nature of
the risk can be understood. This includes the nature of the harm that may result from the hazard, the severity of that harm and the
likelihood of this occurring.
Risk Assessment Procedure

Step-1: Identify hazards

Step-2: Assess Risks
Step-3: Control Risks
Step-4: Review created measures
Step 1: Identify Hazards
In order to identify hazards the following are recommended:
Past incidents/accidents are examined to see what happened and whether it could occur again.
Employees be consulted to find out what they consider are safety issues.
Work areas are inspected to find out what is happening now. Identified hazards should be documented to allow further action.
Information about equipment (e.g. plant, operating instructions) and Material Safety Data Sheets are reviewed to determine
relevant safety precautions.
Welcome creative thinking about what could go wrong takes place, i.e. what hazardous event could take place here?
Step 2: Assess Risks
It involves considering the possible results of someone being exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of this occurring. It
determines how severe a risk is and existing control measures are effective. A risk assessment should include:
Identify factors contributing to the risk.
Review health and safety information from source and its particular hazard.
Evaluation of how severe the harm could be. This is types of injuries.
Determining the likelihood of harm occurring. The level of risk will increase as the likelihood of harm and its severity
increases.
Identify the actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk.

Identify records that it is necessary to keep to ensure that the risks are eliminated or controlled.
Step 3: Controlling Risks
Once a risk rating is determined, each hazard has its risk control measures evaluated using the Evaluation of Control
Effectiveness Table. This allows for determination of any additional requirement necessary.

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

Step 4: Implement additional risk controls

The Hierarchy of Controls (see diagram below) ranks control options from highest level of protection and reliability to lowest.
This should be used to determine the most effective controls

Figure: Hierarchy of Controls:

Level 1 Control Measures:

It is eliminating the hazard and associated risks. It is the most effective control measures. This can be achieved through
removing the hazard or selecting alternate products or equipment to eliminate the risk. If a hazard cannot be eliminated then risks
can be minimized by lower control measures
Level 2 Control Measures:
This is used to minimize the risks by involving following as separate or as a combination.
a. Substitute the hazard: substitute method or material to reduce the risk or hazard.
- Isolate the hazard: separate the hazard from the workplace or people. Example Chemical store room kept locked except to an
authorized person.
b. Use engineering controls: Modify existing machinery or plant or purchase different machinery to provide a physical solution.
Example: Guard rails.
Level 3 Control Measures:
These are control options that are considered last as they do not control the source of the hazard but rely on human behavior or
supervision and are therefore less effective. They include;
i. Administrative Procedures: Develop work methods or procedures to reduce the conditions of risk.
a. Written Safe Operating Procedures
b. Job rotation to restrict hours worked on difficult jobs.
c. Staff trained in the correct operating procedures.
ii. Use Personal Protective Equipment: this offer the lowest level of protection and the last resort to deal with the hazard, where
the hazard cannot be removed.
Example:
a. Handling of chemicals – gloves, safety glasses, aprons.
b. Protecting eyes from flying particles.
c. Protecting feet – safety boots.
Step 5: Monitor and Review
Hazard identification, risk assessment and control are an on-going process. Therefore,regularly review the effectiveness of your
hazard assessment and control measures. Make sure that you undertake a hazard and risk assessment when there is a change to
the workplace including when work systems, tools, machinery or equipment change.

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

The effectiveness of control measures can be checked through regular reviews as well as consultation with workers.
1.3 Risk reduction measures implementation:
Specifically to this competence Risk reduction measures implementation may include. Manual handling techniques, Standard
operating procedures, Personal protective equipment, Safe materials handling, Taking rest breaks, Ergonomic workplaces
arrangement ,Following marked walkways, Safe equipment storage, Housekeeping, Reporting accidents and incidents and
Environmental practices. These are explained as follow.
1.3.1 Manual handling techniques
what are manual handling techniques?
Manual handling covers a wide range of activities including: lifting, pushing, and pulling, holding, restraining, throwing and
carrying. ... Good posture and lifting techniques canhelp reduce the risks, but research indicates that making changes to
workplace designis the most effective way to prevent manual handling injury.

Fig.Manual handling techniques

1.3.2 Standard operating procedures

A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out
complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing
miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations.The military (e.g. in the U.S. and UK) sometimes uses the
term standing (rather than standard) operating procedure because a military SOP refers to a unit's unique procedures, which are
not necessarily standard to another unit. The word "standard" can imply that only one (standard) procedure is to be used across
all units.

