Lateral Earth Pressures-141125070023-Conversion-Gate01

Lateral Earth Pressures
Retaining Structures
Prof. Dr. Mustafa Aytekin
SIVA Copyright©2001
Lateral Support
In geotechnical engineering, it is often necessary to
prevent lateral soil movements.
Tie rod
Anchor
Sheet pile
Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile 2

retaining wall
Lateral Support
We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on

these structures, to be able to design them.
Gravity Retaining S il nailing

Soil ili
Reinforced earth wall 3
wall
Soil Nailing
4
Sheet Pile
Sheet piles marked for driving

5
Sheet Pile
Sheet pile wall

6
Sheet Pile
During installation Sheet pile wall
7
Lateral Support
Reinforced earth walls are increasingly becoming popular.
geosynthetics
8
Lateral Support
filled with
Crib walls have been used in Queensland. soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Looks good. Interlocking
stretchers
and headers
9
Earth Pressure at Rest

In a homogeneous natural soil deposit,
GL
v’
h’
X
the ratio h’/

/v’ is a constant known as coefficient
of earth pressure at rest (K0).
Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

10
Estimating K0
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

K0 = 1 – sin 
’
For overconsolidated clays,

K0,overconsolidated = K0,normally consolidated OCR0.5
From elastic analysis,


K0  Poisson s
Poisson’s
1 ratio
11
Active/Passive Earth Pressures

- in granular soils
Wall moves
away from
f soil
il
Wall moves A
towards soil
B
smooth wall
Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

wall movement. 12
Active Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
v’ = z
Initially there is no lateral movement.
Initially, movement
v’ z
h’ = K0 v’ = K0 z
h’
A
As the wall moves away from the soil,
v’ remains the same; and
h’ dec
decreases
eases ttill failure
a u e occurs.
occu s.
Active state
13

- in granular soils


Initially (K0 state)

Failure (Active state)
v’ 
active earth
pressure
p decreasing h’
14

- in granular soils

WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)

[h’]active v’ 
[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin  active earth pressure
KA   tan 2 (45   / 2)
1  sin  15

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 + /2 to horizontal v’
h’
45 + /2 A
 90+
[h’]active v’ 
16

- in granular soils
h’ decreases till failure occurs.

occurs
h’ K0 state
v’ z
Active
h’
A state
wall movement
17

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
soils
18
Example
19
20
21
22
23
What is the excavation depth

without a support
24
25
Solved in the classroom
26
27
28
29
30
Passive Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
As the wall moves towards the soil,

v’ remains the same,
same and
v’
h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’
B
Passive state
31

- in granular soils


Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
passive earth
pressure
v’ 
increasing h’
32

- in granular soils


v’ [h’]passive 
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin  passive earth pressure
KP   tan 2 ( 45   / 2)
1  sin  33

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 - /2 to horizontal v’
45 - /2 h’
A
 90+

v’ [h’]passive
34

- in granular soils

h’ increases till failure occurs.
occurs
h’ Passive state

v’
h’
B
K0 state
wall movement
35

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as

for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
Everything else the same

as for granular soils.
soils
36
Earth Pressure Distribution

- in granular soils
[h’]active
PA and PP are the
resultant
l active
i andd
passive thrusts on
the wall
[h’]passive H
0 5 KAH
PA=0.5 H2
h 0.5 KPh2
PP=0.5
37
KPh KAH
h’
Passive state
Active state
K0 state
Wall movement
(not to scale)
Rankine’ss Earth Pressure Theory

Rankine
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
 Assumes smooth wall
 Applicable only on vertical walls
39
Retaining Walls - Applications
Road
Train
40
highway
41
High rise building

High-rise
basement wall
42
Gravity Retaining Walls
cement mortar
plain
l i concrete
t or
stone masonry
cobbles
They rely on their self weight to

support the backfill
43
Cantilever Retaining Walls
Reinforced;
smaller section
than gravity
walls
alls
They act like vertical cantilever,

fixed to the ground 44
Design of Retaining Wall

- in granular soils
2 2
Block no.
3 3
1
1
toe
toe
Wi = weight of block i
Analysey the stabilityy of this rigid g bodyy with
xi = horizontal distance of centroid of block i from toe
vertical walls (Rankine theory valid) 45
Safety against sliding along the base
PP  {{W } tan 
soil concrete friction
soil-concrete
Wi }. angle  0.5 – 0.7 
Fsliding 
PA
to be g
greater
than 1.5
2 2
PA H
3 3 PA
1
PP 1
S h PP
toe S
R
toe
y R
y
PP= 0.5 KPhh2 PA= 0.5 KAH2

Safety against overturning about toe
PP h / 3  {Wi xi }
Foverturning 
PA H/3
to be g
greater
than 2.0
2 2
PA H
3 3 PA
1
PP 1
S h PP
toe S
R
toe
y R
y
Points to Think About
How does the key help in improving the stability

against sliding?
Shouldn’t we design retaining walls to resist at-rest

(than active) earth pressures since the thrust on the
wall is greater in K0 state (K0 > KA)?
48
THE END
49
50

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Lateral Earth Pressures

Cantilever Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile 2

We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on

Gravity Retaining S il nailing

Sheet piles marked for driving

Sheet pile wall

During installation Sheet pile wall

Reinforced earth walls are increasingly becoming popular.

Earth Pressure at Rest

the ratio h’/

Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,

For overconsolidated clays,

From elastic analysis,

Active/Passive Earth Pressures

Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure

As the wall moves away from the soil,

Initially (K0 state)

Active Earth Pressure

[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure

As the wall moves away from the soil,

h’ decreases till failure occurs.

Active Earth Pressure

Follow the same steps as

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

Everything else the same

What is the excavation depth

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

Solved in the classroom

Passive Earth Pressure

Initially, soil is in K0 state.

As the wall moves towards the soil,

Passive Earth Pressure

As the wall moves towards the soil,

Passive Earth Pressure

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '

Passive Earth Pressure

Passive Earth Pressure

As the wall moves towards the soil,

h’ Passive state

Passive Earth Pressure

Follow the same steps as

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

Everything else the same

Earth Pressure Distribution

Rankine’ss Earth Pressure Theory

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

 Assumes smooth wall

 Applicable only on vertical walls

Retaining Walls - Applications

Retaining Walls - Applications

Retaining Walls - Applications

High rise building

Gravity Retaining Walls

They rely on their self weight to

Cantilever Retaining Walls

They act like vertical cantilever,

Design of Retaining Wall