1.3.3 Personal protective equipment

Safety procedures
Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE) for ears, eyes, face, head and extremities, protective
clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, inspected and maintained in a sanitary
and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of protecting in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in
the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. All personal protective equipment shall
be of safe design and constructed for the work to be performed as recognized in regulatory.
Defective or damaged personal protective equipment shall not be used. It shall be tagged “DEFECTIVE DO NOT USE” or
“DAMAGED UNSAFE DO NOT USE” and repaired to manufacturer specifications or disposed to prevent future use.

1.3.4 Safe materials handling

Meaning of Material Handling:
Material handling may be considered a specialized activity for modern manufacturing units. From the time, the input material or
raw materials enter the industrial unit and go out of the unit in the form of finished products, these are handled at all stages in
between, no matter, on the shop floor or in the stores. It has been estimated that the average material handling cost is roughly 30
to 60% of the cost of production. This is so since majority of production time is consumed in handling materials before, during
and after the manufacture. However, this cost can be reduced by proper selection, operation, maintenance and layout of material
Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

handling devices but cannot be totally eliminated.

Types of material handling
Manual handling
Automated handling

1.3.5 Taking of rest breaks

Rest breaks
Most workers have the right to take breaks, but whether you are paid for them depends on the terms of your employment
contract. There are special rules about rest breaks for some types of worker, especially those working in the transport industry.
Types of breaks
you will normally have a variety of different breaks from work. These can be broken down into three types:
'rest breaks' - lunch breaks, tea breaks and other short breaks during the day
'daily rest' - the break between finishing one day’s work and starting the next
'weekly rest' - whole days when you don't come into work (for many people this will be the weekend)The second and third
types of break are almost never paid (unless you have to stay 'on call'). The first type is often paid but doesn't have to be unless
your contract says so.
1.3.6 Ergonomic arrangement of workplaces
Applying ergonomics to the workplace can:
Reduce the potential for accidents;
Reduce the potential for injury and ill health;
Improve performance and productivity.
Taking account of ergonomics and human factors can reduce the likelihood of an accident. For example, in the design of control
panels, consider:
The location of switches and buttons – switches that could be accidentally knocked on or off might start the wrong sequence of
events that could lead to an accident;

Expectations of signals and controls – most people interpret green to indicate a safe condition. If a green light is used to
indicate a ‘warning or dangerous state’ it may be ignored or overlooked;
Information overload – if a worker is given too much information they may become confused, make mistakes, or panic. In
hazardous industries, incorrect decisions or mistaken actions have had catastrophic results.

Ergonomics can also reduce the potential for ill health at work, such as aches, pains and damage to the wrists, shoulders and
back, noise-induced hearing loss and work-related asthma. Consider the layout of controls and equipment – they should be
positioned in relation to how they are used. Place those used most often where they are easy to reach without the need to stoop,
stretch or hunch. Making sure protective measures such as extraction hoods or respirators are easy and comfortable to use means
they are more likely to be effective at reducing exposure to hazardous substances. If you don’t follow ergonomics principles,
there may be serious consequences for people and whole organizations. Many well-known accidents might have been prevented
if ergonomics and human factors had been considered in designing people’s jobs and the systems they worked in.

1.3.7 Following marked walkways

Use Marked Walkways to stay out of Harm’s way!
Industrial environments can be hazardous, particularly if one is not familiar with the activities.
A simple way to stay out of harm’s way is to, ,…
KEEP YOUR EYES OPEN
OBSERVE ALL SIGNAGE
STAY BEHIND BARRICADES
AND USE MARKED WALKWAYSAT ALL TIMES

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

1.3.8 Safe storage of equipment

Create a plan for storing all equipment and materials at your site. Assign a specific location to each item or type of item and label
the space accordingly. Make certain that work areas and walkways are kept clear of all stored items. Use tape or paint to identify
such areas on the floor of a large area, such as a manufacturing facility. In an office, laboratory or similar smaller setting, use
cabinets with doors that close securely. Always leave at least 1.5 feet between the top of stored items and fire sprinklers, if
present. Make sure that all stacks are solid and secure them whenever possible.

1.3.9 Housekeeping
To some people, the word “housekeeping” calls to mind cleaning floors and surfaces, removing dust, and organizing clutter.
But in a work setting, it means much more. Housekeeping is crucial to safe workplaces. It can help prevent injuries and improve
productivity and morale, as well as make a good first impression on visitors, according to Cari Gray, safety consultant for the
Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation. It also can help an employer avoid potential fines for noncompliance.
1.3.10 Reporting accidents and incidents
Why Reporting Accidents Is Important to Workplace Safety
Reporting workplace accidents is a crucial part of filing a workers’ compensation claim, but it is also extremely important for
ensuring workplace safety. There are many employers who try to prevent their employees from reporting accidents, injuries, and
illnesses. Sometimes their methods even seem beneficial for workers, coming in the form of rewards for days without accidents
or injuries. In the end, however, it is always best for employees to report accidents because it helps maintain a safer work
environment. Workers, on the other hand, may be negatively impacted in many ways, including:
Delays in workers’ compensation benefits;
Delays in diagnosis of injuries and medical treatment;
Loss of employment when injuries are too significant to return to work, but there is no proper documentation or proof of
injuries;
A less safe work environment with unaddressed hazards; and
Lack of proof for employer violations of OSHA regulations.
1.3.11 Environmental practices
The term best environmental practice (BEP) means the application of the most appropriate combination of environmental
control measures and strategies.

Information Sheet-2 Setting up work area

A work area may refer to any of the following:
In general, a work area or working area can describe a place where one or more people work.
A work area is also synonymous with many of the workspace terms.
Setting up the office area
1.Office layout
2. Install electrical sockets
3. Set up doors, locks, lights, floor painting, ceiling, air conditioning, cameras, meeting table, fridge…
4. Set up an internet account and Wi-Fi router
Setting up the workshop area
1. Workshop production line layout design, including material flow
2. Total power usage calculation; discussion with building management
3. Selection of production line, lights, fans, ventilation, compressor, etc.
4. Installation of ventilation in right positions
5. Installation of electrical sockets
6. Plan and set up doors, locks, fans, lights
7. Air volume and compressor
Setting up the warehouse area
1. Warehouse layout design, including material flow
2.Selecting a forklift and racks, purchasing
3.Installation of racks
4. Set up doors, fans, light

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

Information Sheet-3 Setting up Equipment

What is work equipment?
Work equipment is any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation for use at work(whether exclusively or not). This
includes equipment which employees provide for their own use at work. The scope of work equipment is therefore extremely
wide. The use of work equipment is also very widely interpreted and '...means any activity involving work equipment and
includes starting, stopping, programming, setting, transporting, repairing, modifying, maintaining, servicing and cleaning'.
What you must do
If your business or organization uses work equipment or is involved in providing work equipment for others to use (eg for hire),
you must manage the risks from that equipment. This means you must:
Ensure the equipment is constructed or adapted to be suitable for the purpose it issued or provided for
Take account of the working conditions and health and safety risks in the work place when selecting work equipment
Ensure work equipment is only used for suitable purposes
Ensure work equipment is maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair
Where a machine has a maintenance log, keep this up to date

4.1Lay-up equipment:
4.1.1 Weights
Cloth weights – Cloth weights made of metal about 2–10 lb. can be used to hold the marker down on the lay.
4.1.2 Clamps
Manufactured from high grade steel, rubber and other materials like plastic, these clamps are rust free and do not leave any stain
or spot on the fabric. These are used in different tailoring houses for holding the fabric or the clothing to make incisions saving
both time and money.
4.1.3 Spreading table
Spreading is the process of unwinding large rolls of fabric onto long, wide tables in preparation for cutting each piece of
garment. Generally, the spreading process can be done manually or by computer controlled machines. One or two person, based
on the fabric type and width of fabric, type of spreading machine and size of spread, can be involved in the spreading process.
Spreading Machines Used in Garment Industry:
Different types of machines and equipment’s used in fabric spreading process. Basically they can be classified in three
categories. They are:
1. Manual spreading machines
2. Semi-automatic spreading machines
3. Fully automatic spreading machine
Spreading normally requires a flat, smooth surface. Spreading and cutting tables are available in standard widths. A spreading
table should be about 10″ wider than the fabric width. It may have rails fixed on the top of a spreading table to guide and control
the spreader as it moves along the length of the table. With modern high speed spreading machines, all the drives are
synchronized to control the fabric tension.

4.2 Cutting equipment:

4.2.1 Round blade cutter
Round knife has rotating circular blade so that the leading edge cuts downwards into the fabric. Blade diameters vary from 6cm
to 20cm. It is used only for straight lines or lower lays of relatively few plies and is not suitable for cutting curved parts.
4.2.2 Straight knife cutter
Straight Knife: It has a straight, vertical blade with varying edge, an electric motor, and a sharpening device. Its blade heights
vary from 10cm to 33cm, more accurate on curves.
The most useful cutting machine in garments industry is the straight knife cutting machine.
The greater the blade movement the faster the blade cuts the fabric. It is versatile, cheaper, portable and, relatively reliable&
easy to maintain.
4.2.3 Drills
Drills used to make hole or marks. The hole is often drilled through all the plies of fabric in the lay for the position of pockets,
darts and for similar markings. On many fabrics, cold drill is used while on looser weave fabrics, hot drill is used, all drill holes
must eventually be concealed by the construction of the garment.

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

4.2.4 Metal die

Die cutting started as a process of cutting leather for the shoe industry in the mid-19thcentury. It is now sophisticated enough to
cut through just one layer of a laminate, so it is now used on labels, stamps, and other stickers; this type of die cutting is known
as kiss cutting. Die cutting can be done on either flatbed or rotary presses. Rotary die cutting is often done in line with printing.
The primary difference between rotary die cutting and flatbed die cutting is that the flatbed is not as fast but the tools are
cheaper. This process lends itself to smaller production runs where it is not as easy to absorb the added cost of a rotary die.

4.2.5 Computerized cutting machine

The modern cutting rooms in the garment factory are equipped with automatic cutting machines. Automatic fabric cutting
machines help factories improving cutting accuracy, and improving cutting room production.

4.3Computer and appropriate software

Lectra systems Lectra is one of the very well-known brands in the CAD system and cutting room solutions including
automatic cutting machine and auto-spreader. Vector is the new generation automatic cutting machine from Lectra.
Gerber cutter Gerber is another popular name in cutting room automation and technology. Gerber cutter is widely used CNC
fabric cutting machine.
Morgan Tecnica Morgan Tecnica spa is Italy based machine and software manufacturer. NEXT is theproduct name for
automatic cutting machines from Morgan Tecnica.
Tukacut: Tukatech's CNC Automatic Cutting Machines have the capability of cutting up to 8 cm. compressed under a
vacuum. On board computer with high capacity hard disk and monitor that can independently memorize the cutting graphics. It
can be directly connected to the CAD system network or the cut data/marker may be transferred via USB. Tukatech's automatic
fabric cutting machine saves both time and money.
Eastman CNC (Raptor): Eastman’s series of automated, computerized cutting systems cut with accuracy and repeatability
and have been engineered for single, low, and high-ply cutting requirements. Precision cutting tools offer the utmost flexibility
for hundreds of material applications and are proven solutions for even the most difficult-to-cut materials.
Bullmer Bullmer is made in Germany. There automatic cutting machines are Premium cut, Turbo cut and Pro cut.
YIN Computerized cutting machine This automatic fabric cutting machine is from YIN USA Inc.

4.4 Marker card/paper

Markers are a guide used in the cutting process. It is long sheet of bond paper with all of the pattern pieces used to make a style
laid out in a configuration intended to reduce fabric waste as much as is possible, including all of the sizes you’d need of a given
style. Markers are often made by computer and printed out with a plotter. The marker is laid on top of the fabric layers which
cutters then use to cut out all of the pieces at once. Below is an image of what a computer generated marker (not particularly well
made)looks like in a CAD program. This marker is for a simple bodice with facings and a short sleeve in five sizes, XS-XL
4.5 Patterns
Pattern is a hard paper on which different component of garments of a particular style are sketched according to the
measurement of the garments.
Types of pattern: There are two types of pattern. They are-
Working pattern
Production pattern

4.6 Seating
For seated and standing work, the height of the workstation should allow workers to function with elbows at 90 degrees. If the
workstation is too low, the worker is forced to bend at the waist to reach the work being done. This puts stress on the lower back.
If the station is too high, the worker is forced to lift their shoulders or move their elbows away from the body to reach their work.
This puts increased stress on the shoulders which may lead to injury.

Information Sheet-4 Checking and making ready for use

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

Before allowing someone to start using any machine you need to think about what risks there are and how these can be
managed. You should:
Check that it is complete, with all safeguards fitted, and free from defects. The term ‘safeguard’ includes guards, interlocks,
two-hand controls, light guards, Health and Safety Executive Providing and using work equipment safely: By law, the supplier
must provide the right safeguards and inform buyers of any risks (‘residual risks’) that users need to be aware of and manage
because they could not be designed out.
Choose the right machine for the job.
check the machine is well maintained and fit to be used, i.e. appropriate for the job, working properly and all the safety measures
are in place – guards, isolators, locking mechanisms, emergency off switches etc;
✔Use the machine properly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
✔Make sure employees are wearing the appropriate protective clothing and equipment, required for that machine, such as safety
glasses, hearing protection and safety shoes;
✔Ensure that those who use machinery are competent to use it safely, provide training where necessary. For some machinery a
formal qualification is needed.

Information Sheet-5 Undertaking Routine maintenance of equipment

Why is maintenance of plant and equipment important regular maintenance of equipment? is an important and necessary
activity. The term maintenance’ covers many activities, including inspection, testing, measurement, placement and adjustment,
and is carried out in all sectors and workplaces. It has a vital to play in reducing the risk associated with some workplace hazards
and providing safer healthier working conditions. here are two types of maintenance: routine maintenance is planned and focuses
on preventing future problems, while corrective maintenance is reactive and happens when equipment goes wrong and needs to
be fixed. Maintenance can be a high-risk activity. According to Healthy Working Lives, it is estimated at 25-30% of all
manufacturing industry deaths in Britain result from maintenance activity..
Required tools for straight knife cutting machine:-

Flat screw driver Hammer Lubricating oil

Star screw driver Pliers Grease

Precaution
allowing precaution must be taken when repair, setting, maintenance or replacement is carried out in the cutting machine
All repairs and maintenance work must be carried out by switching of the machine.
Careful handling of all the components is necessary.
Right tools should be used at right place and right time.
The components should not be too tight or too loose.
Skilled personnel should be involved for specialized job.

Operation Sheet-1 CONTENT-5

Techniques for undertaking routine maintenance:
Step 1- prepare all the necessary tools flat and star screw driver, lubricating oil, hammer, plies and grease.
Step 2- Basic cleaning: - remove all dusts and lint’s using brushes and dust blower.
Step 3- Inspecting: - check all parts/components of the machine by five sense organs.
Step 4-Oiling: - oil to the intended part of the machine.
Step 5-Re-tightening: - if loosen nuts there re-tighten them back

Information Sheet-6 Setting up Cutting table and seating’s

Use easily adjustable chairs to minimize awkward postures, and provide training on how to properly use them.
Chairs should have:

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466
 Hossana poly technic college Fashion and Garment 2021
Department

easily adjustable height, seat tilt, and backrest position;

padded back rest with rounded edges that supports worker's lower back;
no wheels, or wheels that lock;
a gently sloped or "waterfall" front edge to help prevent the chair's edge from pressing into the back of the legs; and
a cushioned/contoured seat, which distributes the worker's weight so no body part gets all the pressure.

To choose a proper chair, consider the amount of movement the task requires, and the size of the worker. For tasks that require a
lot of twisting.
Tables should be adjusted so the work is at elbow height and wrists are kept straight. If the table is too low, workers will have to
hunch forward, putting strain on the back, neck, and shoulders. If a table is too high, workers will have to raise their shoulders to
get their arms high enough to work. This posture tires the neck, shoulder, and upper back muscles and may result in muscle pain.
For sit-down work, the table should also be high enough to allow room underneath for the worker's legs. The table top should not
press on the worker's thighs. Workers who use a treadle need more room than those who don't so they can move their legs more
easily.

Information Sheet-7 Preparing to suit lay length

Layering the fabrics for cutting for garment production
Fabric spreading is very important part of the production process because it is basic for obtaining a high-quality final product.
Spreading is the process of unwinding large rolls of fabric into long, wide tables in preparation for cutting each piece of a
garment. The number of layers of fabric is dictated by the number of garments desired and the fabric thickness. Fabric Spreading
Machines are used for bulk production.
Spreading or Laying
Spreading is the process of unwinding large rolls of fabric into long, wide tables in preparation for cutting each piece of a
garment. The number of layers of fabric is dictated by the number of garments desired and the fabric thickness. Spreading can be
done by hand or machine. Depending upon the fabric and cutting technology, up to 200 layers of fabric maybe cut at one time.
Fabrics that are more difficult to handle are generally cut in thinner
stacks. Spreading and cutting is smooth laying out of fabric in superimposed layers or piles of
specified length. The cutting marker is laid on the topmost layer. The maximum cutting width is the usable fabric width minus
selvedge or needle marks caused by stencil marks. Fabric utilization is the amount of fabric actually utilized in the marker as the
percentage of the total fabric area.

Types of Lay Plan

Half Garment Lay includes only half of the garment pieces, for example, one side left or right. Generally used for tubular
fabrics.
Whole Garment Lay includes garment pieces, left and right sides. Generally it is used for Open width fabrics.
Single Size Lay is used using all garment pieces of one single size. Disadvantageous as the consumption of fabric is higher.
Types of lay
Single Ply is a single layer of fabric generally to make samples
A multiple Ply is a number of fabric layers stacked on one top of other
Stepped Lay is multiple lays in which groups of layers have different lengths generally used for getting best utilization and
consumption of fabric.

Learning guide for Lay, Mark and Cut Complicated fabrics Author: HPTC Abenezer
Date: March 25, 2021
level II Version: 1 Revision: 1 Lemma 0916755466